Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Abstract.
This report is presented to understand all concepts of the free and forced vibrations using a
cantilever beam. For that we had performed the experiment and collected the data, then both
experimental and theoretical analysis are done. Frequency related data is analysed on MATLAB
and simulation is done on SOLIDWORKS software. Frequency response module for simple beam
and beam having mass at end are checked. Nature of material was predefined and first 3
frequencies were measured. All the conclusion related data is shown in results section, error in
experimental and analytical values is due to neglecting masses of different attachments.
Error range is from 10 to 25 %. Neglecting mass of accelerometer and unfixed support of beam
are causes of error. We can associate graphs and approaches from different means to reach the
accurate outputs. This report also introduces the feature SIMULATION of SOLIDWORKS to
practitioners. Use of SIMULATION is very imperative in design and prototyping. We can easily
determine the effect of different parameters on an object when it will be in practical conditions.
Due to which we can measure the critical factors and the critical points where load is affecting.
Here, we have studied the frequency response in SIMULATION module in both conditions (mass
and no mass at end).

1. Introduction
Design and structure engineers must know the importance of cantilever beam as use of cantilever
beam is very imperative in extended structures and machine frames.[1] This can cause excessive
vibrations in cantilever beam which may also leads to resonance. To avoid the phenomenon of
resonance we must know the natural frequencies of the beams used in frame. Resonance is very
dangerous as it can cause large amplitude that may leads to destruction of machine or structure.
So, the study of vibrations of a component are very much imperative according to design’s point
of view. Once the Natural frequency of system is known then unwanted vibrations can be easily
omitted. Two techniques are there to get control on vibrations: [2]
Passive control: heavily controlled, maximum displacement is smaller, decays much slowly
Active control: decay rate is faster than passive
We can never dodge vibrations. Resonance is must when forcing type frequency is near to natural
one. In every case it’s not must that vibrations leads to destruction. Sometimes they may only be
a reason for uncomforting. We as designer, analyst or engineer study how to get control on
vibrations or on source which is producing oscillations.
The complex Engineering problems provides sufficient knowledge about the practical issues that
can be happened in an organization. This CEP is all about frequency, vibrations and responses. [3]
2. Literature. Review.
2.1. Free.and.Forced.Vibration
With external disturbance in our system and force is required just to initiate the vibrations then the
vibrations will be free vibrations. Ideally in free type of oscillations whole energy remains constant
so amplitude will also not change during vibrations. But since energy is lost with passage of time
so amplitude also decreases.To avoid the phenomenon of resonance we must know the natural

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

frequencies of the beams used in frame. Resonance is very dangerous as it can cause large
amplitude that may leads to destruction of machine or structure. So, the study of vibrations of a
component are very much imperative according to design’s point of view. Once the Natural
frequency of system is known then unwanted vibrations can be easily omitted [4]
In forced vibrations external force is applied periodically to maintain the amplitude. Input force
provides a fixed frequency to the vibrations and system is not free to vibrate. Characteristics are
shown in figure:

2.2. Magnification. Factor.

It is actually ratio of resonance and forcing frequencies. Actually, whenever resonance frequency
reaches the forcing type frequency factor of our system then the amplitude automatically goes
much greater than in case of forcing function.[5]

𝜔
Where 𝑟 = 𝜔𝑛

2.3. Euler–Bernoulli. Beam. Theory.

Theory is also known as elasticity theory which relates load and deflection of beams. This is very
imperative theory for structure and design engineers because it relates even very little loads and
deformations.[6]
𝐸𝐼 1/2
𝜔𝑛 = 𝛼 2 ∗ ( )
𝜌𝐴𝑙 4

3. Methodology
Material used for analysis is AISI 1035 Steel (SS).

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3.1. Experimental Method

Experiment was not performed at the campus because of inaccessibility of desired apparatus. Data
was provided by the advisor and results were obtained in table form. The range of frequency was
1Hz to 40 Hz with 2 Hz pauses. All the graphs are plotted using MATLAB.[7]
Setup is shown below:

3.2. Theoretical method

Using Bernoulli’s equation and dynamic equation plus log methods, material’s characteristics were
examined. Experimentally first 3 leading frequencies were measured and results were compared.
From lab & experimental point of view. Stepwise method was used:[8, 9]
• Dimensions (410 * 25.4 * 3.2) mm
• Shaker was used for harmonic disturbance.
• Frequency and amplitude> adjust> using circuits.
• 2 cases are to be discussed
(a) Without mass
(b) With mass
• Data of response against changing frequency is recorded.
Width9=9w9=925.49x910-39
Volume9=93.33254859x910-59m3
Depth9=9d9=93.29x910-3
Length9=9l9=94109x910-3
Density9=9𝜌9=.78509kg9m-3
Mass9=9m9=.78509x93.3325485.9x9.10-59=.0.26159kg
N
E9=.210.9x9.10999m2
25.4.x.10−3 .x.(3.2.x.103 )3
I.=. .=.6.935.9x9.10-11.m4
12
3.x.210.x.109 .x.6.935.x.10−11 N
k.=. .=.633.92144.m
(0.410)3
Mass9with9magnet.=.M.=.0.099.kg
A.=.25.4.9x9.10-3.x9.3.2.x9.10-3
A.=.8.128.9x9.10-5.m2

