NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III
OSCILLATIONS
SYNOPSIS
Periodic Motion: It is the motion that repeats
in regular intervals of time.
Ex: 1) Motion of the planets around the sun
2) Revolution of electrons around the nucleus
3) Rhythmic beat of a heart
4) Vibrations of a violin string producing musical
notes.
Harmonic Motion: If the displacement of a
particle in periodic motion is expressed by harmonic
functions like “sine” or “cosine”, such a motion is
often called as Harmonic Motion.
Oscillatory or Vibratory motion: It is
the motion that repeats ‘‘to and fro’’ along the same
path, about the equilibrium (mean) position.
Note: Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but all
periodic motions need not be oscillatory. Simple
harmonic motion is a special case of both periodic
and oscillatory motions.
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM):
A body is said to be in SHM, if it moves to and fro
along a straight line, about its mean position such
that, at any point its acceleration is directly
proportional to its displacement from mean position
in magnitude but opposite in direction and is directed
always towards the mean position.
Conditions for a body to be in SHM:
Ø The motion should be periodic and to and fro about
a fixed point.
Ø Acceleration and displacement should be always
in opposite directions.
Ø The acceleration should always be directed towards
the fixed point.
Ø If ‘a’ is the acceleration of the body at any given
displacement ‘y’ from the mean position, then for Ø
the body in SHM, Ø If ‘s’ is span of SHM, amplitude A will be s/2. If the
a ∝ −y
SHM is one of basic concepts in
physics:
Ø Mechanical wave propagates due to the simple
harmonic oscillations of the particles of the medium.
Ø Vibrations of strings and air columns in musical
instruments are a result of superposition of simple
harmonic motions.
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
OSCILLATIONS
Ø The atoms of a solid vibrate about their mean
positions and convey temperature through the solid.
Ex1: Projection of a particle performing uniform
circular motion on any diameter.
Ex2: Oscillations of simple pendulum with small
amplitudes.
Ex3: Oscillations of loaded spring .
Ex4: Vibrations of the prongs of a tuning fork.
Ex5: Oscillations of a liquid column in a U-tube
etc.
Simple Harmonic Motion and
Uniform Circular Motion:
Reference Circle: Projection of a particle
performing uniform circular motion on any diameter,
serves as a mathematical model for SHM. Hence
the circle is known as “Reference circle”.
Y
N P
y A ω
X′ O M X
x
Y′
Quantities characterise a SHM are :
Displacement : It is the position(distance) of
the particle executing SHM, measured along its
path from the mean position at any given instant. A
particle executing uniform circular motion
( ω =constant) on a circle of radius ‘A’, at any
instant ‘t’, its projection ‘N’ on vertical axis has a
displacement y = A sin ( ωt ) and on horizontal axis
has a displacement x = A cos ( ωt )
Amplitude(A):
It is maximum displacement from mean position
coordinates of extreme position of SHO are
(x 1, y 1, z 1 ) and (x 2, y 2, z 2 ) then mean position
coordinates are
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z 1 + z 2 
 , ,  , and amplitude is
 2 2 2 
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z 2 − z1 )
2 2 2
A=
2
1
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

Time period (T): Phase Constant (or) Initial Phase (or)

Ø It is the time taken by the particle to complete one Epoch:
oscillation.
Ø The constant 'φ ' in the phase ω t ± φ , is called ini-
Ø If 'y' is the displacement of the particle
executing SHM at any time ‘t’, it will achieve the tial phase.
same position again for the first time if time is Ø This enables us to find the position from where time
is considered in SHM at t = 0.
  2π  2π
advanced by  ω  . i.e. t' = t +  ω  so that Ø If particle starts as shown, phase 'φ ' is
   
ωt
  2π   y
y ' = A sin ( ωt '± φ ) = A sin ω  t + ±φ φ
  ω   O

= A sin (ω t ± φ )
Note:1) If motion starts from mean position at t = 0 and
Ø In other words, the displacement repeats after a immediately moves towards +ve extreme position
2π 2π
time interval of
ω
so that T =
ω
then its displacement at any time ‘t’ is y = A sin ( ωt )
Frequency ( f ): 2) If motion starts from rest at the positive extreme
Ø The number of oscillations made by the vibrating position at t = 0. Then its displacement at any time
body in one second is known as frequency. ‘t’ is given by y = A cos ω t
1 3) Minimum time taken by SHO to get a displace-
Ø Reciprocal of time period is frequency. f =
T  2π 
Ø ment ‘y’ from mean position is y = A sin  t
The SI unit of frequency is hertz or (cycle / sec).  T 
Ø If T is time period of oscillation, ‘ f ’ is frequency
T −1  y 
of SHM. then t= sin  
2π  A
y 1 a
T = 2π ==> f = Minimum Time Taken to Move From
a 2π y
A T −1  A  T π T
where ‘ a’ is acceleration of SHM at a displacement y = 0 to y = is t = sin  = × =
‘ y’ from its mean position. 2 2π  2 A  2π 6 12
A T  A  Τ π T
y = 0 to y =
Phase : is t = 2π sin  = × =
−1

Ø The phase of an oscillating system at any instant is 2  2 A  2π 4 8

 
3 A t = T sin −1  3 A  = T × π = T
its state as regards its position and direction of
motion at that instant. y = 0 to y = is 2π  2 A  2π 3 6
2  
T −1   A T π T
ωt y = 0 to y = A is t = 2π sin  A  = 2π × 2 = 4
y  
φ y=
A T T T
to y = A is t = − =
O 2 4 12 6
A T T T
y= to y = A is t = − =
2 4 8 8
3A T T Τ
Displacement of SHO :- y= to y = A is t = − =
A 4 6 12
At any time t,displacement y = A sin ( ωt ± φ ) The T Τ T
y = − A to y = + A is t = + =
4 4 2
argument ( ωt ± φ ) of the above function is called
the phase of motion.

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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS
Note: If displacement of a particle moving along straight
y - t graph :- If y = A sin ( ωt ) then
y line is given by y = A sin2 ω t then it represents
SHM.
π or W.E-2:Which of the following functions of time
t = T/2 represent (a) simple harmonic (b) periodic but
t not simple harmonic and (c) non periodic
2π or
t=T motion? Give period for each case of periodic
motion ( ω is any positive constant)
2) 3cos ( π / 4 − 2ωt )
If y = A sin (ωt + φ ) then
1) Sin 3ωt
y 3) cos ωt + cos3ωt + cos5ωt
4) e −ω 2 t2 5) 1 + ωt + ω 2t 2
Sol : 1) Sin 3ωt is a periodic function but not simple
t harmonic because a ∝ − y condition is not satis-
2π
fied. Its time period is T =
Phase Difference : ω
Ø The difference in the phase angles of two particles 2) 3cos ( π / 4 − 2ωt ) = 3cos ( 2ωt − π / 4) it is
in SHM is known as phase difference between them.
2π π
Ø If the particles have a phase difference of π simple harmonic with a time period T = =
between them, they are said to be in opposite phase. 2ω ω
Ø If the particles have a phase difference of ‘0’ or 3) Cos ω t + cos3ω t + cos5ω t is a periodic func-
2 π between them, they are said to be in phase i.e tion but not simple harmonic. The time periods of
they are in same state of vibration. 2π 2π 2π
each periodic function are , and . Since
Ø The change in phase of SHO in a time interval ω 3ω 5ω
∆t is equals to ω∆t 2π
is the multiple of the other two periods. The
Ø The phase difference between two SHOs of ω
different frequency and different initial phase in the 2π
given function is periodic with time period
time ‘t’ is equal to (ω2 − ω1 ) t + (φ2 − φ1 ) ω
4) e − ω 2 2
t is not periodic as t increases e − ω 2 2
t de-
W.E-1:Which of the following functions of time
represents (a) simple harmonic motion and (b) creases and tends to zero as t → ∞
periodic motion? Give the period for each case. 5) 1 + ωt + ω 2t 2 is not periodic, as function in-
i) Sin ω t − cos ωt ii) Sin 2 ω t creases with time without repetition.
W.E-3:The displacement of a particle executing
 1 1 
Sol : i) Sin ω t − cos ωt = 2  2 Sin ω t − Cos ωt  periodic motion is given by
 2  t 
π π y = 4cos 2   sin (1000 t ) . Find independent
 2
= 2  Sin ωt cos − cos ω t sin 
 4 4 constituent SHO.
= 2sin ( ωt − π / 4 ) 2 t 
Sol : y = 4cos   sin (1000t )
This function represent a simple harmonic motion 2

