Vib 1

CH.
1 Fundamentals of Vibration
진동 강체서 변형체
1.2 Brief History of Vibration
M
Dynamics solid
Mechanics
I 진동 Deformable bodyt Motion
fr Energy
정적동적평형상태를 기준으로반복
Aytonequilibriumstate
爬幽
2 진동의 3요소
Mass KE Storage
Energy Storage element
Spring PE Storage
Energy dissipating element Demper
3 주요 용어
K m TY 췼 동적평형상태
쑩籠팖쉾삷떍씨
lf
iii
frequency
Ti 주기 Period
주황 f 주파수 劒 TEE
二
If 거리
r
fu
부표 각도 l
CH.1 Fundamentals of Vibration
1.3 Importance of the Study of Vibration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XggxeuFDaDU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyw4AcZuj5k
1.4 Basic Concepts of Vibration

• Single degree of freedom systems
자유도
표현할때 필요한최소한의 독립적인좌표의개수
1.4 Basic Concepts of Vibration – Degree of Freedom
• Two degree of freedom systems
• Three degree of
freedom systems
1.4 Basic Concepts of Vibration – Discrete & Continuous Systems
• Discrete and Continuous Systems

mCK
1.5 Classification of Vibration
• Free Vibration
m it c it k x 1
Only initial disturbances exist in the system
No external force acts on the system
Oscillation of a simple pendulum is an example
• Forced Vibration 강제진동

MK t it k x F t
External forces act on the system
Oscillation of a diesel engine is an example
Resonance occurs when the forcing frequency coincides
one of the natural frequencies of the system
• Undamped Vibration
No energy is lost or dissipated during oscillation

Physically not possible, but when the damping effect
is small, this assumption is quite acceptable except
at near resonance frequencies of the system
• Damped Vibration
Energy is lost or dissipated during oscillation
In all physical systems, damping exists albeit small
Highly important at near resonance frequencies of
the system
• Linear Vibration
All the basic components (mass, spring, damper) behave

linearly
Resulting dynamic behavior obeys superposition principle
x • Nonlinear Vibration
All the basic components (mass, spring, damper) behave

non-linearly.
Resulting dynamic behavior does not obey superposition
principle
In general, iterative method is used to solve the dynamic
system
• Deterministic Vibration
The nature of the excitation on a system is known in priori
Resulting dynamic behavior can be expected
Examples are unbalance motion of a rotating system,
periodic motion of a vibration system
• Random Vibration
The nature of the excitation on a system is not known in priori
A large collection of records of the excitation may exhibit
some statistical regularity
Examples are wind velocity, road roughness, and ground
motion during earthquakes
1.6 Vibration Analysis Procedure
1. Mathematical Modeling
2. Derivation of Governing Equations

3. Solution of the Governing Equations
4. Interpretation of the Results
1.7 Spring Elements
• A linear spring is a type of mechanical link generally assumed

to have mass and damping
• A force is developed in the spring whenever there is relative
motion between the two ends of the spring
• Spring Force – Displacement Relationship
F = kx (1.1)
t
Ksc 2 K
Spring constant or spring stiffness
• Work done by a spring element

1 2
U= kx (1.2)
2
1.7 Spring Elements
• Linearization by Taylor series expansion

Static Equilibrium position
F + ΔF = F ( x∗ + Δx) if 0 Maclaurin Series

∗ dF 1 d 2F
= F (x ) + (Δx) + 2
(Δx) 2 + .... (1.3)
dx x ∗ 2! dx x∗
1.7 Spring Elements
Static Equilibrium position
∗ dF
F + ΔF = F ( x ) + ( Δx ) (1.4)
dx x∗
ΔF = k Δx (1.5)
dF
k=
dx x*
1.7 Spring Elements
Static deflection of the r 3

힘
Wl
beam at the free end δ st = (1.6)
3EI
K구하는 법
W 3EI 재료역학
k= = (1.7)
0 δ st l3
1.7 Spring Elements k i

• Combination of Springs W = k1δ st + k2δ st (1.8)
W = keqδ st (1.9)
keq = k1 + k2 (1.10)
keq = k1 + k2 + L + kn (1.11)
병렬 δ st = δ1 + δ 2병렬 KetKitkat tkn (1.12)