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Without9mass[8]
meq .=.0.+.0.2.(0.2615).=.0.060145
633.92144
ωn1 .=..√ 0.060145 .=.16.3394.Hz
210.x.109 .x.6.935.x.10−11
1st.natural.frequency.=.ωn1 .=.1.8752 .x.√7850.x.8.128.x.10−5.x.(0.410)4.=.15.90.Hz
ωn2 .=.4.6942.9x9.(28.4106).=.99.6295.Hz
ωn3 .=.7.8552.9x9.(28.4106).=.278.992.Hz
Natural9Frequency9of9beam9with9mass:
meq .=.0.099.+.0.23.(0.2615).=.0.1591.kg
633.92144
1st9natural9frequency9=√ .=.910.046.Hz
0.1591
Beam9without9mass9logarithmic9decrement:
9.667
𝛿.=.ln. 9.09 =61.54.9x9.10-3
(61.54.x.10−3 )2
𝜁.=.√4𝜋2+.(61.54.x.10−3 )2 .=.0.009794

𝜔𝑑 .=.102.66.9x9.√1 − 0.0097942 .=.102.655.Hz

Beam9with9added9mass:
8.434
𝛿.=.ln.8.004.=.0.05233
(0.05233)2
𝜁.=.√4𝜋2+.(0.05233)2.=.8.328x.10-3

𝜔𝑑 .=.10.0458.9x9.√1 − (8.328. x. 10−3 )2 .=.10.045.Hz

Solid-works9model:
• Design9was9made on solid-works according to given dimensions.
• Geometry was fixed from one end.
• Mesh was created and simulation command was run in frequency format.
• Same procedure for beam having mass attached.
MATLAB Tool:
• Data given was imported to MATLAB.
• In MATLAB, to interrelate different oscillations and Fourier transform different codes
were added.
• Graphs were plotted.

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

4. Results.
4.1. Lab.View.Results.
Table91:9Data9recorded-experimentally9for9the9structure-experiencing9for9forced9frequency9

Sr. no Excitation Accelerometer Sr. no Excitation Accelerometer

Frequency Amplitude Frequency Amplitude
(ω/Hz) (mm) (ω/Hz) (mm)
1 2 0.6180 11 22 1.6500
2 4 0.7160 12 24 1.3980
3 6 1.0680 13 26 1.4000
4 8 1.6060 14 28 1.3470
5 10 3.0130 15 30 1.2900
6 12 10.5450 16 32 1.2830
7 14 5.8320 17 34 1.2330
8 16 3.0940 18 36 1.2160
9 18 2.4570 19 40 1.2090
10 20 1.8920

Excitation Frequency vs Accelerometer

Amplitude
12

10

8
mm

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
w/Hz

4.2. Analytical Results

No Mass Theoretical With Mass Theoretical
(Hz) (Hz)
Wn1. 16.3394 Wn1. 10.046
Wd1. 16.338. Wd1. 10.045

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Wn2. 99.6295. Wn2. .

Wd2. 99.6195 Wd2. .
Wn3. 278.992. Wn3. .
Wd3. 278.9641. Wd3. .

4.3. ExperimentalrResultsr
Tabler2

No mass Theoretical MATLAB Solidworks Experimental

n1(Hz)r
16.3394 15.91 15.56
d1(Hz)r
16.338r 12.10 12.02r
n2(Hz)r
99.6295r 99.71 97.53
d2(Hz)r
99.6195 90.84r
n3(Hz)r
278.992r 279.41 273.08
d3(Hz)r
278.9641r 214.7r

Tabler3:

With mass Theoretical MATLAB Solid-works Experimental

n1(Hz)r
10.046 10.02 r
d1(Hz)r
10.045 9.01 10.01
n2(Hz)r
79.08
d2(Hz)r

n3(Hz)r
233.23
d3(Hz)r

Graphr2:9Reaction9of9beam9in9Time9domain9(With9mass)

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Graph91:9Reaction9of9beam9in9Time9domain9(Without9mass)

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Graph94:9Response9for9frequency9sweep9in9time9domain

4.4. MatlabrResultsr
Graph95:9Reaction9of9beam9in9frequency9domain9(Without9mass)

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Graph96:9Reaction9of9beam9in9Frequency9domain9(With9mass)

Graph97:9Response9for9frequency9sweep9in9frequency9domain

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

4.5. SolidWorks9Results9
Without9mass:
Figure91:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation91

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Figure92:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation92