having a period T =
2π
and a phase angle y = 2[1 + cos t ]sin1000 t Q2cos2 θ = (1+ cos2θ ) 
ω y = 2sin1000t + 2sin1000t cos t
( −π / 4 ) (
or 7π / 4 ) . y = 2sin1000 t + sin1001 t + sin999 t
1 − cos ( 2ωt ) 1 1  as 2sin A C o s B = Sin ( A + B ) + Sin ( A − B ) 
ii) Sin 2 ω t = = − cos ( 2 ω t )
2 2 2 ∴ The given expression is the resultant of three
The function is periodic having a period T = π / ω . independent simple harmonic oscillations
It is not SHM
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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II
W.E-4:Two particles execute SHM of same W.E-7:A particle moves simple harmonically in a
amplitude and frequency on parallel lines. straight line starting from rest. In first ‘t’ sec
They cross each another when moving in it travels a distance ‘a’, and in next ‘t’ sec it
opposite directions each time their travels ‘2a’ in same direction. then its time
displacement is half their amplitude. Find period is? (JEE MAIN- 2014)
phase difference between them. Sol : In this problem
Sol :If we assume that the particles are initially at the
mean position, their equation for displacement. 2a 2
a = a, b = 2 a ⇒ A = = 2a
A 3a − 2a
x = Asin ωt But x = y = A cos ω t as it starts from rest
2
A 1  2π 
∴ = Asin ωt (or) sin ωt = A-a = 2 a cos  ×t 
2 2  T  ⇒ T = 6t
Phase = ωt = 30 ,150
0 0
Velocity of SHO : y = A sin ( ωt + φ )
( 0
)
Q sin (180 0 − θ ) = sin θ ;sin (1 8 00 − 30 0 ) = sin30 0
Velocity v =
dy
= Aω cos ( ωt + φ )
One of the particles has phase of 30 and the other dt
has phase of 1500 y2
2π v = A ω 1 − sin 2
( ω t + φ ) = A ω 1 −
A2
Phase difference between them = 1200 = radian
3
W.E-5:A particle executing SHM from extreme po- y2
sition towards centre is observed to be at dis- v = v max 1 − ; v = ω A2 − y 2 ,
A2
tances x1 , x2 and x3 from the centre at the end 2π A
of three successive seconds. The period of at Mean position v is maximum, vmax = Aω = at
SHM is. T
extreme position v is minimum, vmin = 0
Sol : x1 = Acos ω ; x2 = A cos2ω ; x3 = A cos3ω
v - t graph :If y = A sin ω t then v = Aω cos ωt
x1 + x3 = A[cos ω + cos3ω ] velocity
 A+ B   A− B
from, cos A+ cos B = 2cos 2 cos 2 
    v
Aω
x1 + x3 = A[ 2cos ω cos2ω ]
x1 + x3 x + x 
= cos ω ⇒ ω = cos −1  1 3  T/2 Time
2 x2  2 x2  0
T/4 3T/4
2π
T =
 x + x3 
cos − 1  1 
 2 x2  2 2 2
W.E-6:A particle executes SHM in a straight line. v - y graph : v = v max 1 − y ⇒ v + y = 1
In the first second starting from rest it travels A2 vmax2 A2
distance a and in the next second it travels so v - y graph is ellipse
distance b in the same direction.The ampli- v
tude of SHM is:
Sol : y = A cos ω t as it starts from rest Aω
A − a = A c o s ω in first second
A − ( a + b ) = A cos2ω in two seconds
A − ( a + b ) = A  2cos 2 ω − 1 y
-A +A
  A − a 2 
A − (a + b ) = A 2   − 1
  A  
2a2 - Aω
on solving A = 3 a − b

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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS
W.E-8 :The displacement of an object attached to W.E-12:Figure given below shows the displacement
a spring and executing simple harmonic versus time graph for two particles A and B
motion is given by x = 2 × 10 −2 cos ( π t ) m. The executing simple harmonic motions. Find the
ratio of their maximum velocities.
time at which the maximum speed first occurs
is: (AIEEE 2007) Y
Sol: Given displacement x = 2 ×10 cos ( π t ) Velocity,,
−2 10
A B
y(cm) 5
dx
v = = −2×10−2π sin( πt )
24
0
dt 2 6 10 14 18 22 t(s)
-5
For the first time when v = vmax ,sin π t = 1 or
10
π π
sin π t = sin ⇒π t = or t = 0.5s Sol : For A, time period TA = 16s, amplitude AA = 10cm
2 2
For B, time period TB= 24s, amplitude AB= 5cm
W.E-9:A particle is vibrating in SHM. If its veloci- Ratio of maximum velocities
ties are v1 and v2 when the displacements from Aw
= A A = A B = 10 ´ 24 = 3
VA AT
the mean position are y1 and y2 respectively,
then find its amplitude and time period . VB ABw B ABTA 5´16 1
dv
Sol: v1 = ω A 2 − y12 ; v 2 = ω A2 − y22 to find Acceleration of SHO : - a =
dt
amplitude
2 2 2
If y = A sin ( ωt + φ ) , then v = Aω cos ( ωt + φ )
A − y1 2 2 2 2
v1 v1 y2 − v 2 y1
2
= ⇒ A= a = − Aω 2 sin ( ωt + φ ) ⇒ a = −ω 2 y
v A2 − y 2 v2 − v 2
2 2 1 2
to find time period a max = Aω 2 (at extreme positions)
y22 − y12 a min = 0 (at mean position)
V12 − v 22 = ω 2 ( y2 2 − y1 2 ) ⇒ T = 2π Note :- Second order differential equation representing
v12 − v 22
d2y
W.E-10:A particle is executing SHM. It passes SHM is +ω2y = 0
dt 2
through mean position at the instant t = 0. At
what instants the speed of it is 50% of its maxi- 1) a - t graph : If y = A sin ω t , a = − Aω 2 sin ωt
mum speed ?
vmax  2π  a
Sol: v = vmax cos ( ωt ) ⇒ = v max cos  t Aω2
T
2  T 
T  1 4
t= cos − 1  ±  0 t
2π  2 T 3T T
W.E-11:Figure shows the graph of velocity versus 2 4
-Aω2
displacement of a particle executing simple
harmonic motion. Find the period of Acceleration - Time curve
oscillation of the particle. 2) a - y graph : a = −ω 2 y It is a straight line
v (ms-1) through origin
0.6 a
Aω2
-10 O 10 x(cm)
A
y
-0.6 -A
Sol : xmax = A=10 cm and vmax = ωA = 0.6ms−1
= 6r a d s−1 ; T = 2π = 2π = π s
v max 0.6 -Aω2
∴ω= =
x max 0.1 ω 6 3

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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II
Ø Slope of a - y graph gives square of angular 2π
frequency ( ω 2 ) Sol: Given T = , v = bω 3 at x=b
ω
3) a - v graph :- a 2 = ω 4 y 2 From
Substituting in v = ω A2 − x 2 ,
2  y  2 2 2
y v
v 2 = vmax 1 − 2  ⇒ 2 = 1 − 2 we get bω 3 = ω A2 − b 2
 A  A vmax
 v2  Squaring, 3b 2ω 2 = ω 2 ( A 2 − b 2 )
a 2 = ω 4 A2 1 − 2 
 vmax  3b 2 = A2 − b2 , 4b 2 = A 2 ⇒ A = ± 2b
2  v2  a2 v2 The time taken (t) to travel from the mean
a 2 = a max  1 − 2 
⇒ 2
+ 2
=1 position to a distance b can be found form
 v max  a max v max
So a - v graph is ellipse x = ASin ωt We have, x = b ; A = 2b
a
1 π π
∴ b = 2b sin ω t , sin ω t = ; ωt = ⇒ t =
amax
2 6 6ω
∴ Further time taken to reach extreme position
v
vmax
T π 2π π π
= − = − =
4 6ω 4ω 6ω 3ω
Note: In SHM phase difference between It will momentarily come to rest when it
reaches the positive extreme position.
π
a) displacement and velocity is radian Further distance travelled = A − b = 2b − b = b
2
b) displacement and acceleration is π radian W.E-15 : Two particles are executing simple
3π π harmonic motion with same amplitude A
c) velocity and acceleration is or radian and frequency ω along the x-axis. Their
2 2
W.E-13: The particle is moving such that its dis- mean positions are separated by
placement along x-axis as a function of time distance x0 ( x0 > A) . If maximum
is given by x ( x − 6 ) = 1 −10cos ωt . Find am-
plitude, time period and mean position. separation between them is x0 + A . The
Sol : x ( x − 6 ) = 1 − 10cos ω t By adding 9 on both sides phase difference between their motion is
[JEE-MAIN 2011]
x 2 − 6 x + 9 = 10 − 10cos ω t

Sol : x1 = A sin ωt , x2 = A sin ( ωt + θ ) + x0
 ωt  
( x − 3) = 1 0[1 − cos ωt ] = 5 sin 2   
2

  2  x2 − x1 = x0 + A ( sin ( ωt + θ ) − sin ( ωt ) )
ωt 
( x − 3 ) = 5 s i n  
 2  θ   θ
x2 − x1 = x 0 + 2 Asin   cos  ωt + 
So motion of particle is SHM with A = 5 units , 2  2
4π The distance between the two SHMs is also
T= units & mean position is at x = 3 units.
ω oscillating simple harmonically with an
W.E-14 : A particle performs linear SHM of pe-
θ 
2π amplitude of x0 + 2 A sin   .
riod about a center ‘O’ and is observed to  2
ω
have a velocity bω 3 when at a distance b maximum distance between two SHM is x0 + A
from ‘O’. If the particle is moving towards
θ 
the positive extremity at that instant, show that from the above x0 + 2 A sin   = x0 + A
it will travel a further distance b in a time 2
π
before coming momentarily to rest. θ  1 π
3ω sin   = , θ =
2 2 3