직렬i
W = k1δ1
&
titi
W = keqδ st (1.14)
W = k2δ 2
keqδ st keqδ st
k1δ1 = k2δ 2 = keqδ st + = δ st
k1 k2
keqδ st keqδ st
δ1 = , δ2 = (1.15) 1 1 1
k1 k2 = + (1.16)
keq k1 k2
직렬 1 1 1 1
= + +L+ (1.17)
keq k1 k2 kn
1.7 Spring Elements

• Example 1.2
Figure 1.24 shows the suspension

system of a freight truck with a parallel-
spring arrangement. Find the equivalent
spring constant of the suspension if
each of the three helical springs is made
of steel with a shear modulus G=80*109
N/m2 and has five effective turns, mean
coil diameter D=20 cm, and wire
diameter d=2 cm.
See inside front cover of
d G (0.02) (80 ×10 )
4 4 9
the formula
k= 3
= 3
= 40, 000.0 N / m
8D n 8(0.2) (5)
keq = 3k = 3(40, 000.0) = 120, 000.0 N / m

1.8 Mass or Inertia Elements

• A mass or inertia element is assumed to be a rigid body
• It can gain or lose kinetic energy whenever the velocity of the
body changes
Example of a
mdof system

• Combination of Masses
Case 1: Translational Masses Connected by a Rigid Bar
l2 l3
x&2 = x&1 , x&3 = x&1 (1.18)
l1 l1
Kinematic Relations
x& = x& (1.19)

met 위치의 영향을 받음 eq 1
K E의 총량은 일정해야됨
Equating 1 1 1 1
m1 x&12 + m2 x& 22 + m3 x& 32 = meq x& eq
2
(1.20)
Kinetic Energy 2 2 2 2
2 2
From ⎛l ⎞ ⎛l ⎞
meq = m1 + ⎜ 2 ⎟ m2 + ⎜ 3 ⎟ m3 (1.21)
Eqs. (1.18)~(1.20)
⎝ l1 ⎠ ⎝ l1 ⎠

• Combination of Masses
Case 2: Translational and Rotational Masses Coupled Together
Kinetic Energy
1. Equivalent translational mass
1 1
T= m x& 2 + J 0θ& 2 (1.22)
2 2
1
Teq = meq x& eq
2
(1.23)
2
where x&eq = x&, θ& = x& R
i R 접선속도
2
1 1 1 ⎛ x& ⎞
Equating meq x& 2 = m x& 2 + J 0 ⎜ ⎟ (*)
Kinetic Energy 2 2 2 ⎝R⎠
From Eq. (*) and J0

meq = m + (1.24)
Eqs. (1.22)~(1.23) R2

• Example 1.6
Find the equivalent mass of the system gong it 샢뚫축정리
shown in Fig. 1.31, where the rigid link 1 2C rp

is attached to the pulley and rotates E Vpicp
with it.
1 1 1 1 1 1
Kinetic Energy T= m x& 2 + J pθ&p2 + J1θ&12 + m2 x&22 + J cθ&c2 + mc x&22 ( E.1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
rotation translation
θ p = θ1 = x rp 2 2 2
1 1 ⎛ x& ⎞ 1 ⎛ m1l12 ⎞ ⎛ x& ⎞ 1 ⎛ x& l1 ⎞
T = m x& 2 + J p ⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + m2 ⎜ ⎟
x 2 = θ p l1 = xl1 r p 2 2 ⎜⎝ rp 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ rp 2 ⎜⎝ rp ⎟⎠
⎠ ⎠
θ c = x 2 rc = xl1 rp rc 2
1 ⎛ m2 rc2 ⎞ ⎛ x& l1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ x& l1 ⎞
2
+ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + mc ⎜ ⎟ ( E.2)
Jc = m r c c
2
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ rp rc ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ rp ⎟⎠
1
J 1 = m1 r12 3 T= meq x& 2 ( E.3)
2
Equating Jp
1 m1l12 m2l12 1 mc l12 l12
meq = m + 2 + + 2 + + mc 2 ( E.4)
Kinetic Energy rp 3 rp2 rp 2 rp2 rp
Meq문제 풀어보기
1.9 Damping Elements

