Fundamentals of Physics

Chapter 4 Oscillations
1. Oscillations
2. Simple Harmonic Motion
Velocity of SHM
Acceleration of SHM
3. The Force Law for SHM
4. Energy in SHM
5. An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator
6. Pendulums
The Simple Pendulum
The Physical Pendulum
Measuring “g”
7. SHM & Uniform Circular Motion
8. Damped SHM
9. Forced Oscillations & Resonance

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 Oscillations

Oscillations - motions that repeat themselves.

Oscillation occurs when a system is disturbed from a position of

stable equilibrium.

– Clock pendulums swing

– Boats bob up and down
– Guitar strings vibrate
– Diaphragms in speakers
– Quartz crystals in watches
– Air molecules
– Electrons
– Etc.

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 Oscillations

Oscillations - motions that repeat themselves.

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 Simple Harmonic Motion

Harmonic Motion - repeats itself at regular intervals (periodic).

Frequency - # of oscillations per second

1 oscillation / s = 1 hertz (Hz)

Period - time for one complete oscillation (one cycle)

1
T
f

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 Simple Harmonic Motion

Position
Time

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 Simple Harmonic Motion

  2 f
radians   radians   cycles 
 
s  cycle   s 
1
T 
f
T  2
Angles are in radians.

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 Amplitude, Frequency & Phase

xm  xm
x  xm cos  t 

x  xm cos  t 

x  xm cos 2  t 

The frequency of SHM is

independent of the amplitude.

x  xm cos 2  t   / 4

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 Velocity & Acceleration of SHM

x  xm cos  t   
dx dx d
v
dt  xm cos  t   
dt dt

v    xm sin   t   

vmax   xm

The phase of v(t) is shifted ¼ period relative to x(t),

dv
 a 
amax    2 xm dt
a    2 xm cos  t   

a    2 x t 

In SHM, a(t) is proportional to x(t) but opposite in sign.

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 The Force Law for SHM

Simple Harmonic Motion is the motion executed by a particle of mass m subject to a

force proportional to the displacement of the particle but opposite in sign.

Hooke’s Law: F  kx

“Linear Oscillator”: F ~ -x

SimpleHarmonicMotion/HorizSpring.html

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 The Differential Equation that Describes SHM

F  k x
Simple Harmonic Motion is the motion executed by a particle of mass m subject to a
force proportional to the displacement of the particle but opposite in sign.
Hooke’s Law!

Newton’s 2nd Law: F  ma

d 2x
m 2  k x
dt
d 2x k
2
  2
x  0 where  2 
dt m
The general solution of this differential equation is:
x t   xm cos  t   

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 dy = d (a sin ωt)
dt dt

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 Simple Harmonic Motion

SimpleHarmonicMotion/HorizSpring.html

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 Vertical Spring Oscillations

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 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

K  1
2 m v2 U  1
2 k x2
E  K U

K t  2 m    xm sin   t     U t  2 k  xm cos   t    

1 2 2
1

k  m 2 U t  1
2 k xm2 cos 2   t   
Kt  1
2 k xm2 sin 2   t   

E  1
2 k xm  constant
2

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 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

U  1
2 k x2
range
of
motion

E  1
2 k x m  constant
2

turning turning
point point

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 Gravitational Pendulum

Simple Pendulum: a bob of mass m hung on an unstretchable massless string

of length L.

SimpleHarmonicMotion/pendulum

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 Simple Pendulum
Simple Pendulum: a bob of mass m hung on an unstretchable massless string
of length L.

   L Fg sin    L Fg 
  I
mg L
  I  m L2
I

acceleration ~ - displacement
SHM
a  t     2 x t 
2
T


L
T  2
g
SHM for small q

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 A pendulum leaving a trail of ink:

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 Physical Pendulum

A rigid body pivoted about a point other than its center of mass (com). SHM for
small q

   h Fg sin    h Fg 
  I
Pivot Point mg h
 
I
acceleration ~ - displacement
SHM
Center of Mass
a  t     2 x t 
2
T

I
T  2
quick method to measure g mgh

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 Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Torsion Pendulum: t ~ q

  Hooke’s Law

d 2
  I  I 2  
dt
I
T  2


Spring: m  I
k 

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 Simple Harmonic Motion

m L I I
T  2 T  2 T  2 T  2
k g mg h 

Any Oscillating System:

“inertia” versus “springiness”

inertia
T  2
springiness

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 SHM & Uniform Circular Motion

The projection of a point moving in uniform circular motion on a diameter of the circle in
which the motion occurs executes SHM.

