Gas Turbine

In a simple gas turbine:

•atmospheric air is drawn into a
compressor.
•Fuel is then injected into the hot
pressurized air stream in a combustion
chamber
•the resulting hot products of combustion
expand through a turbine to produce
work.
oMost of the turbine work is used to drive the
compressor
oa small amount is used to drive auxiliary
devices
o the reminder is the net plant work output
 Gas Turbine

Closed Cycle
Consists of:
• Two isentropic processes
(compression and expansion),
o 1-2 Compression
o 3-4 Expansion
• Two constant pressure
processes (heat addition and
heat rejection)
o 2-3 Heat addition
o 4-1 Heat rejection
 Gas Turbine

Analysis of the Cycle

Compressor:
é V22 - V12 ù
Q - W = m! ê(h2 - h1 ) + ú
ë 2 û

Win ,C = m! (h2 - h1 )
For constant specific heat:
! C p (T2 - T1 )
Win ,C = m
 Gas Turbine

Analysis of the Cycle

Turbine:
é V42 - V32 ù
Q - W = m! ê(h4 - h3 ) + ú
ë 2 û

Wout ,T = m! (h3 - h4 )

For constant specific heat:

! C p (T3 - T4 )
Wout ,T = m
 Gas Turbine

Analysis of the Cycle

External Heat Addition:
é V32 - V22 ù
Q - W = m! ê(h3 - h2 ) + ú
ë 2 û

Qin = m! (h3 - h4 )

For constant specific heat:

! C p (T3 - T2 )
Qin = m
 Gas Turbine

Analysis of the Cycle

Heat Rejection:
é V12 - V42 ù
Q - W = m! ê(h1 - h4 ) + ú
ë 2 û

QR = m! (h4 - h1 )

For constant specific heat:

! C p (T4 - T1 )
QR = m
 Gas Turbine

Work net and Cycle Efficiency:

Wnet = m! [(h3 - h4 ) - (h2 - h1 )]

Wnet = m! C p [(T3 - T4 ) - (T2 - T1 )]

m! [(h3 - h4 ) - (h2 - h1 )] h4 - h1
h th = = 1-
m! (h3 - h2 ) h3 - h2

T4 - T1
hth = 1 -
T3 - T2
 Gas Turbine
Work net and Cycle Efficiency:
Now since processes 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 are isentropic between the same
pressures p1 and p2, the following relations may be used:
(g -1) / g
T2 T3 æ p2 ö
= (rp )
(g -1) / g
= = çç ÷÷
T1 T4 è p1 ø
T4 - T1 T1 (T4 / T1 - 1) But T / T - 1 = T / T - 1
hth = 1 - = 1- 4 1 3 2
T3 - T2 T2 (T3 / T2 - 1)
1
h th = 1 -
rp(g -1) / g
Back work ratio: Some of the turbine work output (usually more than half) is
used to drive the compressor. The ratio of the compressor work to the turbine
work is called the back work ratio.
h2 - h1
BWR =
h3 - h4
 Principal irreversibilities and
Losses
The actual gas-turbine cycle differs from the
ideal Brayton cycle in various ways. Some
pressure drop occurs during the heat addition
and rejection process. Also, the actual work
input to the compressor will be more, and the
actual work output from the turbine will be less
due to irreversibilities.
 Gas Turbine
Irreversibility of the compressor and the turbine

• The actual compression and expansion processes are

adiabatic irreversible.
• More work is required in the compression process,
• Less work is developed in the expansion process.
3

WC ,ideal T2 s - T1
hC = =

Temperature (K)
WC ,actal T2 - T1
2s 2
4s 4

WT ,actual T3 - T4
hT = =
WT ,ideal T3 - T4 s 1

Entropy kJ/kg K
 Gas Turbine
Example-1
A Brayton cycle operates with air entering the compressor at
100 kPa, 25 oC, a pressure ratio of 6, and a turbine inlet
temperature of 800 oC. Determine the compressor work input,
the turbine work, the work ratio, the heat rejection and the
cycle thermal efficiency for equal turbine and compressor
efficiency of 100%; 80%; 70%; and 60%.
T1 = T0 =298 K; T3 = 1073 K; rp = 6
p1 = p0= p4 = 100 kPa

p2 = rp . p1 = 600 kPa
k = 1.4 ; Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K
 Gas Turbine
A. ηT = ηC = 100%
T2 = T1 (rp ) = 298´ (6 )
k -1 / k 0.4 / 1.4

