Professional Documents
Culture Documents
W. GABAUER
Issue 1
September 2000
SM&T
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CONTENTS
1. SCOPE
3. INTRODUCTION
5. REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
APPENDIX A
Mathematical formulae for calculating uncertainties in tensile testing
APPENDIX B
A worked example for calculating uncertainties in tensile testing
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1. SCOPE
This procedure covers the evaluation of uncertainty in tensile test results obtained from tests at
ambient or elevated temperature, carried out according to any of the following Standards:
The Code of Practice is restricted to tests performed at ambient and elevated temperatures
with a digital acquisition of load and displacement. The tests are assumed to run continuously
without interruptions on specimens that have uniform gauge lengths, and the procedure is
restricted to tests performed under axial loading conditions.
For a complete list of symbols and definitions of terms on uncertainties, see Reference 1,
Section 2. The following are the symbols and definitions used in this procedure.
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3. INTRODUCTION
It is good practice in any measurement to evaluate and report the uncertainty associated with
the test results. A statement of uncertainty may be required by a customer who wishes to
know the limits within which the reported result may be assumed to lie, or the test laboratory
itself may wish to develop a better understanding of which particular aspects of the test
procedure have the greatest effect on results so that this may be controlled more closely.
This Code of Practice (CoP) has been prepared within UNCERT, a project funded by the
European Commissions Standards, Measurement and Testing programme under reference
SMT4-CT97-2165 to simplify the way in which uncertainties are evaluated. The aim is to
avoid ambiguity and provide a common format which is easily understood and accessible to
customers, test laboratories and accreditation authorities.
This CoP is one of seventeen produced by the UNCERT consortium for the estimation of
uncertainties associated with mechanical tests on metallic materials. The Codes of Practice
have been collated in a single Manual [1] that has the following sections.
This CoP can be used as a stand-alone document. For further background information on
measurement uncertainty and values of standard uncertainties of the equipment and
instrumentation used commonly in material testing, the user may need to refer to Section 3 of
the Manual [1]. The individual CoPs are kept as simple as possible by following the same
structure; viz:
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This CoP guides the user through the various steps to be carried out in order to estimate
the uncertainty in tensile testing.
The first step is to list the quantities (measurands) for which the uncertainties must be
calculated. Table 1 shows the parameters that are usually reported in tensile testing. None of
the measurands are measured directly, but are determined for other quantities (measurands).
None of the measurands are measured directly, instead they are calculated from the following
formulae:
S0 = a0 b0 (rectangular test piece) (1a)
S0 = d0 /4
2
(round test piece) (1b)
E = (F L0) / (L S0) (2)
Rp = FRp / S0 (3)
ReH = FeH / S0 (4)
ReL = FeL / S0 (5)
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Rm = Fm / S0 (6)
A = (Lu - L0) 100/L0 (7)
Z = (S0 - Su) 100/S 0 (8)
In Step 2, the user must identify all possible sources of uncertainty which may have an effect
(either directly or indirectly) on the test. The list cannot be identified comprehensively
beforehand as it is associated uniquely with the individual test procedure and apparatus used.
This means that a new list should be prepared each time a particular test parameter changes
(e.g. when a plotter is replaced by a computer). To help the user list all sources, four
categories have been defined. The following table (Table 2) lists the four categories and gives
some examples of sources of uncertainty in each category.
It is important to note that Table 2 is NOT exhaustive and is for GUIDANCE only - relative
contributions may vary according to the material tested and the test conditions. Individual
laboratories are encouraged to prepare their own list to correspond to their own test facility
and assess the associated significance of the contributions.
Table 2 Typical sources of uncertainty and their likely contribution to uncertainties in tensile
testing measurands for a cold rolled steel (sheet type specimen) at ambient temperature
performed by a screw driven tensile testing machine
[1 = major contribution, 2 = minor contribution, 0 = no contribution (zero effect), ? = unknown]
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Sampling frequency B 1 1 1 1 2 2 0
Uncertainty in fracture area measurement B 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Software B 1 1 1 1 2 1 0
The worked examples in Appendix B use the above categorisation when assessing
uncertainties.
In this third step, which is in accordance with the GUM [2], the sources of uncertainty are
classified as Type A or B, depending on the way their influence is quantified. If the uncertainty
is evaluated by statistical means (from a number of repeated observations), it is classified as
Type A. If it is evaluated by any other means it should be classified as Type B.
