Complete-Report-Lab-3 DYNAMIC LAB 3

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Complete report lab 3.docx
Mechanical (hons) engineering (Universiti Teknologi MARA)
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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 1

Dynamics – Forced vibration – Resonance of spring – Dashpot system with spring
1.0 Title
Force vibration experiment – Resonance of spring – Dashpot system with spring
2.0 List of Tables

2.1 Table of Amplitude
2.1.1 Without damper ................................ separate sheet
2.1.2 Damped 150 mm (closed) ................ separate sheet
2.1.3 Damped 150 mm (open) .................. separate sheet
2.1.4 Damped 550 mm (closed) ............... separate sheet
2.2 Table of Tabulate data .........................................................page 8 - 20
3.0 List of Figures

3.1 Figure of universal system apparatus ................................. page 5
3.2 Figure of beam ...................................................................... page 6

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4.0 Introduction
Forced vibration is vibration that undergoes the excitation of external forces. The system will
vibrate at the excitation frequency when the excitation is oscillatory. Resonance will occur if
the frequency of excitation coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the system and
dangerously large oscillations may result. The failure of major structures such as buildings,
bridges, or airplane wings is an awesome possibility under resonance.
4.1 Objective
To determine the resonance of spring-dashpot system in different type of damping or damping

condition.

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5.0 Theory
As we know in the introduction section has been stated that resonance will occur if the
frequency of excitation coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the system. This may
result in the large oscillations occurs.
The maximum amplitude of the oscillation for a certain body can be obtain by the large
oscillations. So, this may result in failure of member of the system. This failure happen
because the member may reach the maximum deformation and it can attain or soon will
fracture.
By conduct this experiment, we can obtain the relation of rotational frequency during the
resonance. There is a formula to get the relation of rotational frequency during resonance
which is,
ω d=ωn
ω d=¿ The damped frequency
ω n=¿ The natural frequency
The unit of both frequency are in (rad/s).The resonance will occurs and may result in
maximum amplitude for the oscillation because they are equal in unit.
For the damper, the resulting force is proportional to the velocity because it resist motion via
viscous friction but it acts in the opposite direction and may slowing the motion and absorbing
energy. For information, it is usually been used in conjunction with a spring.

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6.0 Experimental Procedures

Location of experiment :
Dynamics laboratory , faculty of mechanical engineering , UiTM Shah alam .
6.1 Apparatus
Universal system apparatus ( TM155 ) including :
a. Frame
b. Beam
c. Spring
d. Damper
e. Mechanical recorder
f. Unbalanced exciter
g. Control unit (TM150)

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Frame
Spring (k=3.0N.mm)
Beam
Mechanical recorder
Unbalance exciter
Control unit (TM150)
Figure 1 : Universal system vibration

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Figure 2 : Beam
The dimensions of the beam are as follows :
Thickness ,h = 12mm Width ,w = 25mm Length ,L = 700mm

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6.2 Procedure
1. First , the apparatus was set up . The graph paper must be attached in roll on the
mechanical recorder which is slotted into the holder .
2. Make sure the graph paper was in grip . A pen must be fixed and tight in the graph
pointer slot so that it does not move when running the experiment . it is advisable to
use blunt-tip pen or a gel pen .
3. The mechanical recorder was tested to ensure the graph was recorded clearly .
4. The control unit was turned on .
5. The unbalance exciter was controlled it’s frequency by using the control unit for no
damper .
6. Before any reading is taken , the maximum amplitude at desired frequency must be
predicted first as the beam is forced oscillation by the exciter .
7. Once we roughly know at what frequency the amplitude is at maximum , range of
reading needed was tabulated .
8. The amplitude for desired frequency was recorded by mechanical recorder .
9. In this experiment, the amplitude for 5-14Hz was recorded . (5Hz ,6Hz ,7Hz ,8Hz,
8.1Hz, 8.2Hz, 8.3Hz, 8.4Hz, 8.5Hz, 8.6Hz, 8.8Hz, 8.9Hz, 9Hz, 10Hz, 11Hz, 12Hz,
13Hz and 14Hz)
10. Repeated steps 6-8 for damper 150 mm ( closed and open needle) and 550mm (closed
needle) . Each frequency amplitude recorded needs to be labeled before move to next
frequency to avoid mistake during record the data .