T2 = 497.22 K
T3 1073
T4 = =
(r )
p
k -1 / k
(6)0.4 /1.4
T4 = 643.09 K W.R = (wT - wC)/ wT = 0.537
wT - wC 432.06 - 200.22
h th = =
wc = Cp . (T2 - T1) = 200.22 kJ/kg qa 1.005(1073 - 497.22 )
wT = Cp . (T3 - T4) = 432.06 kJ/kg
qR = Cp . (T4 - T1) = 346.82 kJ/kg
ηth = 40.07 %
 Gas Turbine
3
B. ηT = ηC = 80%

Temperature (K)
T2 s = T1 (rp ) = 298´ (6 )
k -1 / k 0.4 / 1.4

2s 2
4s 4
T2 s = 497.22 K

T -T 497.22 - 298 1
h C = 2 s 1 Þ 0.8 =
T2 - T1 T2 - 298

Entropy kJ/kg K
T2 = 547.03 K
T3 1073 T3 - T4 1073 - T4
T4 s = = 0.4 / 1.4 hT = Þ 0.8 =
(r )p
k -1 / k
(6) T3 - T4 s 1073 - 643.09

T4 s = 643.09 K T4 = 729.07 K
 Gas Turbine
wC = Cp . (T2 - T1) = 250.28 kJ/kg

wT = Cp . (T3 - T4) = 345.65 kJ/kg

qR = Cp . (T4 - T1) = 346.82 kJ/kg

W.R = (wT - wC)/ wT = 0.276

wT - wC 345.65 - 250.28
h th = =
qa 1.005(1073 - 547.03)

ηth = 18.04 %
 Gas Turbine
T3 1073
C. ηT = ηC = 60% T4 s =
(r ) k -1 / k
= 0.4 / 1.4
(6)
p

= T (r ) = 298 ´ (6 )
k -1 / k 0.4 / 1.4
T2 s 1 p
T4 s = 643.09 K

T2 s = 497.22 K T3 - T4 1073 - T4
hT = Þ 0.6 =
T3 - T4 s 1073 - 643.09
T2 s - T1 497.22 - 298
hC = Þ 0.6 = T4 = 901.04 K
T2 - T1 T2 - 298
wC = Cp . (T2 - T1) = 333.69 kJ/kg
T2 = 630.03 K wT = Cp . (T3 - T4) = 259.24 kJ/kg

since wT < wC ; it is concluded that turbine shaft work

not enough to compressed the air within such pressure
ratio as the compressor needs more power to work.
Hence the system will be shutting off.
 Gas Turbine
Open Cycle
§The most popular one
§The compressor and the turbine are
mounted on a common shaft.
§Energy is supplied in the
combustion chamber by spraying
fuel into air stream
§The resulting hot gases expand
through the turbine to the
atmosphere
§The turbine must develop more
gross work output than required to
drive compressor and to overcome
mechanical losses in the drive.
 Brayton cycle with regeneration
In gas turbine engines, the
temperature of the exhaust
gas leaving the turbine is
often considerably higher than
the temperature of the air leaving
the compressor.
The high pressure air leaving
the compressor can be heated
by transferring heat to it from
the hot exhaust gases in a heat
Exchanger, which is also known
as regenerator.
Regeneration increases the efficiency of the Brayton cycle.
Actual and maximum heat transfers from the exhaust gases to
the air can be expressed as:
 Brayton cycle with regeneration
h5 - h2
Qreg .,act = h5 - h2 , and Qreg .,max = h4 - h2 , Þ e =
h4 - h2
 Gas Turbine
Inlet Heat Exchanger
1