The values associated with Type B uncertainties can be obtained from a number of sources
including a calibration certificate, manufacturer's information, or an expert's estimation. For
Type B uncertainties, it is necessary for the user to estimate for each source the most
appropriate probability distribution (further details are given in Section 2 of Reference 1).
It should be noted that, in some cases, an uncertainty can be classified as either Type A or
Type B depending on how it is estimated.
In this step the standard uncertainty, u, for each major input source identified in Table 2 is
estimated (see Appendix A). The standard uncertainty is defined as one standard deviation
and is derived from the uncertainty of the input quantity divided by the parameter, dv,
associated with the assumed probability distribution. The divisors for the typical distributions
most likely to be encountered are given in Section 2 of Reference 1.
The standard uncertainty requires the determination of the associated sensitivity coefficient, c,
which is usually estimated from the partial derivatives of the functional relationship between the
output quantity (the measurand) and the input quantities. The calculations required to obtain
the sensitivity coefficients by partial differentiation can be a lengthy process, particularly when
there are many individual contributions and uncertainty estimates are needed for a range of
values. If the functional relationship for a particular measurement is not known, the sensitivity
coefficients may be obtained experimentally. In many cases the input quantity to the
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measurement may not be in the same units as the output quantity. For example, one
contribution to Rp0.2 is the test temperature. In this case the input quantity is temperature, but
the output quantity is the stress which is MPa. In such a case, a sensitivity coefficient, cT
(corresponding to the partial derivative of the proof strength / test temperature relationship), is
used to convert from temperature to MPa (for more information see Appendix A).
Assuming that individual uncertainty sources are uncorrelated, the measurand's combined
uncertainty, uc(y), can be computed using the root sum squares:
N
u c ( y) = [ ci u ( xi )] 2 (9)
i =1
where ci is the sensitivity coefficient associated with xi. This uncertainty corresponds to plus or
minus one standard deviation on the normal distribution law representing the studied quantity.
The combined uncertainty has an associated confidence level of 68.27%.
The expanded uncertainty, U, is defined in Reference 2 as the interval about the result of a
measurement that may be expected to encompass a large fraction of the distribution of values
that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand. It is obtained by multiplying the
combined uncertainty, uc, by a coverage factor, k, which is selected on the basis of the level of
confidence required. For a normal probability distribution, the most generally used coverage
factor is 2 which corresponds to a confidence interval of 95.4% (effectively 95% for most
practical purposes). The expanded uncertainty, U, is, therefore, broader than the combined
uncertainty, uc. . Where a higher confidence level is demanded by the customer (such as for
Aerospace and electronics industries), a coverage factor of 3 is often used so that the
corresponding confidence level increases to 99.73%.
In cases where the probability distribution of uc is not normal (or where the number of data
points used in Type A analysis is small), the value of k should be calculated from the degrees
of freedom given by the Welsh-Satterthwaite method (see Reference 1, Section 4 for more
details).
Once the expanded uncertainty has been estimated, the results should be reported in the
following way:
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V= y U (10)
where V is the estimated value of the measurand, y is the test (or measurement) mean result, U
is the expanded uncertainty associated with y. An explanatory note, such as that given in the
following example should be added (change when appropriate):
5. REFERENCES
2. BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, OIML, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty
in Measurement. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland,
ISBN 92-67-10188-9, First Edition, 1993. [This Guide is often referred to as the
GUM or the ISO TAG4 document after the ISO Technical Advisory Group that
drafted it.]
3. ISO 5725 ; Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results
Part 1: 1994(E) General principles and definitions
Part 2: 1994(E) Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility
of standard measurement method
Part 3: 1994(E) Intermediate measures of the precision of a standard measurement
method
Part 4: 1994(E) Basic methods for the determination of the trueness of a standard
measurement method
Part 5: 1998(E) Alternative methods for the determination of the precision of a standard
measurement method
Part 6: 1994(E) Use in practice of accuracy values
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6. ISO Guide 35: 1989(E) Certification of reference materials - General and statistical
principles
8. Thomas G. F. Gray and James Sharp, Influence of Machine Type and Strain Rate
Interaction in Tension Testing, Factors That Affect the Precision of Mechanical
Tests, ASTM STP 1025, R. Papirno and H. C. Weiss, Eds., American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 187-205.
9. Bruce W. Christ, - Fracture and Deformation Division, Center for Materials Science,
National Bureau of Standards, Effect of Specimen Preparation, Setup, and Test
Procedures on Test Results.