The execution of uniform circular motion describes SHM.

http://positron.ps.uci.edu/~dkirkby/music/html/demos/SimpleHarmonicMotion/Circular.html

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 SHM & Uniform Circular Motion

The reference point P’ moves on a circle of radius xm.

The projection of xm on a diameter of the circle executes SHM.

radius = xm
angle   t  

x(t)

x t   xm cos  t   

UC Irvine Physics of Music Simple Harmonic Motion Applet Demonstrations

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 SHM & Uniform Circular Motion

The reference point P’ moves on a circle of radius xm.

The projection of xm on a diameter of the circle executes SHM.

x(t) v(t) a(t)

x t   xm cos  t    v t     xm sin  t    a t     2 xm cos  t   

 
a    2 xm
radius = xm v   xm

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 SHM & Uniform Circular Motion

The projection of a point moving in uniform circular motion on a diameter of the circle in
which the motion occurs executes SHM.

Measurements of the angle between Callisto and Jupiter:

Galileo (1610)

planet

earth

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 Damped SHM

SHM in which each oscillation is reduced by an external force.

Restoring Force
F  k x
SHM

FD   b v Damping Force
In opposite direction to velocity
Does negative work
Reduces the mechanical energy

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 Damped SHM

Fnet  m a

k x bv  ma

dx d 2x
 k x b  m 2
dt dt

differential equation

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 Damped Oscillations

2nd Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation:

d 2x dx
m 2  kx b  0 Eq. 15-41
dt dt

b
 t
Solution of Differential Equation:
x ( t )  xm e 2m
cos   t   
k b2
where:   
m 4 m2

b = 0  SHM

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 Damped Oscillations

b
 t
cos   t   
2
x ( t )  xm e 2m  b 
   1   
 2 m  

k
 
m

b
 1     small damping “the natural frequency”
2m

b
 1    0 " critically damped "
2m
b
1  2  0 "overdamped "
2m

Exponential solution to the DE

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 Auto Shock Absorbers

Typical automobile shock absorbers are designed to produce

slightly under-damped motion

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 Forced Oscillations

Each oscillation is driven by an external force to maintain motion in the presence of

damping:

F0 cos   d t 
w d = driving frequency

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 Forced Oscillations

Each oscillation is driven by an external force to maintain motion in the presence of

damping.
Fnet  m a

 k x  b v  F0 cos  d t   m a

2nd Order Inhomogeneous Linear Differential Equation:

d 2x 2 dx
m 2  k x  m  F0 cos  d t 
dt dt
k
 
m
“the natural frequency”

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 Forced Oscillations & Resonance

2nd Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation:

d 2x dx
m 2  k x  m 2  F0 cos  d t 
dt dt

Steady-State Solution of Differential Equation:

x ( t )  xm cos   t   
F0
xm 
 
2
m   d  b2 d
2 2 2 2
where:
k bd
  tan  
m 
m  2  d
2

w = natural frequency
wd = driving frequency

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 Forced Oscillations & Resonance

The natural frequency, w, is the frequency of oscillation when

there is no external driving force or damping.

F0
xm  less damping
 
2
m   d  b d
2 2 2 2 2

k
 
m

w = natural frequency
more damping
wd = driving frequency

When w = wd resonance occurs!

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 Oscillations

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 Resonance

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 Stop the SHM caused by winds on a high-rise building

400 ton weight mounted on a spring on a high floor of the Citicorp building in New York.

The weight is forced to oscillate at the same frequency as the building

but 180 degrees out of phase.

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 Forced Oscillations & Resonance

Mechanical Systems

d 2x dx
m 2  k x  m 2  F0 cos  d t 
dt dt
e.g. the forced motion of a mass on a spring

Electrical Systems

d 2q dq 1
L 2 R  q  E m sin d t
dt dt C

e.g. the charge on a capacitor in an LRC circuit

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 What is the frequency?

k = 7580 N/m
m = 0.245 kg
f=?

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 xm without m falling off?

m = 1.0 kg
M = 10 kg
k = 200 N/m
ms = 0.40
Maximum xm without slipping

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