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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS
W.E-16: A particle executes SHM represented by W.E-19: If x, v and a denote the displacement,
 π
the equation, y=0.02sin  3 . 1 4 t + 
m. velocity and acceleration of a particle
2
Find (i) amplitude (ii) time period executing simple harmonic motion of time
(iii) frequency (iv) epoch (v) maximum period T, then, which of the following does
velocity and (vi) maximum acceleration. not change with time. (AIEEE 2009)
æ pö
Sol : Compare the equation y=0.02sin çççè 3.14t + 2 ÷÷÷ø
aT
1) a 2T 2 + 4p 2 v 2 2)
x
with the general form of the equation,
y = A sin (wt + f )
aT
3) aT + 2pv 4)
i) Amplitude A = 0.02m v
ii) Time period is given by Sol: By verification
2p 2p aT ω 2 xT 4π 2 4π 2
T= or T= = 2s = = 2 ×T = = constant.
w 3.14 x x T T
1 1
iii) Frequency f = = Hz = 0.5Hz aT
T 2 i.e., quantity does not change w.r.t. time.
x
p 3.14
iv) Epoch f = = = 1.57 rad Restoring force :-
2 2
v) Maximum velocity The resultant force which always acts towards the
vmax = Aw = 0.02 ´3.14 = 0.0628 ms –1 mean position, opposite in direction to the displace-
vi) Maximum acceleration ment and directly proportional to displacement is
called restoring force.
amax= Aw 2 = 0.02 ´ (3.14 ) = 0.197 ms –2
2

W.E-17: A body executes SHM, such that its Force law :- F α − x ⇒ F = −K x here ‘K’
velocity at the mean position is 1 ms-1 and is called force constant
acceleration at extreme position is 1.57ms-2.
As F = −mω2 x K
Calculate the amplitude and the time period ⇒ K = mω 2 ⇒ ω =
of oscillation. m
amax Aw2 1.57
Sol : = = Þ w = 1.57rad T = 2π
m
vmax Aw 1 K
2p 2 (3.14 ) Ø
\ Time period T = = = 4 s. A body of mass ‘m’ is placed on a balance which
1.57 1.57 is present on horizontal platform executing SHM
1
but Aw = 1 i.e., A(1.57) = 1 or A =
in vertical plane with amplitude A and period T.
1.57
\ Amplitude A = 0.637 m. extreme position
W.E-18: A point mass oscillates along the x-axis
a
π y
according to the law x = x0 cos(ω t − ) . If the mean position
4
acceleration of the particle is written as
a = A cos (ω t + δ ) then the value is? extreme position
(AIEEE-07) a) When the displacement of platform is ‘y’ above the
dx  π  mean position then the reading of balance is
Sol. Velocity v = d t = − x 0 ω s i n  ω t − 4 
 
dv  π  R1 = m  g − ω 2 y  Q mg − R1 = ma , So R1 is
Acceleration a = d t = − x 0ω 2 c o s  ω t − 4 
 3π 
  2
(
m inim um wheny = A ( R1 ) min = m g − ω A )
a = x 0ω 2 c o s  ω t +
4 
.......(1) b) When the displacement of platform is ‘y’ below

Given that a = A cos ( ωt + δ ) .........(2) mean position then reading of balance is
R2 = m  g + ω 2 y  and ( R2 ) max = m [ g + ω A ]
2
3π
from (1) & (2), A = x 0ω 2 , δ =
4
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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II
c) Condition for the body to lose contact with plat- Sol: The slope of the graph
form is F −0.5
= = = −0.1Ncm−1 = −10Nm−1 ; But F = − mω 2 x
( R1 ) min = 0 ⇒ mg −ω A = 0 ⇒ g = ω
2 2
A x 5
F
g g or = −mω 2 so − mω 2 = −10 or m ω 2 = 10 or
when ‘A’ is given ⇒ ω = ⇒ ω = x
2

A A 10 10 10 ω 5
For body not to loose contact ω2 = ,∴ω2 = −1
⇒ω= = 5, ∴f = = s−1
m 4×10 2 2π 2π
g A W.E-21:When a particle is performing SHM of time
ωmax = ; Tmin = 2π When ' ω ' is given period T1 the force acting on it is F1 for a
A g certain displacement. When the same particle
g g is performing SHM of time period T 2 the force
A < 2 , Amax = 2 acting is F2 for the same displacement. What
ω ω will be the time period of the particle when a
Ø A body is present on a rough horizontal platform combined force of F 1 and F 2 produce the same
displacement in SHM in different cases ?
which is executing SHM with an amplitude A and Sol: The force acting on a particle performing SHM is
period T. If the coefficient of friction between  2π 
2

F = −mω x =
2 − m  T  x.
platform and body is ' µ ' then the condition for no  
2
sliding of body on the platform is  2π 
When force is F1 , T = T1 ∴ F1 = − m  T  x
 1 
extreme mean extreme  2π 
2

position position position When force is F2 , T = T2 ∴ F2 = − m  T  x

 2 
mamax ≤ µmg ⇒ amax ≤ µ g i.e ω 2 A ≤ µ g Case i : When force is F1 + F2 , T = T
When ω is given then 2π 
2

∴ F1 + F2 = − m   x.
µg µg µg µ gT 2  T 
A ≤ 2 ⇒ Amax = 2 = 2 2 =
ω ω 4π f 4π 2 Substituting the values of F1 and F2 from the
When ‘A’ is given then above, we get,
2 2
 2π   2π 
2
µg µg  2π 
ω≤ ⇒ ωmax = −m  x −m   x = −m   x
 T1   T2   T 
A A
1 1 1 T1T 2
1 µg A ⇒ 2 = + ⇒ T =
f max = ; Tmin = 2π T T12 T 22 T1 2 + T 22
2π A µg Case ii : In the above case if forces are acting
W.E-20 : Figure shows the variation of force acting simultaneously in opposite direction, F1 − F2 = F
then time period of particle is given by
on a particle of mass 400 g executing simple 2 2
 2π   2π 
2
 2π 
harmonic motion. Find the frequency of −m  x +m   x = −m   x
 T1   T2   T 
oscillation of the particle.
1 1 1 ⇒ T = T1T2
F (N) = −
T22 − T12
2.0 2 2 2
T T1 T2
1.5 Case iii : In the above case, if forces are acting
1.0 perpendicular to each other and acting simulta-
0.5 neously on the particle, then
2 2
1  1  1 
-20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20 x(cm)
F= F +F 2 2
⇒ =  2 +  2 
-0.5 2
 T1   T2 
1 2
T
-1.0 1
-1.5 1 1 1
= 4+ 4  T 4T 4  4
-2.0 4 ∴ T =  41 2 4 
T T1 T2  T1 + T 2 
8
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 3A T T 3U

Potential Energy( PE or U ) : The work done Ø At x = (or ) t = , ; U = max
2 3 6 4
to displace simple harmonic oscillator is stored in PE PE PE
the form of Potential energy.
Ø If a body is displaced through ‘x’ from mean
position then
x x
Umin
U = ∫ dW = ∫ Kxdx
0 0
x x=x0 x=-x0
1 2 1 1 (a) (b) (c)
= Kx = mω2 x 2 = mω2 A2 sin 2 ωt Ø In figure (a) oscillations will take place about mean
2 2 2
Where m - mass of the particle ω - angular velocity position x = 0 and minimum value of PE at mean
x - displacement from mean position at any instant ‘t’. position is zero.
Ø The reference PE of the SHO can be taken as zero Ø In figure (b) mean position is at x = +x 0 and
at the mean position. (Umin= 0) PE of the SHO is minimum value of PE in this position is not zero.
maximum at the extreme position. Ø In figure (c) mean position is at x = - x 0 and minimum
 value of PE in this position is zero.
1 2 2
 U max = mω A  Kinetic Energy ( KE ) :
 2 
Ø 1 1
If minimum of U is not zero then KE = m v 2 = mω 2 (A 2 − x 2 )
1 2 2
U max = U min + mω 2 A2
1
2 = mω 2 A2 cos 2 ω t
Ø Potential energy versus time equation can be 2
written as Since v = ω A2 − x 2 , v = A ω c o s ω t
1 Ø KE of the SHO is zero at the extreme position.
U= mω2 A2 sin 2 (ω t )
2 KEmin = 0
1 Ø KE of the SHO is maximum at the mean position.
U= mA2ω 2 1 − cos2( ωt + φ )  1
4 KEmax = mω 2 A2
Ø This function is periodic with angular frequency 2 ω . 2
Thus U in SHM is also periodic with double the KEmax + KEmin 1
Ø KEavg = = mω 2 A2
frequency to that of displacement, velocity and 2 4
acceleration. But these oscillations of U are not Ø KE versus time equation can also be written as
1
d 2 (U ) KE = mA2ω 2 1 + cos2 (ω t + φ )
simple harmonic in nature, as 2 is not 4
dt Ø This function is also periodic with angular frequency
proportional to - U 2 ω . Thus KE in SHM is also periodic with double
the frequency than that of displacement, velocity
1 1
But U − mA ω = − mA ω cos2( ωt + φ ) =U0
2 2 2 2
Ø and acceleration. But these oscillations of KE are
4 4
d 2 ( KE )
here U0 is simply a cosine function of time. So U0 not simple harmonic in nature, as 2 is not
will oscillate simple harmonically with angular dt
proportional to - KE
frequency 2 ω .
1 1
Ø Time period of variation of Potential energy of Ø But KE − mA ω = mA ω cos2(ω t + φ ) = K0
2 2 2 2

oscillator = T/2 4 4
where K 0 is simply a cosine function of time. So K0
A T 3T Umax will oscillate simple harmonically with angular
Ø At x = (or ) t = , ; U = frequency 2 ω .
2 8 8 2
Ø Time period of variation of Kinetic energy of
oscillator = T/2