11. Bodo Hesse, Hans-Martin Sonne, and Gnter Robiller, Reliable proof stress
determination with computerized tensile test, Materialprfung 33 (1991) 7-8, Carl
Hanser Verlag, Mnchen
12. Hans-Martin Sonne and Alois Wehrstedt, Computer-aided Tension Test - Problems
of Performance on the Basis of the Standard, Materialprfung 37 (1995) 4, Carl
Hanser Verlag, Mnchen
17. Franz Adunka, Meunsicherheiten - Theorie und Praxis Vulkan Vlg Essen (ISBN
3-8027-2186-1)
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18. John Mandel, The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data Dover Publications
(ISBN 0-486-64666-1)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document was written as part of project Code of Practice for the Determination of
Uncertainties in Mechanical Tests on Metallic Materials. The project was partly funded
by the Commission of European Communities through the Standards, Measurement and
Testing Programme, Contract No. SMT4-CT97-2165. The author gratefully acknowledges
the helpful comments made by many colleagues from UNCERT.
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APPENDIX A
General
The GUM [2] says In other cases it may only be possible to estimate bounds (upper and
lower limits) for Xi , in particular, to state that - the probability that the value of Xi lies within
the range LL to UL for all practical purposes is equal to 1 and the probability that Xi lies
outside this range is essential 0. If there is no specific knowledge about the possible values of
Xi within the range, it can only be assumed that it is equally probable for Xi to lie anywhere
within it [a uniform or rectangular distribution of possible values]. Then x i , the expectation or
expected value of Xi is the midpoint of the range: x i = ( LL + UL) / 2 , with variance
(UL LL) 2
u (2x i ) = (11a)
12
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s t ( P, f )
u a0 = (12)
n
S0 =a0 b0 ,
S 0
= b0 (13)
a 0
S0
= a0 (14)
b 0
Uncertainty in S0 :
uS =
0
(b0 )2 u a2
0
+ (a 0 )2 u b2
0
(15)
d 02
S0 =
4
S 0 d 0
= (16)
d 0 2
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Uncertainty in S0 :
d 02 2 u d2
uS o = 0
(17)
4
F
= (18)
S0
1
= (19)
F S 0
F
= 2 (20)
S 0 S0
Uncertainty in :
2 2
1 2 F 2
u = u F + u (21)
S 2 S0
S0 0
e = L (displacement)
e
= (22)
L0
1
= (23)
e L0
e
= 2 (24)
L0 L0
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Uncertainty in u :
2 2
1 2 e 2
u = u e + 2 u L0 (25)
L0 L0
The determination of Youngs modulus is standardized in ASTM E 111-97. This test method
only applies to the range of materials, temperatures and stresses where elastic behavior occurs
and creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately on loading.
ASTM E 111 says: For most loading systems and test specimens, effects of backlash,
specimen curvature, initial grip alignment, etc., introduce significant errors in the extensometer
output when applying a small load to the test specimen. Measurements should therefore be
made from a preload, known to be high enough to minimize these effects, to some higher load,
still within the proportional limit of the material.
1. Determination of the upper limit (end of proportional region) by linear regression. The
upper limit is reached if the variance of the slope is a minimum (see Eqn. 35). The starting
point of the calculation by linear regression depends on the preload, and is adjustable by
the operator of the tensile test machine.
2. After step 1 the linear regression starts again at the upper limit but in the opposite direction
to determine the lower limit of the proportional region. If the variance of the slope is a
minimum we get the lower limit and the associated slope for further calculation of Youngs
modulus.
y = mx + b (26)
Slope:
n n n
n x i y i x i y i
i =1 i =1 i =1
m= (27)
n n
n x i2 ( xi ) 2
i =1 i =1
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Intercept equation:
n n
y i m xi
i =1 i =1
b= (28)
n
n n
1
n x i yi
S xy = x i yi i =1 ni=1
n 1 i =1
(29)
n
2
xi
1 n 2 i =1
n 1
Sx = xi (30)
i =1 n
n
2
yi
i =1
n
1
Sy = y i2 (31)
n 1 i =1 n
S xy
r= (32)
Sx Sy
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Sm =
(1 r )S
2 2
y
(33)
(n 2) S x2
2
n
xi
i =1
(n 1) S x +
2
S b = S m2 n (34)
n
Bound regarding the upper and the lower proportional limit for the determination of Youngs
modulus:
Sm
S m(rel ) = minimum (35)
m
The data pair for the minimum of S m( rel ) represents the upper and the lower proportional limit.
