UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI
MARA

Lab Report : CES511 – STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

KAMPUS PULAU PINANG

CES511 –STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LAB EXPERIMENT: BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE IN BEAMS (CO2:PO5)
SEMESTER : MARCH - JULY 2020 DATE OF LAB : 14th APRIL 2020
GROUP : PEC2215B1 LAB LEVEL OEL : 2
LECTURER : MADAM HAFIZAH BINTI MUHAMAD AZLAN
CO2: Organize laboratory work on structural elements and materials.
PO5: Ability to utilize appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering and IT tools in predicting and modelling
of complex civil engineering problems with an understanding of the limitations.

STUDENT CRITERIA
No NAME
ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL
1. 2019717297 MUHAMMAD ELHAMME BIN ABDUL KARIM
2. 2019715281 MUHAMAD ZAFRI BIN SAPAWI
3. 2019582589 NUR SAMIRAH IZZATI BT AHMAD RAZI
4. 2019701961 MUHAMMAD IKRAM BIN MOHD YUNOS
5. 2019704841 MUHAMAD NUR AIZUDDIN BIN AMRIN

PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE RUBRIC

PERFORMANCE SCALE
NO. CRITERIA Developing Functional Proficient Advanced
0 1 2 3 4 5
 Independently
 Often requires  Generally able to designed / identified
 Has a very low ability to  Independently
Ability to design  Unable to design/ instructor to design / design / identify basic the idea / task of the
design/ identify the designed / identified
and conducted identify the basic idea / identify basic idea / task idea / task of the experiment with
basic idea / task of the idea / task of the
task of the experiment. of the experiment. experiment. additional supporting
1 a research- experiment. experiment.
 Helps are required to  Helps are required with  Able to conduct the references.
based  Helps are required to  Able to conduct a
conduct the whole refinement in several experiment with  Show an outstanding
conduct the whole research-based
experiment experiment. major details and minimal guide from ability in conducting
experiment. experiment.
conduct the experiment. the instructor. research-based
experiment.
Ability to
perform Fails to notice the
experiment Has a very low awareness Practices most procedures Practices most safety Practices all safety
importance information and Minor flaws in safety.
on the importance of safety and conforms to procedures and conforms to procedures and conforms to
2 safely and safety factors in the
information and safety
Requires constant
the lab regulations with the lab regulations without the lab regulations without
aware of workplace. supervision.
factors in the workplace. minimal supervision. supervision. supervision.
priorities in the
laboratory.
Ability to
 All equipment are
demonstrate  Setup of equipment is  All equipment are
 Setup of equipment is accurately placed in an
care and  Unable to setup the  Setup of equipment is generally workable accurately placed.
generally workable orgained way
equipment not accurate  Demonstrates good  Demonstrates sound
3 respect in  Demonstrates general  Demonstrates a very
 No respect and care for  Lacks of respect and knowledge of respect knowledge of respect
handling the respect and care for the good knowledge of
the equipments. care for the equipments. and care for the and care for the
equipments. respect and care for the
equipment set- equipment. equipment.
equipments.
up.
Successfully
 Successfully complete  Successfully complete  Successfully complete
performs  Low ability to complete
experiment procedures experiment procedures  Successfully complete experiment
experiment  Cannot complete tasks tasks and standard
with moderate with minimal experiment independently.
and standard procedures.
4 without supervision. supervision. independently.  Thoroughly and
procedures.  Help is required with
guidance based  Requires help from the  Works to follow each  Carefully follow each carefully follow each
 Help is always required. refinement in several
instructor with some step before moving the step. step before moving to
on level of major details.
steps in procedure next step the next step.
openness.
 Data collected is relevant
 Data collected is relevant
and sufficient to analyze  Data collected is  Data collected is
 Data collected is in a and sufficient to analyze
that probably represents relevant, related to accurately reflects the
Ability to collect disorganized manner or that probably only
the results of the objective(s) and results of the
and record the Data collected are only with the instructor represents the results of
experiment but not sufficient to analyze. experiment and
disorganized and not assistance the experiment.
5 experimental related to the objectives.  One component of data objective(s).
relevant  Data recorded is  Two components of data
data in an  Two components of data incomplete or missing:  Tables are easy to read
relevant but very brief incomplete or missing:
incomplete or missing: ____Units and units are provided.
orderly manner and the data is ____Units
____Units ____Tables Graphs are labeled and
insufficient to analyze. ____Tables
____Tables ____Graphs show trends.
____Graphs
____Graphs
Ability to All of the results have been
illustrate the Almost all of the results
All of the results have been interpreted correctly, with
experimental Incorrect interpretation of Incomplete interpretation Minimal with 1 sentence have been correctly
correctly interpreted, with sufficient support of
trends and comparison of of trends and comparison of describing the main finding interpreted but without
6 work and data indicating a lack of data indicating a lack of of the experiment. sufficient support of
only 1 sufficient support of important trends or data
manipulating important trends or data comparisons
understanding of results. understanding of results. important trends or data
comparisons.
data leading to comparisons.
findings

Instruction to Students
1. Two (2) weeks duration is given for each lab report submission.
2. Report must be type using Microsoft Office.
3. Any plagiarism found or not properly cited, the group will be penalized and marks will be deducted.
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE: BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE IN A BEAM

1.0) INTRODUCTION

The beam is subjected to external forces. These are the loads applied to the beam
and reactions to the loads from the supports. The beam transfers the external reaction
set by a system of internal forces. The internal forces as a result of the structural action
of the beam are called bending moment and shear forces. These internal forces may
very along the length of the beam and are usually represented as separate bending
moment and shear force diagram.

