UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

___________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Professor Madya Ahmad Kamil Bin Husain
Group : EMD4M1C (Group 3)
___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : TORSION TEST

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1.
MOHD SYAZWAN BIN SARUDIN 2021836538

2. MOHD IRSYAD HAKIM BIN MOHD

2021823788
ZAHAIR
3. MOHAMMAD ARIF BIN MOHAMMED 2021868524
4. MOHD AMER FARHAN BIN MOHD
2021620178
AZIZI

1
 5. MUHAMMAD ADIB BIN MASHUDI 2021620282

LABORATORY SESSION :

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 10/6/2022

(DATE)

*By signing above, you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic misconduct
and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

2
ABSTRACT

The goal of this experiment is to look at how a torque affects the deformation of a circular shaft.
We'll also learn how to determine a material's shear modulus of elasticity. Torsion testing usually
serves the same goal as uniaxial tension testing. A torsional load will be applied to a solid
cylindrical specimen of steel or brass in this experiment. The test will continue until it fails (i.e., it
will end in the fracture). The angle of twist and the applied torque are measured as the test
progresses. The student will calculate the shear stress and shear strain of the tested material based
on the applied torque. The modulus of stiffness will be calculated from the graph and compared to
the reference value.

3
TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 THEORY 2-3

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 4-5

4.0 RESULTS 6-9

5.0 DISCUSSION 10- 11

6.0 CONCLUSION 12

7.0. REFERENCES 13

4
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Structural design requires the application of structural theory. Then, a good design will
mean that any structure to be built will be able to support all loads and resist all constraining
forces that can be reasonably expected to be put on it during its expected service life,
without endangering occupants or users and ideally without dangerous deformations, too
much sideways movement (drift), or annoying vibrations.

Load is any force from the outside that is acting on the structure, and stress is the force
from the inside that works against the load (s). There are numerous types of loads, ranging
from static loads, which are applied slowly and then remain practically constant, to
torsional loads, which cause the supporting element to twist.
Axial loading, also known as torque, is the applied load, and its application produces
torsion, a straining action caused by couplings that act normal to the axis of a member,
resulting in a twisting distortion.

In actuality, torsion is frequently accompanied by bending or axial thrust resulting from

any line shafting driving gears or pulleys, or propeller shaft. Torsion is usually of interest
when circular-sectioned structures are involved. As for members with noncircular sections,
torsion properties are only relevant for particular situations, such as when the member will
be subjected to asymmetric bending stresses that will cause it to twist and buckle.

Most materials can be conducted to a torsion test to determine their torsional properties.
These characteristics include shear modulus of elasticity, yield shear strength, ultimate
shear strength, shear rupture modulus, and ductility. The "torque versus angle" diagram
from a torsion test looks a lot like a "stress versus strain" curve from a tensile test. They
are not same but are close to qualities that can be evaluated using a tensile test.

1
 2.0 THEORY

Figure 1: Torsion test

Torsion tests twist the material or component of the test to a specified degree, with a specified
for or until the torsion of the material fails. By anchoring one end so that it cannot move or rotate
and applying the moment to the other end so that the specimen is rotated around its axis, the
twisting force of a torsion test is applied to the specimen. In this test, the forces and mechanics
found are identical to those found in the piece of string with one held in the hand while the other
end twisted by the other end.
Stress is a material’s resistance to an applied force while strain is the deformation that result
from stress. The relationship between shear stress and shear strain which are caused by torsional
load occurs when the force is applied tangent to an area. The applied torque (T) to the specimen
and resulting deformation (angle of twist,ϕ) are measured during torsion test. These results are
converted to shear stress (τ) and shear strain (γ) by the following respective equation:

𝑇𝑅 𝑅∅ 𝜋
𝜏= ,𝛾 = , 𝐽 = 𝑅4
𝐽 𝐿 2

Where:
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑚
𝐽 = 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝜏 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑚
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
∅ = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

2
𝐿 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚

Similar to the modulus of elasticity (E) when a body under tension, shear modulus or modulus of
rigidity is used in torsion. The shear modulus is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain. The shear
modulus is based on Hooke ’s law which state the relationship between shear stress and shear
strain is proportional up to the proportional limit of the material.

𝜏 𝑇𝐿
𝐺= =
𝛾 𝐽∅

The first equation can be written in the form of angular displacement, modulus of rigidity and
length of shaft as follow:

𝑇 𝜏 ∅
= 𝐺
𝐽 𝑅 𝐿

3
3.0 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS & PROCEDURE

1) APPARATUS

N LIST OF APPARATUS
O
1

TORSION TEST
MACHINE

TORQUE METER

VERNIER CALIPER

DIAL GAUGE

4
 5

HAND WHEEL

2) PROCEDURE

1. The specimen dimension which is size and overall length is measured. A straight line is
drawn using a pencil lead on the specimen length to detect the twisting effect on specimen.
2. All readings on the gauge were reset to zero and the specimen’s ends are carefully fixed
on the machine chuck. Specimen was made sure to not be loaded at the first place.
3. To apply the load, cranked the handwheel clockwise. A reference torsion rod and strain
gauges are used to measure torque, and the results are read from a torque metre.
4. For the first rotation, a quarter-turn increment (90o) was used. For the second and third
revolutions, a half-rotation (180o) is chosen. For the fourth through tenth rotations, one
rotation (360o) is selected. i.e. (1 rotation 10 reading, 2 rotations 10 reading, 3 rotations
until specimen break).
5. The angle of twist at the specimen is calculated by dividing the rotation at the input by
a factor of 62.
6. The deformation on the specimen is adjusted by turning the compensation unit’s
handwheel for each rotation of the handwheel, until the dial gauge returns to zero and the
torque is read from the display