9
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

A T 3T KEmax W.E-23: A particle of mass 1 kg is executing SHM

Ø At x = (or ) t = , ; KE = with an amplitude of 1m and time period π s.
2 8 8 2
Calculate kinetic energy of the particle at the
3A T T KEmax moment when the displacement is 0.8m .
Ø At x = (or ) t = , ; KE =
2 3 6 4 2π 2π
Total energy (TE ): The total mechanical energy Sol : ω = T = π = 2s
of SHO is given by TE = PE + KE
We have, v = ω A2 − x 2
TE= mω x + m ω ( A − x )
1 2 2 1 2 2 2
v = 2 (1 ) − ( 0.8 ) = 2 × 0.6 = 1.2 m / s
2 2
2 2
1 1 1
TE = mω A is constant and is independent of Kinetic energy = m v 2 = × 1 × (1.2 ) = 0.72 J
2 2 2

2 2 2
displacement ‘x’ W.E-24:A particle of mass 10 g executes a linear
Ø If U0 is the PE of SHO at its mean position, then SHM of amplitude 5 cm with a period of 2s.
1
total energy TE = mω 2 A2 + U 0 1
2 Find the PE and KE, s after crossing the
Energy Displacement Curve : 6
E
mean position.
TE
Sol : Given m =10g =10−2 kg , T =2s,
K.E
Y
2π 2π
ω= = = π rad / s
P.E T 2
1
x=-A x=0 x=A A=5cm = 5 × 10−2 m ; KE = 2 mA2ω 2 cos2 ω t
Ø At mean position KE is maximum and PE is
minimum (Minimum value of PE may or may not π
s , KE = ×10−2 × ( 5×10−2 ) ( π2 ) cos2
1 1 2
be zero) At t =
6 2 6
Ø At extreme position KE is minimum (always zero)
and PE is maximum 2
25 ×10 −6  3
x =
A = × π 2 ×   = 9.25 ×10−5 J
Ø KE = PE at a displacement from mean
2 2  2 
position.
1
Ø KE = 3 (PE) at a displacement x =
A
from mean PE = mA2ω 2 sin 2 ω t
2 2
position.
π
= × 10−2 × ( 5 ×10 −2 ) π 2 sin2
1 2
Ø If ‘f ’ is the frequency of oscillation of SHM , then
its PE & KE varies with a frequency 2f. 2 6
W.E-22:A linear harmonic oscillator of force con-
25 × 10 −6
2
1
stant 2 ×106 Nm −1 and amplitude 0.01 m has a = × π 2
×  2  = 3.085×10−5 J
total mechanical energy of 160J. Then find
2  
maximum and minimum values of PE and KE. W.E-25 : A particle of mass 0.1kg executes SHM
1
Sol :K.Emax= KA 2 =
1
× 2 × 10 6 × ( 0.01) = 100 J
2 under a force F = −10 x ( N ) . Speed of particle
2 2 at mean position is 6 m/s. Find its amplitude
Since total energy is 160J. Maximum P.E is 160 J.
From this it is understood that at the mean position of oscillation.
potential energy of the simple harmonic oscillator is Sol: From conservation of mechanical energy.
minimum which need not be zero. 1 1 m 0.1 6
PEmin = TE − KEmax = 160 −100 = 60 J KA 2 = mv 2 or A = v =6 = = 0.6m
2 2 K 10 10
KEmin = 0

10
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS
W.E-26: When a particle is performing linear SHM W.E-29: The displacement of two identical particles
its KE is two times its PE at a position A and executing SHM are represented by equations
π
x1 = 4sin  10t +  & x2 = 5cos ( ωt ) For what
its PE is two times its KE at another position 
B. Find ratio of KEA to KEB  6
Sol: TEA = KEA + PE A value of w , energy of both the particles is
same. ( EAM- 2010)
But KEA = 2PEA ,
1
Sol: E = mA w ; E1 = E2 ⇒ A1w1 = A2w2
2 2
1
TEA =KEA +
3
KEA = KEA . 2
2 2 4 ´10 = 5´w ; w = 8 unit
Similarly, TEB = KEB + PEB. W.E-30:A particle of mass ‘m’ is executing oscilla-
But PEB = 2KEB tions about the origin on the x -axis. Its PE
varies with position as U ( x ) = K x , here
3
TEB = KEB + 2 KEB = 3 KEB.
By the principle of conservation of energy K is constant. The amplitude of oscillation is
3 ‘a’, then how does its time period T vary with
TEA = TEB, KEA = 3 KEB amplitude.
2 1
KEA 2 Sol : U ( x ) = K x
3
, but U = mA 2ω 2 sin 2 ωt
= 2
KEB 1 1
ma 2ω 2 ∝ Ka 3 ⇒ ω ∝ a and T ∝ a
W.E-27: The potential energy of a harmonic
oscillator of mass 2 kg at its mean position is W.E-31: An object of mass 4 kg is moving along x-
axis and its potential energy as a function of
5J. If its total energy is 9J and its amplitude is
0.01m, find its time period x varies as U ( x ) = 4 (1 − c o s 2 x ) J then time
period for small oscillation is :
1 2
Sol : KEmax = TE − PEmin Þ KA = (9 –5 ) =4J, Sol : F = − dU = − d [ 4 − 4cos2x ]
2
dx dx
K =
8
= 8 ´ 10 4 N/m = +4 ( 2 )( − sin2x ) = −8sin2x
( 0.01)
2
here ‘x’ is small ∴sin2 x = 2 x
So F = −16x ⇒ mω2 = 16 ⇒ 4ω2 = 16
m 2 p
T = 2p = 2p = s ⇒ ω = 2 ⇒ T = 2π / ω = π seconds
K 8´10 4
100 W.E-32:The displacement of SHO is ,
W.E 28 : An object of mass 0.2 kg executes simple y = 6sin ( π t + π / 3 ) find 1) Instants at which
harmonic oscillations along the x- axis with PE is minimum (or)KE is maximum. 2) In-
25 stants at which PE is maximum (or) KE is
a frequency Hz . At position x = 0.04m, minimum.
p Sol : PE is minimum (or) KE is maximum when SHO
the object has kinetic energy 0.5J and is at mean position. i.e., y = 0
potential energy is zero at mean position. Find y = 0 = 6sin (π t + π / 3)
its amplitude of vibration.  1
⇒ π  t +  = nπ here n = 1,2,3 ........
1 1 −4  3
Sol : U = mω x = × 0.2 ×50 ×16 ×10 = 0.4 J
2 2 2

2 2 1
t =n−
3
Total energy of oscillation is (0.5+0.4) = 0.9 J PE is maximum (or) KE is minimum at y = ± A

1 When y = ± 6 i.e sin ( π t + π / 3 ) = ±1

\ 0.9 = KA 2 (or) A = 1.8
=
1.8
 π π
mw 2  π t + 3  = ( 2n + 1) 2 here n = 0, 1,2,3 .....
2 K
 
1 1.8 1 1.8 3 1 2n + 1
A = w 0.2 = æ 25 ö 0.2 = 50 = 0.06 m t+ =
1 1
(s) , t = n + − (s)
2p çç ÷÷÷ 3 2 2 3
èç p ø
11
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

W.E-33:A particle of mass m executes SHM with

amplitude ‘a’ and frequency ‘ ν ’. The average
kinetic energy during motion from the position
of equilibrium to the end is: (AIEEE 2007) K
1) 2π 2 ma 2v 2 2) π 2ma 2v 2
1
3) ma 2 v2 4) 4π 2 ma 2v 2 M
4
K .Emax + K .Emin
Sol : K .Eavg =
2
1 1
= K .Emax = mω 2a 2
2 4
1
= m ( 2πν ) a 2 = π 2 ma 2ν 2
2

4
Some Systems Executing Simple K
Harmonic Motion
Ø Oscillations Due to a Spring :
In the case of a spring mass system, the restoring
force ‘F’ acting on the mass when displaced from
its mean position by ‘x’ is F = -Kx, where K is M
spring constant (or) force constant (or) stiffness
constant.
Ø Spring constant is large for a stiff spring and small
for a soft spring. Ø On moon time period of spring mass system is same
Ø The time period T when body of mass M is pulled as time period on earth.
and released in a spring body system is Ø A block of mass M is attached to a spring of mass
m and force constant K. The time period of
M
T = 2π in all the following cases oscillation of the spring block system is
K
T is independent of g in spring mass system. M + m 
 3 
T = 2π 
K
Ø For a spring the force constant is inversely
1
K M proportional to its length. i.e, K ∝
l
⇒ Kl = constant ⇒ K1l1 = K 2l2
K
Ø When a spring of force constant K is cut into two
M parts of lengths l1 and l2 having force constants K1
and K2 then K ( l1 + l2 ) = K1l1 = K 2 l2 ;
K ( l1 + l2 ) K ( l1 + l2 )
K1 = ; K2 =
l1 l2
Ø When a spring is cut into n equal parts then force
constant of each part is nK.
12
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS
-1
Ø When two springs of force constants K1 and K2 W.E-35: A spring of force constant 1200 Nm is
respectively are connected in series then effective mounted on a horizontal table as shown in
force constant K is related as Fig. A mass of 3kg is attached to the free end
K1 K2 of the spring, pulled side ways to a distance
2cm and released. Determine
m (a) the frequency of oscillation of the mass.
(b) the maximum acceleration of the mass.
(c) the maximum speed of the mass.
1 1 1
Series combination K = K + K
S 1 2 K
Ø When two springs of force constants K1 and
m
K2 respectively are connected in parallel then
effective force constant K is related as Sol :
K1
K = 1200N m −1 ; m = 3 kg A = 2 cm = 0.02 m
m (a) Frequency,
K2 1 K 1 1200
K1 K2 f = = = 3.2 Hz
2π m 6.28 3