2.0) OBJECTIVE

a) To show that the shear force at a cut section of a beam is equal to the algebraic
sum of the acting to the left or right of the section.
b) To show that the bending moment at a cut section of a beam is equal to the
algebraic sum of the moment acting to the left or right of the section.

3.0) APPARATUS

A) SHEAR FORCE OF A BEAM

1. Beam apparatus
2. A set of loads
3. Metre ruler

B) BENDING MOMENT OF A BEAM

1. Beam apparatus
2. A set of loads
3. Metre ruler
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

4.0) PROCEDURE

A) SHEAR FORCE OF A BEAM

1. The length, height and width of a beam are measured by using metre rule.
2. A load hanger is placed at the location where the load is to be applied.
3. The digital indicator is switched on. The indicator is noted at zero.
4. A 2N load is placed on the load hanger.
5. The indicator reading is recorded.
6. The load on the load hanger is increased with increment of 2N for 4 times
and the reading is recorded.

B) BENDING MOMENT OF A BEAM

1. The length, height and width of a beam are measured by using metre rule.
2. The location of the load hanger is determined and measured.
3. The digital indicator is switched on. The indicator is noted at zero.
4. A 2N load is placed on the load hanger.
5. The indicator reading is recorded.
6. The load on the load hanger is increased with increment of 2N for 4 times
and the reading is recorded.
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

5.0) RESULT AND ANALYSIS

A) SHEAR FORCE OF A BEAM

i) Experimental Results
Beam span = 950 mm
Distance of the cut section from the left = 600 mm
support
Distance of point load, a = 300 mm

Figure 1: Shear force apparatus free body diagram

Where;
P = Point load; Va = Support reaction at A; Vb = Support reaction at B

Experimental Shear Force at cut

Load Va Vb
section
(N) (N) (N)
(N)

2 1.27 0.73 -0.73

4 2.80 1.20 -1.20
6 4.05 1.95 -1.95
8 5.29 2.71 -2.71
10 6.70 3.30 -3.30
Table 1: Shear force value (at cut section) with an increasing point load
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

Va Vb

To determine the reaction at support A and B by using the equation:

+↑ Ʃ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑃𝑃
𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 = 𝑷𝑷 − 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 Eq 1

1. For load 2 N
RHS (0 < x <650)

0.73

Vb

+↑ Ʃ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0
Vb - 0.73 = 0
Vb = 0.73 N

Va = 2 – Vb
= 2 – 0.73
= 1.27 N

2. For load 4 N
RHS (0 < x <650)

1.20

Vb

+↑ Ʃ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0
Vb – 1.20 = 0
Vb = 0.73 N

Va = 4 – Vb
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

= 4 – 1.20
= 2.80 N

3. For load 6 N
RHS (0 < x <650)

1.95

Vb

+↑ Ʃ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0
Vb – 1.95 = 0
Vb = 1.95 N

Va = 4 – Vb
= 6 – 1.95
= 4.05 N

4. For load 8 N
RHS (0 < x <650)

2.71

Vb

+↑ Ʃ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0
Vb – 2.71 = 0
Vb = 2.71 N

Va = 4 – Vb
= 8 – 2.71
= 5.29 N
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

5. For load 10 N
RHS (0 < x <650)

3.30

Vb

+↑ Ʃ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0
Vb – 3.30 = 0
Vb = 3.30 N

Va = 4 – Vb
= 10 – 3.30
= 6.70 N

ii) Theoretical Results

For theoretical, shear force can be determined by using the formula:
𝑷𝑷 𝒂𝒂
𝑽𝑽 =
𝑳𝑳

1. For load 2N
2(300)
𝑉𝑉 = = 0.63 N
950

2. For load 4N
4(300)
𝑉𝑉 = = 1.26 N
950

3. For load 6 N
6(300)
𝑉𝑉 = = 1.90 N
950

4. For load 8 N
8(300)
𝑉𝑉 = = 2.53 N
950

5. For load 10 N
10(300)
𝑉𝑉 = = 3.16 N
950
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

iii) Percentage Error and Graph

Experimental Shear Theoretical Shear Percentage

Load
Force at cut section Force at cut section Error
(N)
(N) (N) (%)

2 -0.73 -0.63 15.87

4 -1.20 -1.26 4.76
6 -1.95 -1.90 2.63
8 -2.71 -2.53 7.11
10 -3.30 -3.16 4.43
Table 3

Shear Force vs Load

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.5
SHEAR FORCE(N)

-1
EXPERIMENTAL
-1.5 THEORITICAL
Linear (EXPERIMENTAL)
-2 y = -0.3163x + 0.0014
Linear (THEORITICAL)
-2.5