5
4.0 RESULTS

1) SAMPLE MATERIALS AND ITS DIMENSION

Material: Mild Steel

Gauge Diameter: 5.83 mm @ 0.00583 m
Gauge Length: 81.0 mm @ 0.081 m

2)
Total
Angle of Total
Angle of Angle of Torque
Rotation Revolution Rotation
Rotation Twist (rad) (Nm)
(deg) (rad)
(deg)
0 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
90 0.25 90 1.57 0.03 1.80
90 0.25 180 3.14 0.05 5.99
90 0.25 270 4.71 0.08 10.17
90 0.25 360 6.28 0.10 12.58
180 0.5 540 9.42 0.15 19.69
180 0.5 720 12.57 0.20 27.83
180 0.5 900 15.70 0.25 32.73
180 0.5 1080 18.85 0.30 35.18
360 1 1440 25.13 0.40 37.89
360 1 1800 31.42 0.51 37.89
360 1 2160 37.70 0.61 37.98
360 1 2520 43.98 0.71 37.98
360 1 2880 50.27 0.81 37.98
360 1 3240 56.55 0.91 37.80
360 1 3600 62.83 1.01 37.89
360 1 3960 69.12 1.11 37.89

6
360 1 4320 75.40 1.22 37.89
360 1 4680 81.68 1.32 37.89
720 2 5400 94.25 1.52 37.89
720 2 6120 106.81 1.72 37.71
720 2 6840 119.38 1.93 37.71
720 2 7560 131.95 2.13 37.71
720 2 8280 144.51 2.33 37.71
1080 3 9360 163.36 2.63 37.71
1080 3 10440 182.21 2.94 37.63
1080 3 11520 201.06 3.24 37.63
1080 3 12600 219.91 3.55 37.63
1080 3 13680 238.76 3.85 4.80
Table 1: Result of Torsion Test

Figure 2: Torque (Nm) vs Angle of Twist graph

7
3) SAMPLE CALCULATION

Polar Moment of Inertia, J (For Solid Specimen)

Maximum Yield Shear Stress

Maximum Shear Stress, Tmax

Where;
T: Max torque, Nm
C: Radius, m
J: Polar moment of Inertia

Shear Strain

8
Experimental Value for Modulus of Rigidity, G

Theoretical value for Modulus of Rigidity, G, for mild steel is 77 GPa

Percentage of error =

Percentage of error

Percentage of error = 12.14 %

Strain Energy

U = 7.578

9
5.0 DISCUSSION

1) Compare the values of G obtained from this experiment with the value obtain
from the manufacturer. Comment on any discrepancies.

The experimental value of Modulus of Rigidity that was obtained from our calculated
data was 67.65 Gpa while the manufacture data of a mild steel is 75 GPa. We found
out that our experimental value has slight error from the manufacturer data, in which
the error can be calculated by using theoretical value of G, which is 75 GPa, and
experimental value of G. Based on our calculation, the experimental value of G has an
error about 12.14% from theoretical value of G, where the experimental value for G is
lower that the manufactured value, but still nearly identical to manufactured data.

2) Does your T vs angle of twist plot obey Hooke’s Law and what is the value of the
shearing stress at the yield point? Does this value compare favorably with actual
value?

Yes, our torque vs angle of twist plotting obeys Hooke’s Law. This is because our graph
shows torque and angle of twist is directly proportional to each other. The graph
obtained follows Hooke’s law in which the magnitude of the deformation is initially
exactly proportionate to the deforming load before undergoing plastic change and being
followed by point of fracture. Next, the experimental value of shearing stress at yield
point that we have calculated is 904MPa.

3) Discuss the fracture surface of your specimen. Does it seem like any typical ductile
fracture?

Yes, the fracture surface of the specimen is a ductile fracture, but it does not seem like
any typical ductile fracture. This is because a typical ductile fracture involves
substantial plastic deformation or necking before fracture occur. The ductile fracture

10
 means that the specimen overcome a plastic deformation for a long time before fracture
happens.

4) Is your experiment follow any standards of practice?

Yes, our experiment follows the standards of practice.

11
6.0 CONCLUSION

After performing this experiment, we can determine the torsion properties subjected to pure
torque loading and we were able to identify the type of fracture under pure torque. When
the torque is increasing, the angle of twist also increases as well. The relationship between
these two factors is also directly proportional. The type of fracture surface is ductile
fracture, due to the ductility features of mild steel. As a recommendation, for future study,
this experiment need to be done in the room that are prevented with other external forces
and need to be done with extra cautious to obtain better result.

12
7.0 REFERENCES

1) Lachica, L., 2016. Torsion Test. [online] TestResources | Test Machines, Grips and
Fixtures. Available at: [Accessed 15 March 2016].
2) Types, T., 2022. Torsion Test. [online] Testresources.net. Available at: [Accessed 21
April 2022].
3) Ferd Beer, R. J. (2012). Mechanics of Materials. New York: The McGraw Hill
Companies, Inc. R.C.Hibbeler. (2010). Mechanics for Material Eight Edition. United
State of America: Prentice Hall
4) Torsion Test. (n.d.). Retrieved 20 May, 2017, from
http://www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM23061A/Torsion/Torsion.html

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 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Teamwork Assessment Form
Name : MOHD SYAZWAN BIN SARUDIN
Member’s Name 1: MOHAMMAD ARIF BIN MOHAMMED
2: MOHAMAD IRSYAD HAKIM BIN MOHAMAD
ZAHAIR
3: MUHAMAD AMER FARHAN BIN MOHD AZIZI
4: MUHAMMAD ADIB BIN MASHUDI

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self : Done a very good job

Member 1 : Done a very good job

Member 2 : Done a very good job

14
Member 3 : Done a very good job
Member 4 : Done a very good job

15