C T
Net Power

2 5
3

CC 4

Exhaust

6 3

m! a Cp a (T5 - T2 )
Heat Exchanger Available
temperature
Effectiveness = difference

m! g Cp g (T4 - T2 ) T
5
4

4s

2s 6

Thermal ratio = T5 - T2 1

T4 - T2
s
 Gas Turbine
Intercooling and Reheating
 Regenerative gas turbines with reheat
and intercooling
Some important points:
•The net work of a gas turbine cycle is the difference between the
turbine work output and the compressor work input. It can be
increased by either increasing the turbine work output or decreasing
the compressor work input, or both.
•Cooling a gas as it is compressed is desirable as this reduces the
required work input to the compressor. To get effective cooling a
technique known as multistage compression with intercooling can be
used. In this technique the gas is compressed in stages and cooled
between each stage by passing it through a heat exchanger called an
intercooler.
•To minimize compression work during two-stage compression, the
pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor must be the
same. Same procedure maximizes the turbine work output.
Some important points:
•Similarly, the work output of a turbine operating between
two pressure levels can be increased by expanding the gas in
stages and reheating it in between- that is using multistage
expansion with heating.
•Air-fuel ratio is pretty high in gas turbine (50 or high
sometimes). The exhaust gases are rich in oxygen, and
reheating can be obtained by spraying additional fuel into
the exhaust gases between two expansion stages.
•Reheat between turbine stages and intercooling between
compressor stages provides two advantages: increase net
work output and enhance potential for regeneration.
 Gas Turbine
compression at low temperatures reduces compression work
Hence the use of multistage compression with intercooling
will enhance the network and the thermal efficiency as well.
The work required to compress the air from p1 to p2 in two stages is:

! C p (T1i - T1 + T2 - T2i )
3 5i

WC = m
T
4i
For compressors with equal efficiencies, 6

both compressors have to have same pressure

ratio to satisfy minimum total compressor work. 2
1i

p2 p
= i 2i 1

pi p1

For n-stages, the intermediate pressures may be s

estimated using the following correlation: pi = n p1 p 2
 Gas Turbine
Improvement can also be achieved by using
multistage turbine separated by reheaters.
The reheaters may be combustion chambers, or it
may be external heaters
3 5i

The work done by the two stage turbines is:

WT = m! C p (T3 - T4i + T5i - T6 )

4i
6

2
1i

And the additional heat supplied:

2i 1

Qai = m! C p (T5i - T4i )

For optimum operation, Intermediate pressures for same stages efficiencies
and same stages inlet temperatures should be selected
so that all turbines and/or compressors have the same
expansion ratio
p =
i
n p p
1 2
 Gas Turbine
Intercooling, Reheat and Regeneration
Example 3:
An air standard reheat cycle with high-pressure turbine driving the compressor and the
low pressure turbine supplying the net plant power output of 9000 kW. Air enters the
plant at 1 atm, 15 C, and the compressor pressure ratio is 6. the inlet temperature to
each turbine is 815 C. the compressor efficiency is 0.85 and each turbine efficiency is
0.82. Determine the mass flow rate, work ratio, and the cycle thermal efficiency.

Inlet

3 5
1
T C
6
H.P.T L.P.T
4
4s 6s Net
Power
2
3
4 6
CC 5
2

2s
Exhaust
1
Reheater

s
 Gas Turbine
T2 s = T1 (rp ) = 288´ (6 )
k -1 / k 0.4 / 1.4 3 5

T
T2 s = 480.53 K 4
6

4s 6s

T2 s - T1 480.53 - 288
hC = Þ 0.85 =
T2 - T1 T2 - 288
2

T2 = 514.51 K 2s

Work of H.P.T = Compressor Work 1

ma Cp (T2 – T1) = mg Cp (T3 – T4)

s
since T3 = 1088 K
(1088 – T4) = (514.51-288)