m (b) Acceleration a = ω 2 y = K y Acceleration will

m
be maximum when y is maximum i.e. y = A
Parallel combination of springs KP =K 1 + K 2
Ø A spring of force constant K1 attached to a mass ∴ Max.acceleration,
‘m’ oscillates with a time period of T1 and another KA 1200 × 0.02
amax = = = 8ms −2
spring of force constant K2 attached to same mass m 3
(c)Maximum speed of the mass will be when it is
‘m’ oscillates with time period of T2
passing through the mean position, given by
Ø for series combination of springs with same
K 1200
mass m, its period of oscillation is TS = T12 + T22 Vmax = A ω = A = 0.02× = 0.4ms −1
m 3
Ø for parallel combination of springs with same
W.E-36: A light vertical spring is stretched by 0.2
TT
mass m its period of oscillation is , TP = T 2 + T 2
1 2 cm when a weight of 10 g is attached to its
1 2
free end. The weight is further pulled down
W.E-34 : A block of mass ‘m’ is attached to the light by 1cm and released. Compute the frequency
spring of force constant K and released when and maximum velocity of load.
it is in its natural length. Find amplitude of Sol : i) Force constant of the spring
subsequent oscillations. Restoring Force mg
K= =
1 2
Sol :From conservation of energy mgx = Kx Increase in length Increase in length
2
The maximum displacement of the spring in 10− 2 x9.8
= −3
= 49 Nm−1
2mg 2x10
subsequent motion will be
K 1 K 1 49 35
From F = Kx, mg=Kx The equilibrium position of Frequency f = = −2
= Hz
2π m 2π 10 π
mg
the system will occur at the extension of ii) amplitude of motion(A) = distance through which
K the weight is further pulled down = 1cm
2mg mg mg
∴ amplitude = – = Vmax = Aω = 10−2 m x70rads−1 = 0.7ms −1
K K K
13
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

W.E-37: A mass m = 8kg is attached to a spring W.E-40: A body of mass 1kg is suspended from a
passing over a pulley whose other end is fixed weightless spring having force constant 600N/
to ground and held in position so that the m . Another body of mass 0.5 kg moving
spring remains unstretched. The spring vertically upwards hits the suspended body
constant is 200 N/m. The mass m is then with a velocity of 3 m/s and gets embedded in
released and begins to undergo small it.Find amplitude of oscillation.
oscillations. Find maximum velocity of mass Sol : By conservation of linear momentum in the collision
Sol :Mean position will be at Kx =mg mv = ( m+ M) V
mv 0.5 × 3
mg 8´10 2 ⇒V= = =1m/s
or x = = = = 0.4m This is also the m + M (1 + 0.5)
K 200 5 Now just after collision the system will have
amplitude of oscillation A= 0.4m
1
KE = (m+M) V2 at equilibrium position .
= (0.4)
K 200
Vmax = Aw = A = 2m / s 2
m 8 So after collision by conservation of mechanical
W.E-38:Frequency of a particle executing SHM is energy K Emax = PEmax
10Hz .The particle is suspended from a vertical 1 1
spring. At the highest point of its oscillation ( m + M )V 2 = KA2
2 2
the spring is unstretched. Find the maximum
speed of the particle:(g=10m/s2 )  m+ M  1.5 1
⇒ A=V   =1 = m = 5cm
Sol : Mean position of the particle is
mg
distance below  K  600 20
K
W.E-41: Two particles A and B of masses ‘m’ and
unstretched position of spring. Therefore, amplitude ‘2m’ are suspended from massless springs of
of oscillation is
force constants K1 and K2 . During their
mg K
A= w= = 2p f = 20p oscillation if maximum speeds are equal then
K m ratio of their amplitudes is ( EAM 2013)
m 1 g
\ = 2 , A= 2 K
K w w Sol : Vmax = Aω = A =constant
m
Therefore, the maximum speed of particle will be
g g 1 A1 m1K2 K2
Vmax = Aw = ´w = = m/ s = =
w 2
w 2p A2 m2 K 1 2 K1
W.E-39: A 15gm ball is shot from a spring gun W.E-42: A block is kept on a rough horizontal
whose spring has a force constant 600 N/m . plank. The coefficient of friction between
The spring is compressed by 5cm. The greatest block and plank is 1/2 . Plank is undergoing
possible horizontal range of the ball for this SHM of angular frequency 10 rad/s.Find the
compression is (g = 10 m/s2) maximum amplitude of plank in which the
2
u block does not slip over plank ( g = 10 m/s2 ).
R
Sol : max =
g –– (1) Sol: Maximum acceleration in SHM is amax = w2 A
But K.E acquired by ball = P.E of spring gun this will be provided to the block by friction . Hence,
1 1 Kx 2 amax = m g or w 2 A = mg
mu 2 = Kx 2 ⇒ u2 = –– (2)
2 2
æ 1 ö÷
m
çç ÷ (10)
çè 2÷ø
From equations (1) and (2)
mg
or A = = = 0.05m = 5 cm
Kx 2 600 × ( 5 × 10 )
−2 2
w2 (10)
2

Rmax = = = 10 m
mg 15 × 10− 3 ×10
14
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS
W.E-43: A mass M attached to a horizontal spring
executes SHM with an amplitude A1 . When Sol: Reduced mass of the system
mass M passes through its mean position a
 mM 
smaller mass m is placed over it and both of 1) µ =  m + M 
them move together with amplitude A 2 . Ratio  
 A1 
of  A  is: (AIEEE 2011) µ mM
 2 ∴ T1 = 2π = 2π
K ( m +M )K
M (m + M ) mm m
Sol : T1 = 2π , T2 = 2π 2) µ = = and Ke = K + K = 2K
k k m+m 2
Using, law of conservation of linear momentum
MV1 = ( m +M )V 2 µ m
∴ T2 = 2π = 2π
M ( A1ω1 ) = ( m + M )( A2ω2 ) Ke 4K
W.E-45: A block of mass m is connected to three
A1 ( m + M ) ω2 ( m + M ) T1 springs as shown in Fig. The block is displaced
= = ×
A2 M ω1 M T2 down slightly and left free, it starts oscillat-
ing. Find time period of oscillations.
A1 m+ M
= . Sol : Let block is displaced down slightly (y) from its
A2 M mean position. The extension of the side springs
Coupled Oscillator : y ' = y cos θ each. Thus restoring force on the
A system of two bodies connected by a spring so
block
that both are free to oscillate simple harmonically
along the length of the spring constitutes a coupled Frest = − ( 2k1 y ' cos θ + k 2 y )
oscillator.
= −  −2k1 ( y cos θ ) cos θ + k 2 y 
m1 m2
l0 = ( 2k1 cos 2 θ + k2 ) ( − y )
kx -kx
m1 m2
x
x1 k1 θθ k1
x2 θθ
m
θθ y
For coupled oscillator y′
k2 y′
ω=
K 2π µ µ = m1 m2
and T = = 2π ,
µ ω K m1 + m2 (a) ′ ycos θ
(b) y=
Thus two - body oscillator is equivalent to a single
body oscillator with a reduced mass µ . and a =
(2 k cos θ + k ) ( − y )
1
2
2

W.E-44: Find the period of the oscillations of the m

devices shown in figure if m is displaced Comparing with standard equation of SHM, we
slightly. get
k
2k1 cos 2 θ + k 2
ω=
Am mB m
m m
and T = 2π
M

k
(2 k1 cos 2 θ + k 2 )
(a)
(b)
15
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

Show In Pure Rolling : Ø The radial acceleration is provided by the net radial
Ø A body of radius ‘r’ and mass ‘m’ rolls on a curved force T − mg cos θ . It acts along the length of the
path of radius ‘R’ as shown in the figure. When it is string.
displaced slightly and left free to itself it oscillates. Ø The tangential acceleration is provided by
While oscillating it rolls without slipping. In this case mg sin θ . It acts along the tangent to arc.
time period of oscillation. Ø The tension in the string at any position is given by
m v2
R T = m g cos θ +
l
Ø It executes angular SHM with angular displacement
at any time ‘t’ given by θ = θ max sin(ωt ± φ )

l
Time period of a simple pendulum T = 2 π
r
Ø for
g

T = 2π
( R − r )(1 + β ) small amplitudes
Ø If the angular amplitude of the pendulum is not small
g
then
k2 l  1 2  θm  1 32 4  θm  
where β = 2 , is rolling factor. Where k is T = 2π 1+ 2 sin   + 2 2 sin   + ......
r 
g 2  2 2 4 2 
radius of gyration about centre of mass.
Note: In the above case if curved surface is friction less Law of length
Ø T ∝ l (when g is constant)
( R −r)
then T = 2π Ø If a boy sitting in a swing stands up, as centre of
g mass raises up, distance to the centre of mass
Ø A body shown in the figure has mass ‘m’ and ra- decreases and hence period of swing decreases.
dius R can roll without sliding on a horizontal sur- Ø The bob of a pendulum is made hollow and filled
face. The period of its small oscillation with water, if water is drained out slowly centre of
mass shifts down, and then rises to its original
m (1 + β )
T = 2π position. Hence time period first increases and
K attains its original value when water is completely
drained out.
Ø If the pendulum of a clock is made of metal, it runs
slow during summer and fast during winter due to
thermal expansion or contraction.
Ø If the length of the pendulum is comparable to the
radius of earth then
Simple Pendulum : 1
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| T = 2π
1 1 
g + 
Rigid l R
Support θ L
L where R= radius of earth,
T
m l = length of the pendulum
Ø In case of pendulum of infinite length ( l = ∞ ) ,the
m mg cosθ
θ
sin