• In practical systems, the vibrational energy is converted to heat
or sound; this mechanism is called damping
• A damper is assumed to have neither mass nor elasticity, and
• Damping force exists only if there is relative velocity between the
two ends of the damper
• Types of damping
Viscous Damping
– Damping force is proportional to the velocity of the vibrating body
- Examples:
1) fluid film between sliding surfaces
2) fluid flow around a piston in a cylinder
3) fluid flow through an orifice
4) fluid film around a journal in a bearing

• Types of damping (cont.)
Coulomb or Dry Friction Damping
– Damping force is constant in magnitude but opposite in direction
to that of the motion of the vibrating body
- It is caused by friction between rubbing surfaces that are either
dry or have insufficient lubrication
Material or Solid or Hysteretic Damping
– Energy is absorbed and dissipated
by material if deformed
- The area of the hysteresis loop
denotes the energy lost per unit
volume of the body per cycle
due to damping
1.9 Damping Elements Newton’s Law of

Viscous Flow
• Construction of Viscous Dampers
du
τ =μ (1.26)
dy
du dy = v h
山
µ 可 A μ Av
F =τ A = 쁣
ff
= cv (1.27)
h
Damping constant μA
c= (1.28)
for a linear damper h
dF
For a nonlinear damper c= (1.29)
dv v∗

• Example 1.8
A bearing, which can be approximated as two

flat plates separated by a thin film of lubricant
(Fig. 1.35), is found to offer a resistance of
400 N when SAE30 oil is used as the lubricant
and the relative velocity between the plates is
10 m/s. If the area of the plates (A) is 0.1 m2,
determine the clearance between the plates.
Assume the absolute viscosity of SAE30 oil is
as 0.3445 Pa-s.
mere
Damping constant F 400
Eh
쓻
of a linear damper
c=
v
=
10
= 40 N ⋅ s / m ( E.1) ii
Damping constant model c=
μA
( E.2) Emit
for a flat-plate type damper h F TA
Numerical Evaluation c = 40 =
(0.3445)(0.1) ME ( E.3)
or h = 0.86125 mm
A
h
1.10 Harmonic Motion

• Oscillatory motion may repeat itself regularly
• Periodic motion: motion is repeated after equal intervals of time
• Harmonic motion: the simplest type of periodic motion
sincos
x = A sin θ = A sin ωt (1.30)
dx
= ω A cos ωt (1.31)
dt
d 2x
2
= −ω 2
A sin ω t = −ω 2
x (1.32)
dt
복소수삼각함수급수
형태변환
가능해야함
The projection of the tip of

r
the vector O P on the vertical axis
x = A cos ωt (1.34)
The projection of the tip of

r
the vector O P on the horizontal axis
y = A sin ωt (1.33)
Complex number
r
X = a + ib (1.35)
r
X = A cos θ + iA sin θ (1.36)
where
A = (a 2 + b 2 )1/ 2 (1.37)
b
θ = tan −1 (1.38)
a
Maclaurin seriesθ 2 θ4 ( iθ ) 2 ( iθ ) 4
cos θ = 1 − + −L = 1+ + +L (1.39)
2! 4! 2! 4!
Series Expansion
⎡ θ3 θ5 ⎤ ( iθ ) 3 ( iθ ) 5
i sin θ = i ⎢θ − + − L ⎥ = iθ + + + L (1.40)
⎣ 3! 5! ⎦ 3! 5!
(iθ ) 2 (iθ )3
(cos θ + i sin θ ) = 1 + iθ + + + L = eiθ (1.41)
2! 3!
(iθ ) 2 (iθ )3
et cosOtisinA (cos θ − i sin θ ) = 1 − iθ + − + L = e −iθ (1.42)
2! 3!
r
X = A(cos θ + i sin θ ) = Aeiθ (1.43)

Complex number
• Complex Algebra
z = a + ib (1.44)
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 = A1eiθ 1 (1.45)
z2 = a2 + ib2 = A2 eiθ2 (1.46)
where
Aj = a 2j + b 2j ; j = 1, 2 (1.47)
⎛ bj ⎞
θ j = tan ⎜−1
⎟⎟ ; j = 1, 2 (1.48)
⎜a
⎝ j ⎠
z1 + z2 = A1eiθ1 + A2 eiθ2 = (a1 + ib1 ) + (a2 + ib2 )
Sum &
= (a1 + a2 ) + i (b1 + b2 ) (1.49)
Difference
z1 − z2 = A1eiθ1 − A2 eiθ2 = (a1 + ib1 ) − (a2 + ib2 )
= (a1 − a2 ) + i (b1 − b2 ) (1.50)