T4 = 861.49 K
 Gas Turbine
3 5

T3 - T4 1088 - 861.49 T
h HPT = Þ 0.82 =
T3 - T4 s 1088 - T4 s 4
6

4s 6s

T4s = 811.77 K
k 1.4
p3 æ T3 ö
÷÷ = æç
1088 ö
k -1 0.4
= çç ÷ = 2.787 2

pi è T4 s ø è 811.77 ø 2s

6.06 pi 2.174
pi = = 2.174bar p = 1.01 = 2.1525 1

2.787 6

s
L.P.T: T5 = 1088 K
k -1
T5 æ pi ö T5 - T6 1088 - T6
h LPT = Þ 0.82 =
k 0.4
= çç ÷÷ = (2.1525)
1.4 = 1.245
T6 s è p6 ø T5 - T6 s 1088 - 842.3
T6 s = 873.97 K T6 = 886.52 K
 Wnet = WHPT + WLPT - WC = WLPT
9000 = m! a ´1.005 ´ (1088 - 886.52 )
m! a = 44.45 kg/s
WHPT + WLPT - WC
W .R = ! a Cpa (T5 - T4 ) =
Qa 2 = m
WHPT + WLPT
10118.71 + WLPT - 10118.71 44.45 ´ 1.005 ´ (1088 - 861.49 )
W .R =
WHPT + WLPT = 10118.71kW
9000 WHPT + WLPT - WC
= = 0.471 h th =
10118.71 + 9000 Qa1 + Qa 2
Qa1 = m! a Cpa (T3 - T2 ) = 9000
h th = = 0.2518
44.45 ´1.005 ´ (1088 - 514.51) 25619.1 + 10118.71
= 25619.1 kW =25.18%
A binary vapor cycle operates on mercury and steam. Standard mercury vapor at 5 bar
is supplied to the mercury turbine, from which it exhausts at 0.04 bar. The mercury
condenser generates saturated steam at 15 bar which is expanded in a steam turbine to
0.04 bar.
i) Determine the overall efficiency of the cycle.
(ii)If 48000 kg/h of steam flows through the steam turbine, what is the flow through
the mercury turbine ?
(iii) Assuming that all processes are reversible, what is the useful work done in the
binary vapour cycle for the specified steam flow ?
(iv) If the steam leaving the mercury condenser is superheated to a temperature of
300°C in a superheater located in the mercury boiler and if the internal efficiencies of
the mercury and steam turbines are 0.84 and 0.88 respectively, calculate the overall
efficiency of the cycle.
 H.W 1
A binary-vapour cycle operates on mercury and steam. Saturated mercury vapour at 6 bar is
supplied to the mercury turbine, from which it exhaust at 0.08 bar. The mercury condenser
generates saturated steam at 20 bar which is expanded in a steam turbine to 0.04 bar.
(i) Find the overall efficiency of the cycle.
(ii) If 50000 kg/h of steam flows through the steam turbine, what is the flow through the
mercury turbine ?
(iii) Assuming that all processes are reversible, what is the useful work done in the binary
vapour cycle for the specified steam flow ?
(iv) If the steam leaving the mercury condenser is superheated to a temperature of 300°C in a
superheater located in the mercury boiler, and if the internal efficiencies of the mercury and
steam turbines are 0.85 and 0.87 respectively, calculate the overall efficiency of the cycle.
Cogeneration Cycle-Introduction
 9

9
GAS-Turbine Combined Cycle
A critical location in the HRSG is the point of minimum temperature difference between the
two fluids, known as the pinch point. Although small temperature differences are desirable to
minimize irreversibility, the pinch point temperature difference should exceed some minimum
design value to prevent excessively large heat transfer areas. The pinch point occurs at the
location where boiling starts, therefore a large pinch point temperature difference is also
undesirable since this would necessitate lower boiling temperatures and would adversely affect
the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle
 Example
Consider a combined gas-steam power plant that has a net output of 300 MW. The
pressure ratio of the gas-turbine cycle is 12. Air enters the compressor at 300K and
the turbine at 1100K. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat
the steam at 5 Mpa to 350oC in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat
exchanger at 420K. The condenser pressure is 10 kPa.
Assume 100% isentropic efficiencies of all devices, determine
i) the mass flow ratio of air to steam;
ii) The actual mass flow rate of steam and air
iii) The required rate of heat input in the combustion chamber, and
iv) The thermal efficiency of the combined.
 H.W 2
Consider a combined gas-steam power plant that has a net output of 280 MW. The
pressure ratio of the gas-turbine cycle is 11. Air enters the compressor at 300K and
the turbine at 1100K. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat
the steam at 5 Mpa to 350oC in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat
exchanger at 420K. An open feedwater heater incorporated with the stem cycle
operates of 0.8 Mpa. The condenser pressure is 10 kPa. Assuming isentropic
efficiencies of 100% for the pump, 82% for the compressor, and 86% for the gas
and steam turbines, determine
i) the mass flow ratio of air to steam;
(ii) The required rate of heat input in the combustion chamber, and
(iii) The thermal efficiency of the combined.