R
mg time period T = 2π g ; 84.6min ; 1.4hr
g
m

(a) (b)

16
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS
Ø If the length of the pendulum is equal to radius of Ø When the elevator is at rest or moving up or down
R
with constant velocity then the time period is given
the earth, then its time period is T = 2π 2 g ; 1hr L 1 g
by T = 2π g and f = 2π L
Ø When two simple pendulums of lengths l s and lL
Ø In case of downward accelerated motion if a > g
are set into vibration in the same direction at the the pendulum turns upside and oscillates about the
same instant with same phase, again they will be in
same phase after the shorter pendulum has L
highest point with time period T = 2π a − g .
completed n oscillations. To find the value of n
Ø
n Ts = ( n −1) TL and T α l If a simple pendulum of length 'L' suspended in a
car travelling with a constant speed around a circle
of radius 'r', Then its time period is
n T n l
∴ = L or = L T = 2π
L
n − 1 Ts n −1 lS 2
2 v 
2
L= longer, S=shorter g +  

Law of gravity  r 
Ø If a simple pendulum of length 'L' suspended in a
1
Ø Tα car moving horizontally with an acceleration 'a' then
g (when ‘l’ is constant) its time period is
Ø When a pendulum clock is taken from the earth to L
moon, the time period increases (as g is less on T = 2π
g + (a )2
2
moon). Hence it makes less number
of oscillations and looses time or moves slow. The equilibrium position is inclined to the vertical
Ø When a pendulum clock is taken from equator to −1  a
the poles, the time period decreases. Hence it makes by an angle ' θ' . where θ = tan  g 
 
more oscillations,gains time & moves fast. Ø If a simple pendulum of length L is suspended from
Ø If point of suspension of pendulum is having an ac- the ceiling of a car which is sliding without friction
celeration ‘a’w.r.t. ground, at an angle α with hori- on an inclined plane of inclination ' θ' . Then the time
zontal then time period of pendulum
L
l period of oscillation is given by T = 2π g cosθ
is T = 2π
( a cos α ) + ( g + a sin α )
2 2
Ø The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum of
constant length is independent of the size, shape,
mass and material of the bob provided it is not made
of a very light substance like cork.
Ø l - T2 graph of a simple pendulum is straight line
passing through origin.
Ø l -T graph of a simple pendulum is parabola.
y
l - T graph

'α ' is +ve if it is above horizontal l - T2 graph

'α ' is -ve if it is below horizontal
Ø When the elevator is going up with an acceleration x
‘a’, or coming down with retardation ‘a’ ,then its l
Ø The co-ordinates of point of intersection of l - T
L and l - T2 graphs are (25cm, 1second) on earth.
time period is given by T = 2π g + a and frequency Ø A simple pendulum fitted with a metallic bob of
density ‘ds ’ has a time period T. When it is made
1 g+a to oscillate in a liquid of density ‘dl ’, then its time
f =
2π L period increases.
Ø When the elevator is moving down with an
l l
acceleration ‘a’, or going up with retardation ‘a’ T = 2π = 2π
( a < g ) , then its time period is given by  d   1 
g 1− l  g 1 − 
g−a
T = 2π
L
g − a
and frequency f =
1
 ds   drel 
2π L

17
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

Seconds Pendulum : W.E-47: In the diagram shown find the time pe-
The simple pendulum whose time period is equal riod of pendulum for small oscillations
to2 seconds is called seconds pendulum.
g
Ø Length of seconds pendulum is l = θ
π2
Ø For given time period l α g Sol :-
Ø A seconds pendulum is taken from a place where α
acceleration due to gravity is g1 to a place where
acceleration due to gravity is g 2 . To keep correct mg sin θ sin α mg sin θ
time The length should be decreased by θ
g1 − g2 For smaller values of α , sinα ≈ α
( if g1 > g 2 ) The length should be
π2 y
F ; − ( mg sinθ ) α ⇒ma = −( mg sinθ )
g 2 − g1 l
increased by ( if g 2 > g1 )  g sinθ 
π2 a = −  y = −ω y
2

Ø Due to small change in the value of g, the error in  l 

the time shown by a pendulum clock during t g sinθ l
ω= ⇒ T = 2π g sin θ
1 ∆g l
seconds = − ×t W.E-48: The trolley car having simple pendulum
2 g
decelerated by friction. In consequence, the
Ø Due to small change in the length of pendulum of
pendulum clock, error in the time shown by it during pendulum has time period T . If T o is time
period of the simple pendulum in the absence
1 ∆ l
t seconds = × t of any acceleration of the trolley car, the value
2 l T
Ø When a hole is drilled along the diameter of the of T is ---
o
earth and if a body is dropped in it, it moves to and
l l
fro about the centre of the earth and is in SHM Sol : T = 2 π T = 2π
2 ; a = µg ,
with a time period of a +g
2
g µ2 +1

R 3π T = To
1
⇒
T
=
1
T = 2π ; 84.6min (or ) T = 1
µ +1 To
(µ + 1) 4
2
g GD 2

D = Meandensityoftheearth. W.E-49:A simple pendulum has time period 'T 1' .

The point of suspension is now moved
G = Gravitational constant.
upwards according to the relation y = kt 2, (k =
W.E-46: Two pendulums of lengths 1.69 m and 1.44 1m/sec2) where y is the vertical displacement .
m start swinging together. After how many The time period now becomes ' T2' , then find
vibrations will they again start swinging
together? T12
the ratio of 2 T2
n lL
Sol:- n − 1 = l Sol: y = kt2 = 1/2 at2 ⇒ 1 a = k = 1
S 2
⇒a = 2m/sec2 ( acceleration )
n 1.69 1.3 13
= = = ⇒ n = 13
n −1 1.44 1.2 12 l l
T1 = 2π and T2 = 2π
So they swing together after the shorter pendulum g g+a
completes 13 oscillations or longer pendulum T12 g + a 10 + 2 6
completes 12 oscillations. = = =
T22 g 10 5
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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS
W.E-50:A simple pendulum 4 m long swing with time period of oscillation of compound pendulum is
an amplitude of 0.2 m. What is its acceleration I
at the ends of its path? T = 2π
Mgd
Sol: T = mg cosθ \ Fnet = mg sinq and acceleration
‘I’is moment of inertia about axis of rotation
( 0.2 ) = 0.5
a = gsin θ = ( 10) m/s2 ‘M’is mass of physical pendulum
4 ‘d’ is perpendicular distance from axis of rotation
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| to centre of gravity of pendulum. From Parallel
Axis Theorem
θ T
I = I G + Md 2 ⇒ I = MK 2 + Md 2
θ θ
where K is radius of gyration of the body.
s in mg cos θ
mg
mg MK 2 + Md 2
Angular SHM - Torsional Pendulum ⇒ T = 2π
Mgd
On rotating a body from its position of equilibrium,
a restoring torque proportional to the angle of
rotation comes into play, the body executes angular  K2 
 +
d 
d
( or rotational ) SHM
⇒ T = 2π 
l
= 2π effective
wire g g

disc  K2 
where,  d + 
 d  is also called the effective length
θ
of the compound pendulum.
Time period of oscillation of torsional pendulum is W.E-51: A uniform rod of mass ‘m’ and length ‘ l ’
I is hinged at one end ‘A’. It can rotate freely
T = 2π where C is called torsional constant. about a horizontal axis passing through ‘A’.
C
‘I’ is the moment of inertia of the body If it is given a slight angular displacement and
Ø A typical torsional pendulum is a disc suspended left to itself then it oscillate. Find the time
by a wire attached to the centre of mass of the disc. period of small oscillations.
When the disc is rotated, the wire gets twisted and A
a restoring torque is produced in it. The disc,
therefore, executes angular oscillations on being
released.
Physical Pendulum (or) Compound
Pendulum:

P 2
Sol : here I = ml , d=l ( distance from COM
θ 3 2
d to point of suspension )

I ml 2
T = 2π = 2π 2l
mgd l = 2π
d sin θ 3mg 3g
N G 2
θ 2l
Note: Equivalent length of simple pendulum leq =
Mg 3

19
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

W.E-52: A uniform ring of radius ‘R’ is suspended

from a horizontal nail ‘A’ as shown. Find time

displacement
period of its small oscillations.
A
time

I Ø In these oscillations the frequency of the oscillations

Sol : here I = 2mR 2 , d = R , T = 2π
mgd decreases i.e. ?' = ?02 - γ 2

2mR2 2π
Time period of the oscillator T = ω 2 − γ 2 , this
2R
T = 2π = 2π Ø
mgR g 0