Combined Uncertainty of E :
The linear regression is used to determine the linear relationship between force and
displacement.
FL0 L
E= = mE 0 (36)
eS 0 S0
F = mE e + b E (37)
Therefore:
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E L
= 0 (38)
mE S 0
E mE
= (39)
L0 S0
E m L
= E2 0 (40)
S 0 S0
2 2 2
L 2 m E 2 mE L0 2
u
u E = 0 S m + u L + (41)
S2 S0
S0 S0 0
E 0
bE
e z ...calculated Zero po int; F = 0 e z = see Eqn. (37) (43)
mE
FIP
eel = (elastic displacement) (44)
mE
b E FIP
bE 0 ez 0 e p = e IP + (45)
mE
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Figure 1
e IP bE FIP
p = + (permanent strain ) (46)
L0 m E L0
p = 0.002( e. g.R p 0. 2 ) e p , F p is the associated data pair for the proof stress
p 1
= = c1 (47)
e p L0
p e p (bE F p )
= = c2 (48)
L0 L20 m E L20
p 1
= = c3 (49)
bE m E L0
p 1
= = c4 = (50)
F p m E L0
p (b E F p )
= = c5 (51)
mE m 2E L0
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Eqn. 52 leads to the uncertainty in the force at p . From the recorded force-displacement
diagram we obtain a polynomial to determine u F p .
F p = 2 2p + 1 p + 0 (example) (53)
F p
= 22 p + 1 (54)
p
u F = (22 p + 1 ) 2 u 2 (55)
p p
uF = u 2F p + u 2F (56)
( )
C p
F p
R p 0.2 = (57)
S0
2 2
1 2 F 2
u Rp 0.2 = u F + 2p u (58)
C ( p ) S S0
S0 0
Fm
Rm =
S0
and the sensitivity coefficients ci associated with the uncertainty on the measurement of
ultimate tensile strength are :
R m 1
= (59)
Fm S 0
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Rm F
= m2 (60)
S 0 S0
Uncertainty of Rm :
2 2
1 F
u Rm = u 2Fm + m2 u S2 0 (61)
S0 S0
FeH
ReH =
S0
ReH 1
= (62)
FeH S 0
ReH F
= eH2 (63)
S 0 S0
Uncertainty of ReH :
2 2
1 2 F 2
uR = u F + eH u (64)
S2 S0
S0 0
eH eH
FeL
ReL =
S0
ReL 1
= (65)
FeL S 0
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ReL F
= eL2 (66)
S 0 S0
Uncertainty of ReL :
2 2
1 2 F 2
uR = u F + eL u (67)
S2 S0
S0 0
eL eL
Automatic extensometer
A( a) = ( RUPT ) RUPT + C A( m) 100 (68)
E
The value of A(a) depends on the location of the fracture within the parallel length of
the specimen. CA(m) is the correction in comparison with the percentage elongation
value measured by hand.
A(a )
=1 (69)
( RUPT )
A(a ) 1
= (70)
( RUPT ) E
A(a ) ( RUPT )
= (71)
E E2
A(a )
=1 (72)
C A (m )
Uncertainty of A(a):
1 (2RUPT )
u A (a ) = u 2 + u2 + u c2( E ) + S C2 (73)
2 ( RUPT ) 4
( RUPT )
E E A(m )
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L L0
A( m) = u 100
L0
A( m) 1
= (74)
Lu L0
A( m) 1 Lu L0
= (75)
Lu L0 L20
Uncertainty of A(m):
2
1 1 L L 2
u A( m) = u2 + u 2 0 u (76)
2 Lu L0 L0
L0 L0
S u = au bu
S u
= bu (77)
a u
S u
= au (78)
bu
Uncertainty in Su :
uS =
u
(bu ) 2 u a2
u
+ (au )2 u b2
u
(79)
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d u2
Su =
4
S u d u
= (80)
d u 2
Uncertainty of Su :
d u2 2 u d2
uS u = u
(81)
4
S Su
Z = 0 100
S0
Z S
= u2 (82)
S 0 S 0
Z 1
= (83)
S u S0
Uncertainty of Z:
S u2 1
uZ = u S2 + u S2 (84)
S 04 0
S 02 u
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Reference [13] says: ... An increase in strain rate generally increases the flow stress of a
material, although the degree to which it does so is a strong function of the temperature and is
specific to the material. There are a number of reasons for the strain-rate sensitivity of flow
stress, and they are all related to the atomistic and/or microscopic mechanisms of permanent
deformation.The strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress is often adequately represented by the
empirical equation:
Where & T is the true strain rate, m is the strain rate sensitivity, and K a constant that signifies
that it is the material flow stress at a true strain rate of unity...
