EXPERIMENT -2

Title: Analog Instrumentation – Tensile Test

Objective:
To investigate the behaviour of the bar by understanding the fundamentals for
purpose of determining the mechanical properties like gauge length, strain, stress,
modulus of elasticity, stress-strain diagram, %elongation and %reduction in length
& area, and proof strength.

Learning Outcomes:
After successful conduction of this experiment, I am able to:
 Understand the properties of different digital instrument like, Strain Gauge,
Load Cell, LVDT, Data acquisition system.
 Extract the graph form load vs displacement values.

Theory:
Any material that is used has its very important property that is strength of that
material and specifically here tensile strength of materials is determined. The
tensile strength of material means the resistance offered by any specimen against
the external load to remain in its original shape and size. To obtain this, strain is
measured for the respective loadings and stress strain diagram is drawn.

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Stress-Strain Curve:

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Strain Hardening: As in this region strain increases rapidly and material may
undergo change at micro level which results in increased resistance to deformation.

Necking: In this region before the fracture point is achieved, the c/s area of
material starts decreasing very rapidly and form the shape of neck.

Gauge Length: The length of the specimen used for testing by marking the
points at an interval of half the former length from centre. It is determined from
empirical formula:
Lo= 5.65x A^1/2

Proof Stress: In mild steel yield point is visible in graph but in HYSD bars the
yield point is not obtained. So, an offset of 0.2% of strain parallel to linear curve is
drawn and the point of intersection of that offset gives an approximate value of
yield point. And the stress at this point is known as Proof Stress.

Equipment:
Universal Testing Machine, Extensometer, and Vernier Scale

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Test Procedure:
1. First the length of the bar is measured by scale and weight of bar is
measured by weighing machine.
2. Then the diameter of the bar is determined based on the weight of bar.
γ= Wt/Vol= 4xWt/πd2xl
Where, d= diameter of bar (mm), Wt= weight of bar (kg), γ= density of steel
and l= length of bar
3. Diameter of bar can also be determined by Vernier calliper.
4. From the diameter c/s area of bar is determined and gauge length is obtained
from the empirical formula of IS 1608:2005 i.e., Lo = 5.65xA^1/2
5. The markings are done on bar at an equal distance of gauge length and bar is
kept and tightened in UTM.
6. After this extensometer is attached to the bar at the center of the bar and
calibrated to zero so that it can measure the strain for the gauge length of the
bar.
7. The machine is operated and the loading is increased linearly until the
fracture in the bar occurs.
8. During the test, the readings for displacement on UTM and in extensometer
at a fixed interval of load increment are recorded and also the loading rate is
observed.
9. The observation table is prepared and calculations for strain, stress,
%elongation and stress strain diagrams are done.

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 DIMENSIONS OF THE SPECIMEN BEFORE TESTING
Sr. No. Parameter Steel Sample
1 Gauge Length (Lo) (mm)
2 Thickness of specimen (to) (mm)
3 Width of specimen (bo) (mm)
4 Cross-sectional Area (Ao) (mm2)

DIMENSIONS OF THE SPECIMEN AFTER TESTING

1 Final Gauge Length (Lf) (mm)
2 Final width of specimen (bf) (mm)
3 Final Cross-sectional Area (Af) (mm2)

LOAD AT CRITICAL POINTS OF OBSERVATON

1 Yield Load (Py) (N)
2 Ultimate Load (Pu) (N)
3 Breaking Load (Pf) (N)

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Observation Table:
Sr. Load Stress Extensometer Dial Gauge
No (KN) (MPa Displacement Strain Displacemen Strain
) (mm) t
(mm)

Calculation:
Sr. No. Particulars Steel sample
1 Yield Stress Py/Ao
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 (MPa)
2 Ultimate Stress Pu/Ao
(MPa)
3 Nominal Pf/Ao
Breaking
Stress(MPa)
4 Actual Breaking Pf/Af
Stress(MPa)
5 % Reduction in (A0-Af)x100/Ao
C/S area
6 % Elongation (Lf-Lo)x100/Lo
7 Modulus of E
Elasticity (MPa)

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