Damped simple harmonic oscillations, is greater than the time period of the harmonic
Forced oscillations and resonance 2π
Free oscillation: oscillator T0 = ω
Ø The oscillations of a body with fundamental 0

frequency under the influence of restoring force are Ø The body undergoing damped oscillation is known
defined as free oscillations. as damped harmonic oscillator.
Ø The amplitude, frequency and energy of oscillations Ø Due to decrease in amplitude, the energy of the
remain constant. oscillator also goes on decreasing exponentially,
Ø The frequency of oscillations of the body depends
upon its nature and structure, hence it is known as 1 2 −bt / m
the natural frequency of the body. EK = EK0 e −2γ t = Kxme
Ø The oscillator which keeps on oscillating with 2
constant amplitude for infinite time is known as free Relaxation time for velocity (τ v ) : The time
oscillator.
Ø The quality factor and the relaxation time of these interval, during which the velocity of harmonic
oscillations are infinity. oscillator reduces to 1/e of its initial velocity, is
Damped oscillations:
Ø The oscillations of a body whose amplitude goes defined as relaxation time of velocity ( t v ) .
on decreasing with time are defined as damped V = V0e−γ t
oscillations.
Ø If ‘v’ be the velocity of the oscillator then damping 2m V
when t = τ v = thenV = 0
force Fd = −bv where ‘b’ is damping constant. b e
Ø
Relaxation time for amplitude (τ A ) :
The resulting force acting on damped harmonic
oscillator is F = Frestoring + Fdamping = −Kx − bv
2m x
d 2 x b dx K when t = τ A = then A = m
ma = − Kx − bv ⇒ + + x=0 b e
dt 2 m dt m
Ø Differential equation of damped harmonic oscillator Relaxation time for energy (τ E ) :
d2 x dx b K
is 2 + 2γ +ω02 x = 0 where 2γ = , ω0 =
2
m EK
dt dt m m when t = τ E = then EK = 0
Ø Solution to above differential equation is b e
x = A cos ( ω ' t + φ ) = xme −γ t cos (ω ' t + φ ) τ
τ A = τ v = 2τ E (or) τ E = A i.e. the relaxation time
Ø In these oscillations the amplitude of oscillations 2
decreases exponentially due to damping force like for energy is half of that for amplitude.
frictional force, viscous force, hysteresis etc. Ø Quality Factor
b
A = xme −γ t where γ = . Q = 2π ×
averageenergystored
2m = ω0τ
energylossinonecycle
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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III
Forced oscillations :
Ø The oscillations in which a body oscillates under
the influence of an external periodic force (driver)
are known as forced oscillations.
Ø The amplitude of oscillator decreases due to
damping forces but on account of the energy gained
from the external source (driver) it remains constant.
Ø The resultant force acting on the oscillator
F = Fdamping + Frestoring + Fexternal
OSCILLATIONS
Ø The term sharpness of resonance means the rate of
fall in amplitude with change in frequency of external
periodic force on either side of resonant frequency.
Ø Smaller is the damping, sharper is the resonance or
larger is the damping flatter is the resonance.
No damping

Amplitude
Low damping
⇒ F = −bv − Kx + Fm cos ωd t (sharp resonance)
where ωd is frequency of driven(external) periodic
force
Ø Differential equation of the oscillator
High damping
d 2x dx (flat resonance)
2
+ 2γ + ω02 x = Fm cos ω d t
dt dt frequence of external source
b K
where 2γ = and ω0 =
2

m m Amplitude resonance:
Ø Solution to above differential equation
Fm m
x = A sin ( ωd t + φ ) with amplitude A=
The amplitude
(ω − ωd2 ) + 4γ 2ωd of
2 2 2
o
Fm m
A=
forced oscillator becomes maximum when
 bω 
2

(ω 2
o −ω d)
2 2
+ d 
 m  (ω 2
o − ωd2 ) + 4γ 2ωd 2 is minimum.
2

Thus dω  (ωo − ωd ) + 4γ ωd  = 0
Fm m d  2 2 2 2
A=
2

or
(ω − ωd2 ) + 4γ 2ωd
2 2 2 d
o
⇒ 2 (ωo2 − ωd2 ) (−2ω d ) + 4γ 2 ( 2ωd ) = 0
b −1  bωd / m 
where = 2γ and phase φ = tan  2 2 
m  ωo − ωd  ⇒ ωo2 − ωd2 = 2γ 2 ⇒ ωd = ωo2 − 2γ 2
Ø In these oscillations, the amplitude and energy Velocity (or energy) at resonance:
remains constant with respect to time. But the
dx
⇒ V = Aωd cos (ωd t + φ )
V=
magnitude of amplitude depends upon the velocity
frequency of external force. dt
Resonance: maximum velocity Vo = Aωd
Ø When the frequency of external periodic force
(driver) is equal to the natural frequency of the Fmωd
⇒ Vo =
m ( ωo2 −ωd2 ) + 4ωd2γ 2
oscillator (driven), then the amplitude increases to 2
maximum value. This phenomenon is known as
resonance.
Ø Fm
In resonance, maximum energy will transfer from Vo =
2
the driver to the driven. Hence the amplitude of  ω2 − ωd2 
 + 4γ
2
motion becomes maximum. m  o
 ωd 
Ø In resonance the frequency of the driver ( ωd ) is
this becomes maximum when denominator is
known as the resonant frequency. minimum. i.e.,
Ø The time period of oscillator, in resonance is 2
2π 2π  ωo2 − ω d2 
 = 0 ⇒ ω o − ω d = 0 ⇒ ωo = ωd
m

2 2
T= = = 2π
ωd ω0 K
.  ωd 

21
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

W.E-53: The amplitude of a damped oscillator 1

−bt1 / 2
1 1 
decreases to 0.9 times its original value in 5s. = KA2 e m
=  KA2 
In another 10s it will decreases to α times its 2 2 2 
original magnitude, where α is −bt1/2
1 m m
[JEE (main)2013] e m
= ⇒ t1/2 = ln ( 2 ) × = 0.693 ×
2 b b
Sol: A = A0 e − bt /2 m after 5sec 0.9 = e −5b /2 m 0.2
t1/2 = 0.693 × = 3.46 s
After 10 more sec (i.e., t = 15 sec) its amplitude 0.04
becomes α A0 . W.E-56: If a simple pendulum has significant
Hence, α A0 = A0e− b(15)/ 2 m = A0e −15b/ 2 m 1
amplitude (up to a factor of of original) only
e
( )
or α = e−15b/ 2m = e−5b /2 m = ( 0.9 ) = 0.729.
3 3
in the period between t = 0 sec to t = τ sec,
then τ may be called the average life of
W.E-54: A mass of 2kg oscillates on a spring with
force constant 50 N/m. By what factor does pendulum. when the spherical bob of the
the frequency of oscillation decrease when a pendulum suffers a retardation (due to viscous
damping force with constant b = 12 is intro- drag) proportional to its velocity, with ‘b’ as
duced ? the constant of proportionality, the average life
2 time of the pendulum is (assuming damping
50 2  b 
Sol :ωo = = 5Hz , ω = ωo −  = 5 − 3 = 4Hz so 2 2
is small) in seconds: (AIEEE 2012)
2  2m 
‘ ω ’ reduces by 1Hz or 20% Sol:
W.E-55: In damped oscillatory motion a block of
mass 20kg is suspended to a spring of force
constant 90N/m in a medium and damping con-
stant is 40g/s. Find (a) time period of oscilla- θ l
tion (b) time taken for amplitude of oscilla- mbv
tion to drop to half of its initial value (c) time
taken for its mechanical energy to drop to half
of its initial value.
Sol:- Mass m = 200g = 0.2 kg, Force constant K = 90 N/m v θ
damping constant b = 40g/s = 0.04 kg/s mg sin θ mg cos θ
mg
Km = 90 × 0.2 = 18 kg / s , b << Km . Retarding force = mbv When angular displacement
a) time period of the pendulum is θ , net restoring torque
m 0.2 = −mgl sinθ + mbvl If I is the moment of inertial of
T = 2π = 2π = 0.3 s
K 90 the pendulum about the point of suspension, then
− bt / 2 m I α = −mgl sin θ + mbvl Where α = ang. acc.
b) amplitude A = A0 e Let amplitude is
Now, as I = ml 2 , ml 2α = −mgl sinθ + mbvl
dropped to half of its initial value after the time T1/2 .
− bT1/2 − b T1 / 2 d 2θ g bv
A0 1 ∴α= = − sin θ +
A0e 2m
= ; e 2m
= dt l l
2 2 For small damping, the solution of the above
Take natural logarithm on both sides differential equation will be:
−b (T1/2 ) 1 ln ( 2 ) θ = θ 0e −bt /2
sin ( ωt + φ )
= ln   ⇒ T1/2 =
2m 2 b / 2m −bt /2
∴ Angular amplitude = θ0e
= 2.302 × 0.3010 × 2m / b
According to question, in time τ (average life time)
2m 2 × 0.2
T1/2 = 0.693 × = 0.693 × = 6.93 s angular amplitude reduces to (1/e) the value of the
b 0.04 original value
c) Let the energy is dropped to half of its initial θ0 bt 2
value after a time t1/2 . ∴ = θ 0e − bt /2 ; = 1 or t =
e 2 b
1 1
Initial energy E0 = KA ;At time t1/2 , energy = E0
2