T = ln(1 + ) (86)
T = (1 + ) (87)
A12.1. Background
Explicit formulae are given here for yield stress (0.2 strain), indicated as Re, but identical
relationships are intended to be applicable to other measurands, namely Youngs modulus E
and ultimate tensile strength Rm.
It is assumed that for any type of metal and alloy, the following universal relationship to
account for temperature (T) dependence is valid:
T T
Re = yo 1 exp C 1 (88)
T + 273
d
n
C = C o dt (89)
d
dt max
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d -3 -1
dt max is the max. strain rate allowed by the test standard code; e.g. 10 s (e.g. ASTM)
yo is a coefficient that needs not to be determined (as relative uncertainties are dicussed
below, not absolute uncertainties)
This method provides values of uncertainties in tensile data due to temperature uncertainties,
and is applicable to tests at room temperature and above for 4 classes of metals and alloys.
The explicit coefficients contained in the uncertainty equations given here below have not been
derived yet for other materials.
No evaluation of uncertainties due to temperature uncertainties are necessary provided that the
temperature and the strain rate limits indicated in the test standard procedure (e.g. ASTM) are
followed, and provided the test temperature is lower than
At higher temperatures, or when slower strain rates or larger temperature errors than those in
standards are involved in a test, the uncertainty in tensile results due to temperature
uncertainties shall be evaluated as follows:
T1 + 273
C
U y
= u y =
(T
+ 273 )2
UT (90)
T1 T
y exp 1
T + 273
The above eq. provides the relative uncertainty (e.g. x100, in %) due to the uncertainty
of T , e.g. U T = 3 or 5 ...C.
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Explicit values of the material dependent coefficients T1 and Co are given in the table below.
They were evaluated from an analysis of actual tensile test results at several temperatures
reported in the book Harmonisation of Testing ..., Elsevier, eds. Loveday and Gibbons,
Proceedings of NPL Conference 1992, already referred to in other UNCERT reports, with
some additional ENEL tensile data on 1CrMoV steels, particularly for strain rate dependence.
In essence, eqn 1 was forced to fit the actual temperature trends. The upper temperature limits
of validity of this method are also indicated in the table.
Values of the coefficients n, T1 and Co that have to be taken for evaluating the
uncertainties of measurands y, UTS and E
material for y for UTS and E
n T1 Co n T1 Co
Ferritic steels, 0.1 870 3.2 0.1 930 2.5
25 - 600C
Stainless steels, 0.1 870 3.2 0.1 930 2.5
25 - 600C
Ni and its alloys, 0.1 950 18.0 0.1 1000 8.0
25 - 900C
Al and its alloys, 0.1 not not 0.1 not not
25 - 400C available available available available
It is judged that the uncertainties evaluated according to such coefficients in the uncertainty
formula above have an uncertainty (uncertainty of the estimated uncertainty, i.e. maximum
expected errors in uncertainty predictions) not larger than 15% (15% of the uncertainty value
which is calculated).
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APPENDIX B
B1. Introduction
The subject of this worked example is a sheet type specimen of a cold rolled steel. It is an
example of an uncertainty study of a single test in comparison to the uncertainty of the mean
value of a test series consisting of 7 specimens at a confidence level of 95%. The specimen
for the study lies near the mean value of the test series.
Testing Means
Load Cell (F) Class 1 Cell; 100kN nom.
capacity
Extensometer (e) Class 0.5 Extensometer;
System 1: 5 mm nom. capacity
System 2: 60 mm nom. capacity
Cross-sectional area Robot measuring unit in the
testing system. The thickness
and the width are measured with
an accuracy of 5m
Original gauge length Lo 80 mm
Tooling alignment VASL-Equipment guarantees
(angular) compliance to standard
Tooling alignment VASL-Equipment guarantees
(coaxiality) compliance to standard
Test machine stiffness It is also depend on clamping
system. Parallel (hydraulic)
clamping device
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Test Method
Zero Check Frequency automatic zeroing
Calibration it is calibrated at the same
time once a year (according
to EN 10002)
Formula (decimals) could be of interest for
intensive calculations
Digitizing 15 Bit
Sampling Frequency 50 Hz according the draft of
annex to EN 10002-1
Stress Rate 10 MPa/sec.
