CONTENT

S:
1. Periodic motion
2. Simple harmonic motion
3. Amplitude
4. Phase
5. Angular frequency
6. Period
7. Velocity of simple harmonic
motion
8. Acceleration of simple harmonic
motion
9. Energy in simple harmonic motion
10. Damped simple harmonic motion
11. Forced oscillations and resonance
 Periodic motion

• Periodic (harmonic) motion – self-repeating

motion

• Oscillation – periodic motion in certain direction

• Period (T) – a time duration of one oscillation

•Frequency (f) – the number of oscillations per unit

time, SI unit of frequency 1/s = Hz (Hertz)

1
f  T Heinrich Hertz
(1857-1894)
Simple harmonic
motion
Simple harmonic motion – motion that
repeats itself and the displacement is a
sinusoidal function of time
x(t)  Acos(t   )
 Amplitude
•Amplitude – the magnitude of the maximum
displacement (in either direction)

x(t)  Acos(t   )
 Phase

x(t)  Acos(t
 )
 Phase constant

x(t)  Acos(t   )
 Angular frequency

x(t)  Acos(t
0  )
Acost  Acos (t 
T ) cos  cos(  2 2
 T
)
cos(t  2 )  cos(t 
T) 2f
 Period

x(t)  Acos(t   )
2
T

 Differential equation of
SHM
A differential equation is simply an equation containing
a derivative. Since the motion is 1D, we can drop the
vector arrows and use sign to indicate direction.

 m a and Fnet   k x  m a   k
Fnet
x
2
a  dv / dt  d x / dt
2 2
 d x  -kx/m

The constants k and m and both positive, so the k/m is always

positive, always.For notational convenience, we write k/ m 
2 . (The square on the  reminds us that 2 is always positive.)
The differential equation becomes
 d2 x / dt2   2 x

This is the differential equation for SHM. We seek a solution y=

y(t) to this equation, a function y = y(t) whose second time
derivative is the function y(t) multiplied by a negative constant (2
= k/m).
The way you solve differential equations is the same way you solve
integrals: you guess the solution and then check that the
solution works.
Based on observation, we guess a sinusoidal solution
x(t)  A cost  
 Velocity of simple harmonic motion

x(t)  Acos(t   )

dx(t)
v(t) 
dt
d[ Acos(t 

 )]
dt
 Acceleration of simple harmonic motion

x(t)  Acos(t   )

dv(t) d 2

a(t)  
x(t)
dt dt 2

  Acos(t 
2

)

a(t)   x(t)
2
 The force law for simple harmonic
motion
• From the Newton’s Second Law:

F
•
 ma  m  x 2

•For simple harmonic motion, the force is

proportional to the displacement

• Hooke’s law:
F  kx
k m
k  m 2
 T
2
 Energy in simple harmonic motion
• Potential energy of a spring:

/ 2  (kA / 2) cos (t   )

2 2
U (t)  kx 2

• Kinetic energy of a mass:

K (t)  mv 2
/2  (m A 2 2
/
2) sin (t   )
2

 (kA / 2) sin (t   )

2 2
m  k
2
 Energy in simple harmonic motion
U (t)  K (t)
 (kA2 / 2)cos2 (t   )  (kA2 / 2) sin 2 (t 
)
 (kA / 2)cos (t   )  sin (t   ) 
2 2 2

 (kA2 / 2) E  U  K  (kA2 / 2)
 Pendulums
• Simple pendulum:

• Restoring torque:

  L(F g sin )
• From the Newton’s Second Law:

I    L(F g sin )
• For small angles

sin  
mgL
 I 
 Pendulums
•
Simple pendulum: mgL

I
a s
 Lt   mgL
L a I s
• On the other hand

a(t)   2

x(t) mg

LI
 Pendulums
• Simple pendulum:

mg
 I  mL2
LI

mg g
 
LmL2 L

L
2
T   g
 Simple harmonic motion and uniform
circular motion
•Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform
circular motion on the diameter of the circle in which
the circular motion occurs
 Pendulums
• Physical pendulum:

mg

hI

I
2
T   mgh
2
 Simple harmonic motion and uniform
circular motion
•Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform
circular motion on the diameter of the circle in which
the circular motion occurs

x(t)  Acos(t   )

dx(t)
v x (t)  dt
vx (t)  Asin(t 
)
 Simple harmonic motion and uniform
circular motion
•Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform
circular motion on the diameter of the circle in which
the circular motion occurs

x(t)  Acos(t   )

dx(t)
v x (t)  dt
vx (t)  Asin(t 
)
 Simple harmonic motion and uniform
circular motion
•Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform
circular motion on the diameter of the circle in which
the circular motion occurs

x(t)  Acos(t   )
d 2

ax (t) 
x(t)
dt 2
a x (t)   A cos(t  
) 2
 Damped simple harmonic motion
Where the force is proportional to the speed of the moving object and
acts in the direction opposite the motion.
The retarding force can be expressed as:
R = - bv ( where b is a constant called
damping coefficient)
and the restoring force of the system is –
kx,

F  kx bv 
dx d2x
x x x

then we can write Newton's second
k x 
law
b 
as
m dt dt 2
ma
When the retarding force is small compared with the max restoring force
that is, b is small the solution is,
 b k
x(t)  Ae 2m t
cos(t )    b
( 2m ) 2
m
 represent the position vs time for a
damped oscillation with
decreasing amplitude with time

The fig. shows the position as a function in time of the object oscillation in
the presence of a retarding force, the amplitude decreases in time, this
system is know as a damped oscillator. The dashed line which defined the
envelope of the oscillator curve, represent the exponential factor
 The fig. represent position versus
time:
•under damped oscillator
•critical damped oscillator
- Overdamped oscillator.

as the value of "b" increase the amplitude of the oscillations

decreases more and more rapidly.
When b reaches a critical value bc ( bc / 2m  o ), the system
does
not oscillate and is said to be critically damped.

And when bc / 2m  o the system is overdamped.

Forced
oscillations
For the forced oscillator is a damped oscillator driven by an
external force that varies periodically
Where
F (t)  Fo sin  t
where ω is the angular frequency of the driving force and Fo is
a constant

From the Newton's second law

dx d2x x  Acos(t 
 F  ma  F o sin  t   kx  m 2
b
dt
dt )
Fo / m
A 
 b  
2
2 2
( 2
  )
o  
 m 
 is the natural frequency of the
o k un- damped oscillator (b=0).
m
The last two equations show the driving force and
the amplitude of the oscillator which is constant for a
given driving force.

For small damping the amplitude is large when the

frequency of the driving force is near the natural
frequency of oscillation, or when ω͌ ≈ ωo the is called
the resonance and the natural frequency is called
the resonance frequency.
Amplitude versus the frequency, when the frequency of the
driving force equals the natural force of the oscillator,
resonance occurs. Note the depends of the curve as the value
of the damping coefficient b.