2 2
22
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS

Composition of Two SHM’s of Equal W.E-57: Two simple harmonic motions

Frequency in Mutually y1 = A sin ( ωt ) and y2 = A cos ( ωt ) are
Perpendicular Directions: superimposed on a particle of mass m. Find
Let the two SHM’s be the total mechanical energy of the particle.
x Sol : Phase difference between the two SHMs is 900 Therefore
(i) x = a sin wt Þ = sin wt
a , resultant amplitude is

(ii) y = b sin (wt + f ) Þ = sin (wt + f)

y
A 2A
b
y
sin wt cos f + cos wt sin f =
b

x x2 y
cos f + 1 - 2 sin f =
a a b
A
x2 æy x ö
1- 2 sin f = çç - cos f ÷÷
ç
èb a ø÷ 1
mw2 AR2
a
AR = 2 A , TE =
Squaring on both sides 2
æ x 2 ö÷ 2
çç1- ÷ sin f = y + x cos 2 f - 2xy cos f ( )
2 2
1 2
m w2 2 A = mw 2 A2
çè a 2 ø÷÷
=
b 2 a2 ab 2
W.E-58: The speed v of a particle moving along x-
æ x 2 y 2 2 xy ö
\ çç 2 + 2 - cos f÷÷÷ = sin 2 f axis is given by v 2 = 8bx − x2 − 12b2 , where ‘b’
çè a b ab ø÷ is a constant. Find amplitude, maximum ve-
This is the equation representing resultant SHM. locity and time period of oscillation.
The path traversed by the particle, depends on the Sol : Given equation is v 2 = 8bx − x2 − 12b2 differenti-
values of a, b & φ dv
ating w.r.t time ‘t’ 2v = 8bv − 2 xv
dt
Condition Resultant SHM Shape a = 4b − x
so motion of particle is SHM with its mean position
a = b, at x = 4b , at extreme position v = 0
φ = 0°, Straight line y = ± x
180° ∴ x2 − 8bx + 12b2 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 6b )( x − 2b ) = 0
x1 = 2b, x2 = 6b are ‘x’ coordinate of extreme
position.
φ = 190° Circle x 2 + y2 = a2
So amplitude is A = 4b − 2b = 2b units
In this problem v is maximum at x = 4b
a ≠ b, Straight line
φ = 0° b ∴vmax
2
= 8b ( 4b) −16b 2 −12b 2 = 4b 2
or 180° y=± x
a v max = 2 b units
2 2
a ≠b Ellipse x 2 + y2 = 1 but vmax = Aω ⇒ 2b = 2bω ⇒ ω = 1
φ = 90° a b
Time period of oscillation T = 2π sec.

23
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

W.E-59: A small block is connected to a mass less y

rod, which in turn is attached to a spring of extension of spring will be . The extra
2
force constant k as shown in Fig. The block is
displaced down slightly, and left free. Find time Ky
force developed in the spring is . If T
period of small oscillations. 2
a
be the tension in the string, then
b
Ky Ky
k m 2T = or T=
2 4
The restoring force on the block
aθ − Ky
Frest = −T =
θ
and
4
k
Frest K
F = k(aθ )
m a= = (− y )
m 4m
As force is proportional to the displacement from
Sol: Let angular displacement of the block is θ , then mean position, so it represents SHM. Comparing
extension of the spring will be ‘aθ ’. If F is the with standard equation of SHM, a = −ω 2 y , we
force in spring, then restoring
K 2π 4m
torque, τ rest = −Fa = − K ( aθ ) × a get ω = and time period T = = 2π
4m ω K
τ rest Ka 2
[QF = Kx = Kaθ ] and α = I
=
I
( −θ )
NOTE: The expression T = 2π
4m
can be written
k
Now comparing with α = −ω 2θ , we get
m k
ω=
Ka2
and T = 2π
I as T = 2π k , where keff = . The given device
I Ka2 eff 4
is equivalent to a block of mass m connected to a
mb2 b m
Here I = mb 2 ∴ T = 2π = 2π spring of force constant keff .
Ka2 a K
W.E-60: In figure the spring has a force constant W.E-61: In the figure the spring has a force con-
k. The pulley is light and smooth, the spring stant k. the pulley is light and smooth.The
and string are light. The suspended block has spring and string are light.The suspended
a mass m kg. If the block is slightly displaced block has a mass m kg. If the block is displaced
vertically down from its equilibrium position down slightly and released, find the time pe-
and released, find the period of its vertical os- riod of oscillations.
cillations.
ky/2

k k
k
T T
T
T
T
m
T T
T

m m
Sol: Let the block is displaced down a small displace-
ment ‘y’. The corresponding
24
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III OSCILLATIONS
Sol :Let block is displaced down by ‘y’. The corre
K1 K2
sponding extension of the spring will be 2y, as string ' ×'
is inextensible. The extra force developed in the KK 4 4
K= ' =1 2
=
K1 K 2
K1 + K2
+ 2 4 ( K1 + K2 )
'
spring is 2ky. If T is the tension in the string, then T K1 K
= 2Ky The restoring force on the block 4 4
Frest = 2T = −2 ( 2Ky ) = −4Ky and the accelera-
The time period of equivalent system is
Frest 4 K
tion of the block a = = ( − y ) As force m m 4 m ( k1 + k2 )
m m T = 2π = 2π = 2π
k k1k2 k1 k2
acting on block is proportional to the displace-
ment from mean position, so it will represent SHM. 4 ( k1 + k2 )
Comparing this with standard equation of SHM, W.E-63:In the device shown in Fig, the block m is
a = −ω 2 y , displaced down slightly and released. It starts
oscillating. Pulleys are smooth and massless,
4K 2π m
we get ω= and T = = 2π string and springs are also massless. Find time
m ω 4K period of oscillations.
m
NOTE:The expression T = 2π can be
4K
k1 k1
m
written as, T = 2π k = 4k .
keff , where eff
m k2
Thus the given device is equivalent to a block of k′2=
4
mass m connected to a spring of force constant keff .
W.E-62: A block of mass m is attached to one end k2 m
of a light inextensible string passing over a
smooth light pulley A and under another Sol: The given device is equivalent to a device shown in
smooth light pulley B as shown in Fig. The
figure. In this equivalent device, the spring k 2 is
other end of a string is fixed to a ceiling. A
and B are held by springs of force constant k1 replaced by a spring of force constant k 2, which is

and k 2 . Find time period of small oscillations k2

equal to . The equivalent force constant
of system. 4

k
k1 k1 × 2
k′1 k1k2' 4 = k1k 2
A k= =
k1 + k2 k + k 2 4k1 + k2
'

1
k′2 4
m
The time peirod of the oscillations of the block is
B m
given by
k2
 m 
 
m = 2π  k1k2  = 2π m ( 4 k1 + k2 )
Sol: The given system is equivalent to a system shown
K1 K T = 2π
in fig Here K1 =
'
and K 2 = 2 The equivalent
'
k  4k1 + k2  k1k 2
4 4  
 
force constant

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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
 OSCILLATIONS JEE MAINS - C.W - VOL - III
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- II

W.E-64:In the system shown in Fig, a disc pivoted P

at its centre has a spring attached at a distance
‘a’ from centre and a mass ‘m’ that can rotate R
the disc. For small angular displacement d
calculate the frequency of oscillation 2R
π

CO
M
Unstretched equilibrium
θ0 position
a θ 4 R2 R
at any time Sol : here d = R 2 + = π 2 + 4 I = 2mR 2
π 2
π

1 mgd 1 mgR π 2 + 4
f = =
2π I 2π π 2mR2

m 1 g π2+4
=
2π 2π R
Sol:-In the equilibrium position stretch of spring is W.E-66:Consider a semicircular shell of mass ‘m’
x0 = aθ 0 . Torque of spring force and weight balance and radius ‘r’ which rolls without slipping as
shown in Fig. Use the fact that maximum
each other, kinetic energy at mean position is equal to
i.e., Ka 2θ 0 = mgr ............ (i) maximum potential energy at extreme position
and find out the frequency of oscillation.
In a slightly displaced position equations of motion
O
are mg − T = ma = mrα ..... (ii)
r a
and Tr − Ka (θ 0 + θ ) = I α ...... (iii)
2
CG

Substituting the value of T from Eqn. (ii) into Eqn.

(iii), we get Sol:According to problem, shell is in pure rolling,
contact point A can be considered to be the
m ( g − rα ) r − Ka2 (θ 0 + θ ) = I α instantaneous centre of rotation.
1
α = −
ka 2
θ
( KE ) max = I Aω 2
( I + mr 2 )
or 2
where I A = ICG + m ( r − a )
2

Comparing above Eqn. with necessary condition

= I 0 − ma 2 + m ( r − a )
2
of SHM, i.e.,

Ka2 = 2mr ( r − a )
α = −ω θ 2 ; ω=
I + mr 2 ( PE ) max = mga (1 − cos θ ) Since
and f =
1 Ka 2 ( KE) max  = ( PE)max 
2π I + mr 2 meanposition extremeposition

mr ( r − a) ω2 = mga (1− cosθ )

W.E-65: A semicircular rigid wire of radius of
curvature ‘R’ is smoothly pivoted at ‘P’. Find ga (1 − cos θ )
the frequency of small oscillations of the wire and ω = r (r − a)
under gravity

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NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY