Experiment No.

Date:

Tension Test For Tor Steel bar

Aim:
1. To study the behaviour of tor steel test specimen under the action of a
gradually increasing load, tested up to failure.
2. To determine the yield stress, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity,
percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area.

IS : 1608-2005
Apparatus:
1. A universal testing machine used in an appropriate range.
2. Gripping devices.
3. Extensometer.
4. Scale, micrometer screw gauge, punch and hammer.

Gripping device: To grip securely the round specimen, the flat inner sides of the
jaws have a V-shaped groove. The gripping surfaces are serrated to allow a firm
grip. Depending upon the size of the specimen, jaws with appropriate V-grooves
in them are selected.
Extensometer: The gauge length of the extensometer used is adjustable up to a
maximum value of 120mm. There are a pair of knife edges at top and bottom
which are used to grip the specimen between gauge points. The top knife edges are
fixed while the extension of the specimen causes the bottom knife edges to move
down. The movement of these knife edges are magnified by a lever and
transmitted to two dial gauges (one on either side) by a rack and pinion
mechanism. The least count of the extensometer is 0.01mm and it can measure up
to 3mm. Two spring- one fixed at the bottom and other placed at the top will keep
the extensometer in position.

Theory:
The definitions of the terms used in this test are given below.
Gauge length: The reference length over which extension is measured.
Stress: When a material is subjected to action of forces, it develops resistance. The
resistance per unit area is called stress.
Linear strain: Change in length per unit length.
Yield stress: Stress at which considerable elongation first occurs in the test piece
without a corresponding increase in the load.
Tensile strength: The maximum load reached in a tension test divided by the
original area of cross-section. This is also termed as ultimate strength.
Modulus of Elasticity: The ratio of normal stress to axial stress within the elastic
limit. This is also termed as the Young’s modulus.
Percentage elongation: The permanent elongation up to breaking, expressed as a
percentage elongation depends on the gauge length chosen, its value being higher
for smaller gauge length, as the maximum stretching occurs near the point of
fracture. According to the B.I.S. specifications a gauge length of 5.65 √ Aₒ (5d for
rods) is to be used.
Percentage reduction in area: The change in cross-sectional area that has occurred
at the neck during the test, expressed as a percentage of the original area of cross-
section.
Procedure:
1. The diameter of the given specimen is found out with the help of a Vernier
calliper at two or three places.

2. The center point of the specimen is located and half of the value of gauge
length set off on either side of it using the scale. Punch marks are also made
at intervals of 2.5d, for calculation of percentage elongation. Percentage
elongation is measured over a length of 5d which contains the neck.

3. Jaws for gripping the specimen are inserted in the bores provided in the top
cross-head and adjustable cross-head of the UTM. The test specimen is
fixed at its upper end in the top cross-head by operating the hand wheel and
locking lever. The adjustable cross-head is moved up to the necessary
height. The lower end of the test specimen is gripped in it and locked. The
extensometer is mounted on the specimen. The readings on the dials A and
B of the extensometer are adjusted to zero. The ivory scale is adjusted to
read zero.

4. Tabular columns are kept ready to note the readings of the extensometer at
regular intervals of the load. The interval is so chosen as to get atleast eight
readings before the yield point.
5. The hydraulic pump is now put into operation and the rate of loading is
adjusted not to exceed 1kg/mm 2 per second up to the yield point.

6. The extensometer readings are noted down at regular load increments.

7. As the yield point is approached, the pointer of load measuring gauge

remains stationary and the pointers of the extensometer move very rapidly
indicating the flow of the material without corresponding increase in the
load. The value of load at yield point is recorded and the extensometer is
removed from the specimen as otherwise it will get damaged.

8. Now as the material is in the plastic stage, the rate of extension per unit load
is more than that in the elastic stage. After the maximum load has been
reached, the dummy pointer stays there and the load pointer starts moving
backwards. This is because of the neck formation in the central portion
where the cross-sectional area is very much reduced. Although the load goes
on decreasing, the length of the specimen goes on increasing because the
real stress at the neck goes on increasing. The specimen finally breaks into
two pieces with a thundering noise. The maximum load and breaking load
are recorded. Two pieces of the specimen are taken out from the machine
and is observed that he specimen as has heated up. This is because of the
fact that in the plastic stage, part of the energy is wasted in the form of
strain energy.

9. The two pieces are put together and the final length, over an initial length of
5d containing the neck is recorded. The diameter at the neck is also noted
down
Observations:
1. Brand name of the specimen =

2. Strength of steel specified pn the bar =

3. Length of the bar =

4. Weight of the bar per metre =

5. Least Count of extensometer =

6. Gauge length of the extensometer =

 7. Yield Load (YL) =

8. Ultimate Load (UL) =

9. Breaking Load (BL) =

10.Punch marks at intervals of 2.5d =

11.Length of the specimen between the grips =

12. Final length between the three punch marks containing the neck =

13. Diameter of the specimen:

Least count of the vernier calliper =

Sr. Diameter at positions: Average

No. Diameter(d)
Right end(d1) Middle(d2) Left end(d3)
1
2

Average Diameter of the specimen =

 Observation Table:
Value of one division of the extensometer:
Sr. Load Area Extensometer Stress Strain Youngs
No. (mm2) reading (N/mm2) Modulus
Kg N Division mm
Calculations:

1. Original area of cross-section Aₒ=

2. Yield stress/proof stress (0.2%) =

3. Tensile strength (ultimate strength) =

4. Modulus of elasticity =

5. Final area of cross-section at the neck A =

6. Percentage elongation =

7. Percentage reduction in area =

 8. Percentage reduction in diameter =

9. Youngs Modulus=

Result:
1. The Youngs Modulus of the specimen is calculated as
from the stress v/s strain graph

2. The % reduction in diameter is