Strain Rate 5% /min above Rp1, 25%/min
otherwise
Software Roell & Korthaus
Test Environment
Temperature air conditioned lab. (23C
2)
Operator
Choice of limits on graph, normally automatic calculation
Elasticity modulus is used
Extensometer angular precision positioning is given
positioning by automatic alignment
Specimen
Section (So; mm2) So = 23.81 mm2
Tolerance of shape 0.05mm; compliant to
standard
Parallelism 0.1mm; compliant to
standard
Cylindricity not relevant
Surface aspect Rz is less 6.3m; compliant to
standard
All calculations are based on the formulae in Appendix A. Every table is produced for a
certain measurand or evaluated quantity. The worked example shows the procedure for
Youngs Modulus and Proof Stress.
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The test series have been prepared in two steps and the material is a Bake-Hardening Steel
(ZSTE 220 BH).
Test results:
No. a0 [mm] b0 [mm] S0 [mm2] E [GPa] Rp0.2 [MPa]
1 1.185 20.057 23.768 206.4 241.2
2 1.185 20.073 23.787 207.9 241.6
3 1.183 20.085 23.761 208.2 241.8
4 1.185 20.093 23.810 207.5 241.4
5 1.185 20.092 23.809 207.5 240.7
6 1.179 20.081 23.675 207.7 241.6
7 1.177 20.067 23.619 208.9 241.8
Mean Value x 207.7 241.4
Standard deviation sx 0.76 0.39
Uncertainty of x , see Eqn. 12 0.70 0.36
t = 2.45; P = 95%
Calculated Uncertainty - of ANNEX B - based on specimen No. 4
Expanded Uncertainty 1.71 3.06
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SM&T
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT COP 07: 2000
Symbol Measurands or evaluated Symbol of Value Type Probability Diviso Sensitivity u(Xi) vi of
quantities uncertain Distribution r coefficient veff
ty dv ci
a0 Thickness ua0 0.005mm B rectan. 3 20.093 5.81E-
2mm 2
b0 Width u b0 0.005mm B rectan. 3 1.185 3.42E-3
mm 2
S0 Cross-sectional area u S0 Combined B triangular 0.24% 5.82E-
uncertainty 2mm 2
Steps:
1st term (not squared) of Eqn. 15 2.89 10-3 20.093 = 5.81 10-2mm2
2nd term (not squared) of Eqn. 15 2.89 10-3 1.185 = 3.42 10-3mm2
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SM&T
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT COP 07: 2000
Steps:
2nd term (not squared) of Eqn. 41 2593 2.31 10-1 = 599 MPa
3rd term (not squared) of Eqn. 41 8713 5.82 10-2 = 507 MPa
1st term (not squared) of Eqn. 41 3.36 99.1 = 334 MPa
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SM&T
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT COP 07: 2000
Eqn. 41 square root of 1st term2 + 2nd term2 + 3rd term2 = 853 MPa
TABLE B3: Uncertainty Budget Calculations for the 0.2% Permanent Strain
(sensitivity coefficient is not dimensionless - see appendix A)
Source of uncertainty
Symbo Measurands or evaluated Symbol of Value Type Probability Divisor Sensitivity u(Xi) vi of
l quantities uncertaint Distributio dv coefficient c i veff
y n
e p Associated displacement at u e p 1.5E-3mm B rectan. 3 1.25E-2 1.083E-5
P = 2.00E-3
L0 Original gauge length u L0 0.4mm B rectan. 3 -2.51E-5 5.798E-6
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SM&T
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT COP 07: 2000
4th term (not squared) of Eqn. 52 33.2 2.02 10-7 = 6.71 10-6
5th term (not squared) of Eqn. 52 99.1 1.82 10-8 = 1.8 10-6
Eqn. 52 square root of 1st term2 + 2nd term2 + ... +5th term2= 1.41 10-5
Steps:
F p = 6.59 10 7 2p + 3.19 10 5 p + 5370 (Eqn. 53) obtained from the recorded ASCII-file
2 (0.01 5749) 2
u FC( p ) = 4.5 + u ; uF = = = 33.19 N (class 1)
2 2
F
3 3
u FC( p ) = 4.52 + 33.19 2 = 33.49 N
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SM&T
Standards Measurement & Testing Project No. SMT4-CT97-2165
UNCERT COP 07: 2000
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