• Operations on Harmonic Functions Rotating Vector
r
X = Aeiωt (1.51)
r
dX d r
= ( Ae ) = iω Ae = iω X
iωt iωt
(1.52)
dt dt
r
2
d X d r
2
= ( iω Ae ) = −ω Ae = −ω X
iωt 2 iωt 2
(1.53)
dt dt
displacement = Re ⎡⎣ Aeiωt ⎤⎦ = A cos ωt (1.54)
velocity = Re ⎡⎣iω Aeiωt ⎤⎦ = −ω A sin ωt
= ω A cos(ωt + 90°) (1.55)
acceleration = Re ⎡⎣ −ω 2 Aeiωt ⎤⎦ = −ω 2 A cos ωt
= ω 2 A cos(ωt + 180°) (1.56)

• Operations on Harmonic Functions
displacement = Re ⎡⎣ Aeiωt ⎤⎦ = A cos ωt (1.54)
velocity = Re ⎡⎣iω Aeiωt ⎤⎦ = −ω A sin ωt

= ω A cos(ωt + 90°) (1.55)
acceleration = Re ⎡⎣ −ω 2 Aeiωt ⎤⎦ = −ω 2 A cos ωt
= ω 2 A cos(ωt + 180°) (1.56)

• Operations on Harmonic Functions
A = ( A1 + A2 cos θ ) 2 + ( A2 sin θ ) 2 (1.57)

⎛ A2 sin θ ⎞
α = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ (1.58)
A
⎝ 1 + A 2 cos θ ⎠

• Example 1.11
Find the sum of the two harmonic motions x1(t)=10cosωt & x2(t)=15cos(ωt +2)
x1 (t ) = Re ⎡⎣ A1eiωt ⎤⎦ ≡ Re ⎡⎣10eiωt ⎤⎦
x2 (t ) = Re ⎡⎣ A2 ei (ωt + 2) ⎤⎦ ≡ Re ⎡⎣15ei (ωt + 2) ⎤⎦ ( E.7)
x(t ) = Re ⎡⎣ A ei (ωt +α ) ⎤⎦ ( E.8)
eiωt + e -iωt
x1 (t ) = 10
2
e i(ωt + 2 ) + e -i(ωt + 2 ) e i 2 eiωt + e -i 2 e -iωt
x2 (t ) = 15 ' = 15
2 2
x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t )
10 + 15e i 2 iωt 10 + 15e -i 2 -iωt
= e + e
2 2
10 + 15 cos(2) + 15i sin( 2) 10 + 15 cos(2) − 15i sin( 2)
x(t ) = (cos(ωt ) + i sin(ωt )) + (cos(ωt ) − i sin(ωt ))
2 2
= (10 + 15 cos(2)) cos(ωt ) − 15 sin( 2) sin(ωt ) = Re[ Aei (ωt +α ) ],
⎛ 15 sin( 2) ⎞
where A = (10 + 15 cos(2)) 2 + (15 sin( 2)) 2 = 14.1477, α = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 74.5963°
⎝ 10 + 15 cos( 2 ) ⎠

• Definitions and Terminology
Cycle – The movement of a vibrating body from its undisturbed or

equilibrium position to its extreme position in one direction, then to the
equilibrium position, then to its extreme position in the other direction, and
back to equilibrium position
Amplitude – The maximum displacement of vibrating body from its
equilibrium position
Period of oscillation – The time taken to complete one cycle of motion
2π
τ= (1.59)
ω
Frequency of oscillation – The number of cycles per unit time
1 ω
f = = O (1.60)
O τ 2π

Synchronous – Signals with the same frequency

x1 = A1 sin ωt (1.61)
x2 = A2 sin(ωt + φ ) (1.62)
Phase angle – Phase difference between two synchronous signals

