Name: Adrita Mukhopadhyay

Reg. no.: 20BCL0117

Exp. No.: 1 Date: 12.08.2021

The Tension Test

1. Aim-
To determine the tensile behavior and mechanical properties such as stress, strain,
modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate strength, percentage elongation of the
given specimen using UTM.

2. Apparatus Required-
 Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
 Extensometer
 Vernier Caliper
 Scale
 Specimen rod (Mild Steel Rod)
 Graph paper

3. Theory-

The Tension test is used primarily to determine the relationship between the average
normal stress and the normal strain in many engineering materials such as metals, rods, columns,
beams, etc.
To perform this test, a specimen of any material is made into standard shape and size. Also,
before testing, two small marks are identified along specimen’s length. The distance between
these marks is termed as Gauge Length of the specimen.

The specimen is subjected to constant tension load and the extension caused in the steel rod is
noted against the load within the elastic limit. The load values at yield point, breaking point, and
ultimate point are carefully noted. With the obtained values, the stress and strain are calculated
and plotted in a graph.

When a given material is subjected to increasing tensile stress, it starts having an elastic
deformation.

1. Elastic behaviour:
Specimen returns to original shape or length when the external load acting on it is removed.
In elastic region, the strain is proportional to the stress and it’s ratio is known as the
young’s modulus or Modulus of Elasticity, E. The slope of Graph gives straight line.

2. Yielding:
A Slight increase in stress above elastic limit will cause the specimen to deform
permanently. The stress at Yield point is called Yield point load or Yield Stress and the
permanent deformation that occurs is called Plastic Deformation.

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3. Strain Hardening:
Even after yielding, the specimen keeps resisting the load and the resistance increases as a
function of strain until ultimate stress is achieved. The rise in curve is known as strain
hardening.

4. Necking:
At the ultimate stress, the cross-sectional area begins to decrease in localized region of the
specimen, instead over its entire length, i.e., Gauge Length. As a result, neck tends to form
as specimen elongates, which causes it to finally crack.

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4. Procedure

1. The probable ultimate load for the specimen is calculated assuming the probable ultimate
stress. The UTM is adjusted for that selected range.

2. The specimen having convenient length is taken and centre is marked. From the centre, the
gauge length is marked.
3. The diameter of the given specimen is measured at different places/points with the help of a
vernier calliper and then the average diameter of the specimen is determined. (minimum 3)

4. The test specimen is mounted in the grips of the moveable and fixed cross head and the
Extensometer is to be fixed.
5. The load stabilizer is adjusted, machine is started and the inlet value is opened slowly and
gradually when the load pointe just kicks it, it indicates the rod is held tight between the
grips.
6. The load is applied at a steady uniform rate, and the extension is noted with in the elastic
limit. The extensometer is removed.
7. At a particular stage, there is a paused in the increase of load. Load at this point is noted
down as “Yield Point load”.

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 8. The load is applied continuously. When the load reaches the maximum value both the
actual pointer and the dummy pointe which has been companying it will remain stationary.
The maximum load reached is recorded as “Ultimate load”.
9. After sometime the actual pointer returns slowly. At this stage, a neck is formed in the
specimen and specimen breaks. The position of actual pointer during breaking is noted and
that is recorded as “Breaking load”.
10. After breaking. The specimen is removed from the grips.

11. Final gauge length and the final diameter of the specimen is then measured.

5. Observation

Initial diameter of rod 10.4 mm

Diameter of rod at neck 6.6 mm

Initial area of c/s 84.95 mm2

Area of c/s at neck 34.21 mm2

Percentage reduction in area 59.73 %

Original length (initial gauge length) 120 mm

Length of the rod after test (final gauge length) 138 mm

Percentage elongation in length 15 %

Yield point load 35.5 kN

Ultimate load 48.6 kN

Breaking load 40.2 kN

Stress at yield point load 417.893 N/mm2

Ultimate stress 572.1 N/mm2

Nominal breaking stress 473.219 N/mm2

Actual breaking stress 1175.095 N/mm2

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 Least count of extensometer = 0.01

Extensometer reading
Load Stress Young’s modulus, E
S.no. Elongatio Strain
(kN) (N/mm2) Elongation (N/mm2)
n
(mm)
(division)
1 x 0.01
1 2 23.54 1 8.33 x 10-5 294597.84
=0.01
2 4 47.087 2 0.02 1.667 x 10-4 282465.507

3 6 70.63 5 0.05 4.167 x 10-4 169510.64

4 8 94.17 6.5 0.065 5.4167 x 10-4 173859.73

5 10 117.72 8 0.08 6.667 x 10-4 176568.17

6 12 141.26 9 0.09 7.5 x 10-4 188349.33

7 14 164.805 11 0.11 9.167 x 10-4 179775.281

8 16 188.35 12.5 0.125 1.0416 x 10-3 180827.57

9 18 211.89 14 0.14 1.167 x 10-3 181570.69

10 20 235.44 15 0.15 1.25 x 10-3 188348.8

Average 201587.356

6. Photograph

VERNIER
CALIPER

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 Extensometer

7. Result

Initial area of c/s 84.95 mm2

Area of c/s at neck 34.21 mm2

Percentage reduction in area 59.73 %

Percentage elongation in length 15 %

Stress at yield point load 417.893 N/mm2

Ultimate stress 572.1 N/mm2

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 Nominal breaking stress 473.219 N/mm2

Actual breaking stress 1175.095 N/mm2

8. Graph

SCALE

X-axis  1cm = 10 x 10-5

9. Inference Y-axis  2cm = 25
N/mm2
We know, Young’s modulus of mild steel is around 200000 N/mm2
= 2 x 105 N/mm2
From our experiment, we got 2.0158 x 105 N/mm2 from table
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 And 2.0164 x 105 N/mm2 from graph
Hence, we can infer that the given specimen is mild steel.