-3
y = -0.3313x + 0.0081
-3.5
FORCE APPLIED(N)

Graph 1

Percentage Different Between Theoretical and Experimental result:

| 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒|
% 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

0.3163−0.3313
0.3163
𝑥𝑥 100 = 4.74 %
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

B) BENDING MOMENT OF A BEAM

i) Experimental Results

Beam span = 950 mm

Distance of the cut section from the left = 600 mm
support
Distance of point load, a = 300 mm

Figure 2: Bending moment apparatus free body diagram

Where;
P = Point load; Va = Support reaction at A; Vb = Support reaction at B

Experimental Bending
Load Va Vb
Moment at cut section
(N) (N) (N)
(Nmm)

2 1 1 0.25
4 2 2 0.50
6 3 3 0.65
8 4 4 0.95
10 5 5 1.25

Table 4: Bending moment value with an increasing point load.

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

x P

Va

Sample Calculation:

For 2 N load:
x = 300 mm
M = 0.25 Nmm
Length from left support to cut section = 650 mm

+↷Ʃ𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0
0.25 − 2(300) + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 (650) = 0
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝑵
+↑ Ʃ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑃𝑃
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 2 − 1
= 1.0 N

ii) Theoretical Results

For theoretical, bending moment can be determined by using the

formula:
𝑷𝑷 𝒂𝒂 (𝑳𝑳 − 𝒂𝒂)
𝑴𝑴 = 𝒙𝒙 (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 )
𝑳𝑳
1. For load 2 N
2(300)(950−300)
𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥10−3= 0.41 Nmm
950

2. For load 4 N
4(300)(950−300)
𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥10−3= 0.82 Nmm
950

3. For load 6N
6(300)(950−300)
𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥10−3= 1.23 Nmm
950

4. For load 8 N
8(300)(950−300)
𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥10−3= 1.64 Nmm
950
5. For load 10 N
10(300)(950−300)
𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥10−3= 2.05 Nmm
950
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

iii) Percentage Error and Graph

Experimental Theoretical Bending

Load Bending Moment at Moment at cut Percentage Error
(N) cut section section (%)
(Nmm) (Nmm)
2 0.25 0.41 39.02
4 0.50 0.82 39.02
6 0.65 1.23 47.15
8 0.95 1.64 42.07
10 1.25 2.05 39.02
Table 5

BENDING MOMENT VS LOAD

2.5

y = 0.205x - 5E-16
2 R² = 1
BENDING MOMENT

1.5
y = 0.1214x - 0.0071 EXPERIMENTAL
R² = 0.9924
1 THEORITICAL
Linear (EXPERIMENTAL)
0.5 Linear (THEORITICAL)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

-0.5
LOAD

Graph 2

Percentage Different Between Theoretical and Experimental result:

| 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒|
% 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
0.1214−0.205
0.205
𝑥𝑥 100 = 40.78 %
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

6.0) DISCUSSION

The objectives as known is to show that the shear force at a cut section of a beam
is equal to the algebraic sum of the acting to the left or right of the section. The
experiment has been done accordingly with the correct procedure. The load has been
chosen as interval is 2 N each interval increment. The interval only limited to 10 N. The
total length from left hand sight of beam to load placement, a has decided as 300mm.
The experiment has shown the result as expected. The result has been tabulated
neatly after manually calculate the experimental result using ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 0 and theoretical
result using stated formula at introduction section and a graph of shear load vs load
has been plotted. The graph state the relationship between shear load and load. The
difference of experimental and theoretical can been calculate through the gradient
different using formula:
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
x100

of both plotted graphs and the result shows there is 4.74% error detected. The error
is acceptable due to less than 5 % condition to consider this experiment meet the
objective. The relationship between shear load and applied load is the higher the
applied load the higher the shear load on cutting section. The graph should be linear.
For Bending moment experiment the objectives is to show that the bending moment
at a cut section of a beam is equal to the algebraic sum of the moment acting to the
left or right of the section. Same procedure with shear force lab test with usage of
difference testing collector. The manual calculation has been calculated differently
with shear experiment with using ∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 0 at point “a” value that still the same as
shear force experiment, while the theoretical value calculated using the formula
stated at introduction. The graph plotted with bending moment vs load as x and y. The
gradient taken for both experimental and theoretical to see the difference or error of
the experiment. The result shows different expectation with shear force experiment
that has less than 5 % error, while bending moment gives 40.78 % error and can be
assume for certain factor like machine sensitivity and etc. The relationship between
the moment and load applied is linear that is the more the load applied the higher the
bending moment value.
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

7.0) CONCLUSION

The experiment concluded a clear result as previous experimental done by other

researcher and can be acceptable in fulfill the objectives. The result proves the basic
physic law that state force applied equal to force counter. The physic law is also
applicable in structure like beam but only in x-direction and rotating direction. The
increment of shear force and bending moment are important to be calculated in
deciding suitable material should be use as the beam particles. The higher the shear
force and bending moment force want to be applied. The stronger the beam has to
be. Overall, the experiment is acceptable and we studied an important lesson from
the objectives fulfilled.