위상차
0

고유진동수
Natural frequency – The frequency with which a system, after an initial
disturbance, oscillates without external forces; a vibratory system having n
degrees of freedom has, in general, n distinct natural frequencies of
vibration
맥놀이
Beats – A phenomenon resulted from the addition of two harmonic
motions with frequencies close to one another
x1 (t ) = X cos ωt (1.63)
Beatperiod x2 (t ) = X cos(ω + δ )t (1.64)
x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) = X [ cos ωt + cos(ω + δ )t ] (1.65)
⎛ A+ B ⎞ ⎛ A− B ⎞
cos A + cos B = 2 cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ (1.66)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
δt ⎛ δ⎞
x(t ) = 2 X cos cos ⎜ ω + ⎟ t (1.67)
2 ⎝ 2⎠
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9mXOygAQ-A
Amplitude

Octave band – The maximum value of a range of frequency is twice its

minimum value (fmax:fmin=2:1); e.g., 75-150 Hz, 150-300 Hz, and 300-600 Hz
Decibel – A ratio of powers, P/ P0, defined by
⎛P⎞
dB = 10 log ⎜ ⎟ (1.68)
⎝ P0 ⎠
P0: a reference value of power
2
⎛ X ⎞ ⎛ X ⎞
dB = 10 log ⎜ ⎟ = 20 log ⎜ ⎟ (1.69)
X
⎝ 0⎠ X
⎝ 0⎠
X0: a specified reference value
- for pressure it is 2*10-5 Pa
- for acceleration it is 9.82*10-6 m/s2
1.11 Harmonic Analysis

• Although harmonic motion is simplest to handle, the motion
of many vibratory systems is not harmonic; however, in many
조건
cases the vibrations are periodic. Any periodic function of time
can be represented by Fourier series as an infinite sum of sine
and cosine terms.

a0
x(t ) = + a1 cos ωt + a2 cos 2ωt + L
2
+b1 sin ωt + b2 sin 2ωt + L
a0 ∞
= + ∑ (an cos nωt + bn sin nωt ) (1.70)
2 n =1
ω 2π / ω 2 τ
T二卞 a0 = ∫
π 0
x(t )dt = ∫ x(t )dt
τ 0
(1.71)
ω 2π / ω 함수
주기
2 τ
an = ∫ x(t ) cos nωtdt = ∫ x(t ) cos nωtdt (1.72)
π 0 τ 0
ω 2π / ω 2 τ
bn = ∫ x(t ) sin nωtdt = ∫ x(t ) sin nωtdt (1.73)
π 0 τ 0
x(t ) = d 0 + d1 cos(ωt − φ1 ) + d 2 cos(2ωt − φ2 ) +L (1.74)
d 0 = a0 / 2 acoswttb.sinut (1.75)
d wtcos tsinwt.in
cos
0 d n = (an2 + bn2 )1/ 2 (1.76)
⎛ bn ⎞
φn = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ (1.77)
a
⎝ ⎠n

• Gibbs Phenomenon
When a periodic function is

represented by a Fourier series, an
anomalous behavior can be observed;
as the number if terms (n) increases, 0
the approximation can be seen to
improve everywhere except in the
vicinity of the discontinuity. The
deviation from the true wave form
becomes narrower but not any smaller
in amplitude.
1.12 Complex Fourier Series

• Fourier Series represented in terms of complex numbers
eiωt = cos ωt + i sin ωt (1.78)

oswttisinw e.int
e − iωt
= cos ωt − i sin ωt (1.79)
coswt isinwt
e iω t + e − iω t 사
cos ω t =
2
(1.80) CosWE e
學
sin ω t =
e iω t − e − iω t
(1.81)
sinwt Eitel
2i
a0 ∞ ⎧⎪ ⎛ einωt + e − inωt ⎞ ⎛ einωt − e − inωt ⎞ ⎫⎪

x(t ) = + ∑ ⎨an ⎜ ⎟ + bn ⎜ ⎟⎬
2 n =1 ⎪⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎪⎭
=e i (0)ωt
⎜ −
⎝ 2 2
⎟ + ∑ ⎨e ⎜ −
⎠ n =1 ⎩ ⎝ 2 2
i
⎛ a0 ib0 ⎞ ∞ ⎧ inωt ⎛ an ibn ⎞ −inωt ⎛ an ibn ⎞ ⎫
⎟+e
⎠
⎜ +
⎝ 2 2
⎟⎬
⎠⎭
(1.82)
I 삼각함수 복소수 지수transform