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7.0 Result
Free body diagram of the beam
P k( 0.65 )
Support reaction

150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm
c ý (experiment 2∧3) c ý (experiment 4)
Experiment 1: Without damper
Frequency, f (Hz) 2 x Amplitude, 2a (cm) Amplitude, a (cm)

5.0 0.09 0.045
6.0 0.11 0.055
7.0 0.15 0.075
8.0 0.60 0.300
8.5 3.80 1.900
9.0 1.15 0.575
10.0 0.40 0.200
11.0 0.30 0.150
12.0 0.25 0.125
13.0 0.20 0.100
14.0 0.20 0.100
Experiment 2: Damper (needle open) at 150 mm from the left end of beam

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5.0 0.05 0.025
6.0 0.10 0.050
7.0 0.15 0.075
8.0 0.40 0.200
8.5 1.10 0.550
9.0 3.70 1.850
10.0 0.50 0.250
11.0 0.30 0.150
12.0 0.25 0.125
13.0 0.20 0.100
14.0 0.15 0.075
Experiment 3: Damper (needle close) at 150 mm from the left end of beam

5.0 0.05 0.025
6.0 0.10 0.050
7.0 0.20 0.100
8.0 0.45 0.225
8.5 1.30 0.650
9.0 3.60 1.800
10.0 0.50 0.250
11.0 0.30 0.150
12.0 0.20 0.100
13.0 0.20 0.100
14.0 0.20 0.100

5.0 0.10 0.050
6.0 0.10 0.050
7.0 0.10 0.050
8.0 0.10 0.050
8.5 0.10 0.050
9.0 0.10 0.050
10.0 0.10 0.050
11.0 0.10 0.050
12.0 0.10 0.050
13.0 0.10 0.050

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14.0 0.10 0.050
Below are the graphs plotting for the amplitude versus the frequency of the 4 experiments.
amplitude versus frequency graph

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2 experiment 1
experiment 2
1
Amplitude,a (cm) experiment 3
0.8 experiment 4
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Frequency,f (Hz)
Sample calculation
First,we have to find , n and d
= 2πf
Example, = 2π(6.5)=40.84 rad/s
To obtain n,
Free body diagram (FBD) of the beam (experiment 1)

k (0.65 )
150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm

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Kinetic diagram
k (0.65 )
Support reactions

150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm
mexciter (0.35
❑´ )
mbeam(0.35
❑´ )
Equating the FBD and kinetic diagram,
Clockwise direction of moment assumed to be positive,
-kȴ α θ = IₒӪ
IₒӪ + kȴ α θ = 0 (mathematical model)
Iₒ beam = IG + md²
1
IG = m (a²+b²)
12
1
= (1.68) (0.7² + 0.012²)
12
= 0.0686
Iₒ beam = 0.0686 + md²
= 0.0686 + [(1.68)x(0.35²)]
=0.2744
Iₒ exciter = IG + md²
= 0 + 0.772(0.35²)

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=0.0946
Iₒ total = Iₒ beam + Iₒ exciter
= 0.2744 + 0.0946
= 0.36899
1
Compared to the general equation; x́+2❑n x́+❑2n x = f
m
ωn =
√ k ȴ²
Iₒ
=
√ 3000(0.652)
0.369
=58.6085 rad/s
ωn
F=
2π
9.33 hertz #
For case 2, to find d,2,

k (0.65 )
c (0.15
❑´ )

150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm
Kinetic diagram
k (0.65 )
Support reactions
150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm

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mexciter (0.35
❑´ )
mbeam(0.35
❑´ )
c= 5 N.s/m
Mo=I:
´ )(0.15)-k(0.65 )(0.65)=IO ❑
-c(0.15 ❑ ´
´ + (5)(0.15 ❑
0.36899 ❑ ´ )(0.15)+3000 (0.65 )(0.65)=0
1
Compared to the general equation; x́+2❑n x́+❑2n x =
m
(5)(0.15)(0.15)
2❑n=
0.36899
0.304885
¿
2❑n
0.304885
¿
2(58.609)
=2.601x10-3
❑d ,2 =❑n √1−❑2
¿ 58.609 √ 1−(2.601 x 10−3 )2
=58.6088 rad/s
ωn
F =
2π

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= 9.327 hertz
For experiment 3, to find d,3,

k (0.65 )
c (0.15
 ❑´ )
150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm
Kinetic diagram
k (0.65 )
Support reactions

150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm
mexciter (0.35
❑´ )
mbeam(0.35
❑´ )
c= 15 N.s/m
Comparing the FBD and kinetic diagram,
Mo=I:
´ )(0.15)-k(0.65 )(0.65)=IO ❑
-c(0.15 ❑ ´
´ + (15)(0.15 ❑
0.36899 ❑ ´ )(0.15)+3000 (0.65 )(0.65)=0

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1
Compared to the general equation; x́+2❑n x́+❑2n x = f
m
(15)(0.15)(0.15)
2❑n=
0.36899
0.914655
¿
2❑n
0.914655
¿
2(58.609)
=7.80303x10-3
❑d ,3 =❑n √ 1−❑2
¿ 58.609 √ 1−(7.80303 x 10−3)2
=58.6072 rad/s
For experiment 4, to find d,4,

k (0.65 )
c (0.55
❑´ )

150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm
Kinetic diagram
k (0.65 )
Support reactions

150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm

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mexciter (0.35
❑´ )
mbeam(0.35
❑´ )
c= 15 N.s/m
Mo=I:
´ )(0.55)-k(0.65 )(0.65)=IO ❑
-c(0.55 ❑ ´
´ + (15)(0.55 ❑
0.36899 ❑ ´ )(0.55)+3000 (0.65 )(0.65)=0
2 1
Compared to the general equation; x́+2❑n x́+❑n x = f
m
(15)(0.55)(0.55)
2❑n=
0.36899
4.5375
¿
2❑n
4.5375
¿
2(58.609)
=0.10491
❑d , 4=❑n √ 1−❑2
¿ 58.609 √ 1−(0.10491)2
=58.2856 rad/s
ωn
F =
2π
=9.276 hertz
Experiment 1: Without Damper

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Frequency, Amplitude, Rotational frequency, Natural frequency, Frequency ratio , ❑

❑n
f (Hz) a (cm)  (rad/s) n (rad/s)
5.0 0.045 31.416 58.6085 0.5360
6.0 0.055 37.699 58.6085 0.6432
7.0 0.075 43.982 58.6085 0.7504
8.0 0.300 50.265 58.6085 0.8576
8.5 1.900 53.407 58.6085 0.9112
9.0 0.575 56.548 58.6085 0.9648
10.0 0.200 62.832 58.6085 1.0720
11.0 0.150 69.115 58.6085 1.1792
12.0 0.125 75.398 58.6085 1.2865
13.0 0.100 81.681 58.6085 1.3937
14.0 0.100 87.964 58.6085 1.5009
Experiment 2: Damper (needle open) at 150 mm from the left end of beam

❑d
f (Hz) a (cm)  (rad/s) d (rad/s)
5.0 0.025 31.416 58.6088 0.5360
6.0 0.050 37.699 58.6088 0.6432
7.0 0.075 43.982 58.6088 0.7504
8.0 0.200 50.265 58.6088 0.8576
8.5 0.550 53.407 58.6088 0.9112
9.0 1.850 56.548 58.6088 0.9648
10.0 0.250 62.832 58.6088 1.0720
11.0 0.150 69.115 58.6088 1.1792

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12.0 0.125 75.398 58.6088 1.2865

13.0 0.100 81.681 58.6088 1.3937
14.0 0.075 87.964 58.6088 1.5009

❑d
5.0 0.025 31.416 58.6072 0.5360
6.0 0.050 37.699 58.6072 0.6432
7.0 0.100 43.982 58.6072 0.7504
8.0 0.225 50.265 58.6072 0.8576
8.5 0.650 53.407 58.6072 0.9112
9.0 1.800 56.548 58.6072 0.9648
10.0 0.250 62.832 58.6072 1.0720
11.0 0.150 69.115 58.6072 1.1792
12.0 0.100 75.398 58.6072 1.2865
13.0 0.100 81.681 58.6072 1.3937
14.0 0.100 87.964 58.6072 1.5009

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❑d
5.0 0.10 31.416 58.2856 0.5390
6.0 0.10 37.699 58.2856 0.6468
7.0 0.10 43.982 58.2856 0.7546
8.0 0.10 50.265 58.2856 0.8624
8.5 0.10 53.407 58.2856 0.9163
9.0 0.10 56.548 58.2856 0.9702
10.0 0.10 62.832 58.2856 1.0780
11.0 0.10 69.115 58.2856 1.1858
12.0 0.10 75.398 58.2856 1.2936
13.0 0.10 81.681 58.2856 1.4014
14.0 0.10 87.964 58.2856 1.5092

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8.0 Discussions and Conclusions
8.1 Muhammad Arif bin Zakaria
2013301993
Discussion
Based on the experiment result, the external force did not affect the natural frequency
for the same system. From the result that we got, the vibration will become slightly
overwhelming when the frequency approaches the natural frequency of the system.
Therefore the amplitude will be slightly increase. When the frequency is between 8.0 to 9.0
we can see the increasing of this amplitude. But, the graph will be drop after the frequency
passed through the natural frequency of the system. This is happen because of the vibration
become steadier as it passes the natural frequency.
From our experiment, we also found that there are no vibration occurs throughout the
experiment. This happen for experiment 4. We found there is no vibration occurs because
the damper is to close with the source of the vibration. This will cause the damper absorbs
the vibration and reduce the amplitude of the vibration. Besides that, when the damper in
close needle valve condition, the value of amplitude is highly reduced. So, this will result only
straight line will be recorded for the graph during experiment.
However, there are several errors occur that affect the result of the experiment. For
example we can say that the error occur when we try to set the frequency. This may happen
because the control unit for the frequency is very sensitive and it may change the frequency
automatically during the experiment. Beside that, parallax error also occur in this experiment.
It happens when we measure the amplitude response.
So, there are several precautions that can be take. Make sure to use the sharper
marker so that it can react smoothly with the vibrations. Lastly, make sure there is no external
vibration occur during the experiment that will cause the increasing the vibration towards the
table. If this happens, it may affect the result.

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8.1 Muhammad Arif bin Zakaria
2013301993
Conclusion
From experiment we can conclude that the resonance of Spring-Dashpot System in

different damping condition is obtained.
Based on result from experiment we got the value of ω n and ω D for every
experiment. The values for ω n that we got is58.6085 rad /s and the value for
ω D is58.6088 rad /s for experiment 2. . For experiment 3, ω D is58.6072 rad / s . For
experiment 4 ω D is58.2856 rad /s .
Therefore, based on the value that we got, we conclude that the objective of this
experiment considered to be success.

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8.2 Muhammad Syahmi Dzulkafly
2013554217
Discussion
From the result above, we can say that the external force did not affect the natural frequency
for the same system. As we can see, the vibration will become slightly overwhelming when
the frequency approaches the natural frequency of the system. In the other word it will result
sudden increase in amplitude. We can see that happen in the experiment during the frequency
is between 8.0 to 9.0. After the frequency passed through the natural frequency of the system,
we can see that the graph is drop greatly. It is because of the vibration become steadier as it
passes the natural frequency.
For experiment 4, we can conclude that there are no vibration occurs throughout the
experiment because the damper is close with the source of the vibration. This shows that the
damper absorbs the vibration and reduce the amplitude of the vibration. Moreover, the value
of amplitude is highly reduced when the damper in close needle valve condition.That why the
graph for this experiment is just a straight lines without any changes occur.
However, there are several errors that occur while the experiment was carried out. Firstly, it
might come from the frequency that we set during the experiment. The control unit for the
frequency is not stable and very sensitive and it can cause the frequency changing during the
experiment. Parallax error also might be the errors for this experiment. This kind of error
happens when we want to measure the amplitude response. Besides that, it is because no
ordinary ruler can measure the amplitude because the amplitude is so small.
There are several precautions that can be taken. Firstly, we should use the sharper marker so
that it can react smoothly with the vibrations that occur during the experiment. Make sure no
external disturbance during the experiment that can increase the vibration towards the table. It
also can affect the result.

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8.2 Muhammad Syahmi Dzulkafly
2013554217
Conclusion
As conclusion, the resonance of Spring-Dashpot System in different damping

condition are determined. We manage to find the value of ω n and ω D for every
experiment. Next, through calculation we obtained values for ω n=58.6085 rad /s followed
by ω D =58.6088rad /s for experiment 2, ω D =58.6072rad / s for experiment 3, and
ω D =58.2856 rad /s for experiment 4. We can conclude that the experiment was a success.

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8.3 Mujahidah binti Zaira Azlan
2013338805
Discussion
From the result obtain , the resonance of spring have been determined . In this
experiment , the resonance for frequency 5.0Hz to 14Hz was determined . To be detailed , the
frequency 8.0Hz to 9.0Hz was determined each 0.1Hz ,until it reach 9.0Hz .
It was tested for no damper , damper with 150 mm closed and open needle and 550 mm
closed . The amplitude for without damper shows that it maximum amplitude was at 8.5Hz
which is 1.9 cm . While for 150 mm closed and open needle both shows it maximum
amplitude at 9.0Hz which is 1.850 cm and 1.800 cm respectively .
The result shows that the resonance becomes higher in the middle of 8.0Hz to 9.0 Hz .
However , it drops when the frequency was set at 10.0Hz . For the 550 mm closed damp ,
there is no sign of resonance and it may be occurred in small value . This is maybe occur due
to the damper was close to the mechanical recorder . So the vibration that produced by the
unbalance exciter have been absorbed by the damper .
While carried out this experiment , there are some errors that occur . Firstly , the pen position
( the resonance marker) was not in fixed position . the holder was loose and the marker tend to
move when the unbalance exciter vibrate . Second , since we are using two device to obtain
the resonance ,the volume or density of oil in the tank damper maybe not in same state . The
effect of the absorption may not equal .
Another error that may occur is parallax error , this error occur when we want to measured the
amplitude . The amplitude was so small and there is no specific measuring tools to measure
it . The position of eye may effect the reading .

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8.3 Mujahidah binti Zaira Azlan
2013338805
Conclusion
As a conclusion , the resonance of spring – dashpot system in different damping conditions

was determined . The value for rotational frequency and natural frequency for each
experiment ( without damper , 150 mm closed and open damper and 550 mm closed damper )
was determined .

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8.4 Pricilla James
2013387099
Discussion
In this experiment done, there are total of four condition need to be fulfill to determine the
resonance phenomenon. Firstly, we started the experiment with a no damp system and from
the tabulated result, it can be seen that the amplitude increases with the increments of the
frequency. But it started to decrease after the frequency of 8.5Hz. Next, the damper was then
placed at a distance of 150mm from the left end of beam with needle open and also a close
needle was tested. From our recorded results, both of this condition started to fall in amplitude
value after the frequency reached 9Hz. For the last condition, the damper was then located
550mm away from the left end of the beam with needle close and it result in a straight line
was formed on our recorder paper. Differ from the other three conditions, the amplitude
obtained throughout the frequency increment remained same. From the graph of amplitude
versus frequency graph, it is noticeable that there are a sudden drop of amplitude throughout
the process of frequency increments in each experiment except for the last condition which
only show a straight line as the amplitude remain the same from the start. This might due to
the position of the damper are the closest to the vibration source therefore the absorption of
vibration is much higher than the others which then resulted a constant amplitude throughout
the frequency increments.
Resonance occurs when vibrations with frequency is the same as the natural frequency of the
system itself. Of all the results obtained, it can be said that the smaller the damping ratio, the
greater the amplitude peak. Hence, it can be conclude that when a fast rotating machine
rotates until its out of balance, it only caused a little system disturbance but it matters as it
approaches the natural frequency of the system because the amplitude will reach its maximum
value depending on the damping.
Unfortunately, the obtained result are not really satisfying as there are few errors during the
experiment was done. One of it are marker pen used to mark the amplitude of each
experiment. Increasing frequency means an increased in vibration level hence causes the pen
to moved away from the paper. This caused the amplitude taken are less accurate as some of
the peak cannot be clearly seen and measured.

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8.4 Pricilla James
2013387099
Conclusion
In a nutshell, after performing this experiment, we are able to identify the phenomenon of
resonance of Spring-Dashpot System in four different damping condition. When there is no
damper, the vibration will continue until the frequency almost reaches the state of resonance.
The nearer the damper located with the most affected vibration area, it will have a very short
amplitude as it is being absorbed by the damper itself. Therefore, it is highly recommended
that this experiment completed by connecting the apparatus to a laptop with Measurement &
Automation Explorer to obtain a better results in future.

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9.0 Abstract
This experiment was done to determine the resonance of Spring-Dashpot System in different
damping conditions. In this experiment, a universal system vibration apparatus was already
setup in the laboratory which let us performed the experiment easier. The experiment was then
started with the frequency of 5 Hertz (Hz) followed by an increment of 1Hz for each record
taken until 14 Hz. But for the frequency between 8-9 Hz, we have taken the reading with an
increment of 0.1Hz and we resume our experiment with increment of 1Hz after that. Overall,
we have performed 4 experiment with different conditions. As can be seen from the table of
results, when there is no damp and the frequency being increased, the amplitude increases but
started to decrease after 8.5Hz. Differ from the three other experiment done, when the damper
with needle closed was tested at 550mm from the left end of the beam, the tabulated data
remained same along with the frequency adjustment done. Hence from the tabulated data, we
have concluded that when the frequency becomes larger, the amplitude tends to die away to
zero. Other than that, we also made a conclusion that the vibration is totally absorbed by the
damper as the vibration point when it is situated very near to it.

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10.0 References
i) Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics 2nd SI Edition, R.C Hibbeler, Prentice Hall,
ii) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/resonance
iii) Oscillations by I.B Hopley
iv) http://www.vibrationdata.com/tutorials2/free.pdf
v) http://acoustics.mie.uic.edu/Simulation/SDOF%20Undamped.htm
vi) http://www.freestudy.co.uk/dynamics/forced%20vibrations.pdf

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Mechanical (hons) engineering (Universiti Teknologi MARA)

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 1

2.0 List of Tables

2.1.1 Without damper ................................ separate sheet

2.1.2 Damped 150 mm (closed) ................ separate sheet

2.1.3 Damped 150 mm (open) .................. separate sheet

2.1.4 Damped 550 mm (closed) ............... separate sheet

2.2 Table of Tabulate data .........................................................page 8 - 20

3.0 List of Figures

3.2 Figure of beam ...................................................................... page 6

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 2

To determine the resonance of spring-dashpot system in different type of damping or damping

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 3

ω d=¿ The damped frequency

ω n=¿ The natural frequency

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 4

6.0 Experimental Procedures

Dynamics laboratory , faculty of mechanical engineering , UiTM Shah alam .

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 5

Control unit (TM150)

Figure 1 : Universal system vibration

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 6

The dimensions of the beam are as follows :

Thickness ,h = 12mm Width ,w = 25mm Length ,L = 700mm

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 7

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 8

150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm

c ý (experiment 2∧3) c ý (experiment 4)

Experiment 1: Without damper

Frequency, f (Hz) 2 x Amplitude, 2a (cm) Amplitude, a (cm)

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 9

Frequency, f (Hz) 2 x Amplitude, 2a (cm) Amplitude, a (cm)

Frequency, f (Hz) 2 x Amplitude, 2a (cm) Amplitude, a (cm)

Frequency, f (Hz) 2 x Amplitude, 2a (cm) Amplitude, a (cm)

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 10

14.0 0.10 0.050

amplitude versus frequency graph

First,we have to find , n and d

Example, = 2π(6.5)=40.84 rad/s

Free body diagram (FBD) of the beam (experiment 1)

150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 11

150 mm 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm

Clockwise direction of moment assumed to be positive,

IₒӪ + kȴ α θ = 0 (mathematical model)

Iₒ beam = 0.0686 + md²

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MEC 424-APPLIED MECHANICS LAB 12

Iₒ total = Iₒ beam + Iₒ exciter

For case 2, to find d,2,