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Figure93:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation93

Figure94:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation94

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Figure95:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation95

With9mass:

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Figure91:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation91

Figure92:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation92

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Figure93:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation93

Figure94:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation94

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

Figure95:9Simulation9of9Frequency9analysis.9Animation95

5. Discussion0
This is a report written on practical results of the behavior of a simple canti-lever beam under the
vibrations. Different kinds of parameters and condition were also discussed to thoroughly cover
the concept of effects of vibration. Another purpose of this report is to make students capable of
solving different kinds of complex issues in apparatus and use of modern tools and software to
fully monitor the vibration. Response of harmonic vibrations was tested in both time and frequency
domains.
Deliverable required as an output are fully explained and well understood. MATLAB figures are
in tiff format and all the five animations of frequency response in solid-works are given. Error in
experimental and the outputs of software is due to:

• Mass of accelerometer is neglected continuously

• Unwanted vibrations in system while performing
• Human mistakes
• Fixture of beam
• Air velocity

SOLIDWORKS uses correct face fixture and do the simulations based on that fixture. Practically
we cannot create such a fixture, there will be always some flexibility in fixture. Also, vibrations in
floor and all the attachments due to any type of source will be a reason of error. Error range may
lie from 10 to 25 %. We can associate graphs and approaches from different means to reach the

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Umair Arshad Kayani Complex9Engineering Problem

accurate outputs. This report also introduces the feature SIMULATION of SOLIDWORKS to
practitioners. Use of SIMULATION is very imperative in design and prototyping. We can easily
determine the effect of different parameters on an object when it will be in practical conditions.
Due to which we can measure the critical factors and the critical points where load is affecting.
Here, we have studied the frequency response in SIMULATION module in both conditions (mass
and no mass at end).
6. Conclusion0
This report was quite helpful for me because for the first time I have carried out the analytical and
soft analysis at same time. Bernoulli’s equation is derived and used to carry out the theoretical
concepts of this experimental report. Natural frequency response is also seen through MATLAB
and SOLIDWORKS. The FEM using the software are very much accurate and results are better
because they are the ideal results. In practical a lot of errors and mistakes were involved due to
which there is margin of error between outputs from different sources. Skilful programming is
required in MATLAB, we can make this model capable of finding response in forced vibrations
case by changing the code. In forced vibrations case, simulation will be different but to find the
natural frequency response that was an easy task.
All the results experimental, from MATLAB and from SOLIDWORKS are explained earlier and
if we compare the outputs, we will see that the response from SOLIDWORKS are very much ideal.
Practically, it’s difficult to achieve the ideal results due to apparatus’s limits and human errors.
If somehow, we calculate all the factors and data again by including different parameters that were
neglected before. Then, the output will be improved. FEA plotted and simulated after adding
additional masses would be much closer to ideal one. percentage of error can be degraded by using
this technique and also by considering other small factors affecting outputs.
I think main purpose of writing this report is achieved, which is that students can fully
acknowledge the concept of vibrations and a well understanding of use of soft work. To avoid the
phenomenon of resonance we must know the natural frequencies of the beams used in frame.
Resonance is very dangerous as it can cause large amplitude that may leads to destruction of
machine or structure. So, the study of vibrations of a component are very much imperative
according to design’s point of view. Once the Natural frequency of system is known then unwanted
vibrations can be easily omitted.

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References0

1. Kelly, S.G., Fundamentals of Mechanical Vibrations Any text on mechanical vibrations.

2000.
2. Soong, T.T. and M.C. Costantinou, Passive and active structural vibration control in civil
engineering. Vol. 345. 2014: Springer.
3. French, A.P., Vibrations and waves. 2017: CRC press.
4. Bapat, C.N., N.J.J.o.s. Bhutani, and vibration, General approach for free and forced
vibrations of stepped systems governed by the one-dimensional wave equation with non-
classical boundary conditions. 1994. 172(1): p. 1-22.
5. Brebbia, C.A., et al., Vibrations of engineering structures. Vol. 10. 2013: Springer Science
& Business Media.
6. Bauchau, O. and J. Craig, Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, in Structural analysis. 2009,
Springer. p. 173-221.
7. Wu, J.-S., T.-L.J.J.o.S. Lin, and Vibration, Free vibration analysis of a uniform cantilever
beam with point masses by an analytical-and-numerical-combined method. 1990. 136(2):
p. 201-213.
8. Wu, J.-S., H.-M.J.J.o.S. Chou, and Vibration, Free vibration analysis of a cantilever beam
carrying any number of elastically mounted point masses with the analytical-and-
numerical-combined method. 1998. 213(2): p. 317-332.
9. Lee, I.-W., G.-H.J.C. Jung, and Structures, An efficient algebraic method for the
computation of natural frequency and mode shape sensitivities—part I. Distinct natural
frequencies. 1997. 62(3): p. 429-435.

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