2 삼각함수주기함수 Fouriertransform
1.12 Complex Fourier Series
a n − ib n
cn = (1 .8 3)
Let 2
a + ib n
c− n = n (1 .8 4 )
2
∞
Then x (t ) = ∑
n = −∞
c n e inω t (1.85)
a n − ibn 1 τ
where, cn = = ∫ x (t ) [ cos nω t − i sin nω t ] dt
2 τ 0
1 τ
= ∫ x (t ) e − inω t dt (1.86)
τ 0
1.13 Frequency Spectrum
x(t ) = d 0 + d1 cos(ωt − φ1 ) + d 2 cos(2ωt − φ2 ) +L (1.74)

d 0 = a0 / 2 (1.75)
d n = (an2 + bn2 )1/ 2 (1.76)
⎛ bn ⎞
φn = tan ⎜ ⎟
−1
(1.77)
⎝ an ⎠
1.14 Time and Frequency Domain Representations
frequency domain
timedomain
time frequency
1.15 Even and Odd Functions
• Even Functions
x(−t ) = x(t ) (1.87)
a0 ∞
x(t ) = + ∑ an cos nωt (1.88)
2 n =1
• Odd Functions
x(−t ) = − x(t ) (1.89)

∞
x(t ) = ∑ bn sin nωt (1.90)
n =1

Vib 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vib 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH.

Energy dissipating element Demper

1.4 Basic Concepts of Vibration

1.4 Basic Concepts of Vibration – Degree of Freedom

• Two degree of freedom systems

1.4 Basic Concepts of Vibration – Discrete & Continuous Systems

• Discrete and Continuous Systems

1.5 Classification of Vibration

• Forced Vibration 강제진동

1.5 Classification of Vibration

No energy is lost or dissipated during oscillation

1.5 Classification of Vibration

All the basic components (mass, spring, damper) behave

All the basic components (mass, spring, damper) behave

1.5 Classification of Vibration

1.6 Vibration Analysis Procedure

2. Derivation of Governing Equations

1.7 Spring Elements

• A linear spring is a type of mechanical link generally assumed

• Work done by a spring element

1.7 Spring Elements

• Linearization by Taylor series expansion

F + ΔF = F ( x∗ + Δx) if 0 Maclaurin Series

1.7 Spring Elements

• Linearization by Taylor series expansion

Static Equilibrium position

1.7 Spring Elements

• Linearization by Taylor series expansion

Static deflection of the r 3

1.7 Spring Elements k i

병렬 δ st = δ1 + δ 2병렬 KetKitkat tkn (1.12)

1.7 Spring Elements

Figure 1.24 shows the suspension

keq = 3k = 3(40, 000.0) = 120, 000.0 N / m

1.8 Mass or Inertia Elements

1.8 Mass or Inertia Elements

x& = x& (1.19)

1.8 Mass or Inertia Elements

From Eq. (*) and J0

1.8 Mass or Inertia Elements

Find the equivalent mass of the system gong it 샢뚫축정리

shown in Fig. 1.31, where the rigid link 1 2C rp

1.9 Damping Elements

1.9 Damping Elements

1.9 Damping Elements Newton’s Law of

1.9 Damping Elements

A bearing, which can be approximated as two

1.10 Harmonic Motion

x = A sin θ = A sin ωt (1.30)

The projection of the tip of

The projection of the tip of

1.10 Harmonic Motion

1.10 Harmonic Motion

1.10 Harmonic Motion

displacement = Re ⎡⎣ Aeiωt ⎤⎦ = A cos ωt (1.54)

velocity = Re ⎡⎣iω Aeiωt ⎤⎦ = −ω A sin ωt

1.10 Harmonic Motion

A = ( A1 + A2 cos θ ) 2 + ( A2 sin θ ) 2 (1.57)

1.10 Harmonic Motion

1.10 Harmonic Motion

Cycle – The movement of a vibrating body from its undisturbed or

1.10 Harmonic Motion

Synchronous – Signals with the same frequency