9 - Vibration - F22-An Introduction To Vibration Measurements

Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University
College of Engineering - Department of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture notes
Course title: Mechanical Vibrations

Course code: MEEN 3395
Credit hours: 3
Semester: Spring 2022
Instructor name: Dr. Omar Dawood Mohammed Al-Sily
Lecture 9 – An introduction to vibration measurements

Dr. Omar Dawood Mohammed Al-Sily- Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University 1
Course Content
No List of Lecture Files
1 Introduction to mechanical vibrations
2 Single degree of freedom systems
3 Torsional vibration systems
4 Damped vibrations (Viscous damping)
5 Forced vibrations (Transient and steady state vibration response)
6 Two degree of freedom systems
7 Multi-degree of freedom systems and continuous system
8 Vibration isolation and absorption
9 An introduction to vibration measurements
10 An introduction to modal analysis
11 An introduction to Vibration-based condition monitoring
Course Textbook
Mechanical Vibrations 6th Edition, by Singiresu Rao, ISBN-13: 978-0134361307
INTRODUCTION
Why do we need to measure vibrations?
• To detect shifts in ωn which indicate a possible failure

• To select operational speeds to avoid resonance
• Measured values may be different from theoretical values
• To design active vibration isolation systems
• To identify mass, stiffness and damping of a system
• To verify the approximated model
• To monitor the vibration severity
• Identify the frequencies of each operating element
(Image: © nti-audio.com)
(Image: © www.bksv.com)
VIBRATION SEVERITY
There are different levels of

vibration severity that we need
to consider in vibration
measurement.
(Image: © reliabilitydirectstore.com)
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
• Strain Gauges.
• Accelerometers.
• Eddy-Currents.
• Laser displacement.
• Gyroscopes.
• Microphone sensors. The type of vibration measurement instrument will depend on:
• Vibration Meters. • The expected range of frequencies and amplitudes
• The sensitivity
• The cost
• Size of machine/structure involved
• Operational conditions
• Type of data processing delivered
• Mounting method
• Mass and size of the instrument
VIBRATION PICKUPS
A device that transforms values of physical variables into electrical signals is called a
transducer.
When a transducer is used in conjunction with another device to measure vibrations, it
is called a vibration pickup. The commonly used vibration pickups are known as seismic
instruments. A seismic instrument consists of a mass-spring-damper system mounted on
the vibrating body, as shown in the figure below.
The vibratory motion is measured by finding

the displacement of the mass relative to the base
on which it is mounted.
The instrument consists of a mass m, a spring k,

and a damper c inside a cage, which is fastened
to the vibrating body.
ACCELEROMETERS
By far the most common types of vibration sensors,
accelerometers measure the changes of velocity of a given
component. When attached to a piece of equipment, any vibration
will reflect a change in velocity, which will cause the
accelerometer to produce an electrical signal. That signal is then
interpreted to produce vibration data. However, from the
accelerometer record, the velocity and displacements are
obtained by integration.
(Image: © catalogue.meggittsensing.com)
The most commonly used type of accelerometer is a piezoelectric
accelerometer, which produces a strong, clear signal at most
frequencies. However, piezoresistive accelerometers are
becoming more popular due to the fact that they are better at high
and low frequencies. The drawback is they cost up to five times
as much as piezoelectric sensors.
Dr. Omar Dawood Mohammed Al-Sily- Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University (Image: © allaboutcircuits.com) 12
ACCELEROMETERS
•Bottom ends of spring and dashpot have the same
motion as the cage.
•Vibration will excite the suspended mass
•Displacement of mass relative to cage: z = x – y
𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑐 𝑥ሶ − 𝑦ሶ + 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 OR
𝑚𝑧ሷ + 𝑐𝑧ሶ + 𝑘𝑧 = −𝑚𝑦ሷ ⇒
𝑚𝑧ሷ + 𝑐𝑧ሶ + 𝑘𝑧 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑌 sin 𝜔 𝑡
z (t ) = Z sin (t −  )
Y 2 r 2Y 𝑍 𝑟2
Z= = So, =
(k − m ) 2 2
+ c 2 2 (1 − r ) + (2r )
2 2 2 𝑌 2
1−𝑟 2 + 2𝜁𝑟 2
 c  −1  2 r 
 = tan  −1
2 
= tan  2 
 k − m  1− r 
 c
r= , =
n 2mn
The ratio of measured to true accelerations is given by
Measured acc 1
=
True acc 1 − 𝑟2 2 + 2𝜁𝑟 2
Example
Design of an Accelerometer
An accelerometer has a suspended mass of 0.01 kg with a damped natural frequency of
vibration of 150 Hz. When mounted on an engine undergoing an acceleration of 1 g
(9.81 m/s2 ) at an operating speed of 6000 rpm, the acceleration is recorded as 9.5 m/s2
by the instrument. Find the damping constant and the spring stiffness of the
accelerometer.
The ratio of measured to true accelerations is given by
1 Measured value 9.5

= = = 0.9684
(1 − r ) + (2r )
2 2 2 True value 9.81
or (1 − r ) + (2r ) = (1 / 0.9684 )
2 2
= 1.0663
2 2
(E.1)
6000(2 )
Operating speed  = = 628.32 rad/s
60
d = 1 −  2 n = 150(2 ) = 942.48 rad/s
  r 628.32
Thus = = = = 0.6667
d 1 −  2 n 1 −  2 942.48
 r = 0.6667 1 −  2 or r 2 = 0.4444 1 −  2 ( ) (E.2)
Substitute (E.2) into (E.1): 1.5801ζ 4 – 2.2714ζ 2 + 0.7576 = 0
Solution gives ζ = 0.7253, 0.9547
Choosing ζ= 0.7253 arbitrarily, because 0.9547 is an almost critically damped case
d 942.48
n = = = 1368.8889 rad/s
1−  2
1 − 0.7253 2
k = mn2 = (0.01)(1368.8889 ) = 18738.5628 N/m

2
Damping constant
c = 2mn = 2(0.01)(1368.8889 )(0.7253)
= 19.8571 N - s/m

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Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University

College of Engineering - Department of Mechanical Engineering

Course title: Mechanical Vibrations

Lecture 9 – An introduction to vibration measurements

• To detect shifts in ωn which indicate a possible failure

There are different levels of

The vibratory motion is measured by finding

The instrument consists of a mass m, a spring k,

•Vibration will excite the suspended mass

•Displacement of mass relative to cage: z = x – y

1 Measured value 9.5

Solution gives ζ = 0.7253, 0.9547

Choosing ζ= 0.7253 arbitrarily, because 0.9547 is an almost critically damped case

k = mn2 = (0.01)(1368.8889 ) = 18738.5628 N/m

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