OTTO CYCLE

This models the thermodynamic processes occurring in a spark

ignition engine.
Here is the ideal cycle

This is the idealized cycle for a four-stroke (dört zamanlı)

engine. In a two-stroke engine, intake and exhaust strokes are
mixed with compression and expansion. Note that intake and
exhaust strokes here are just two lines; so from thermodynamic
point of view, two and four-stroke engines are the same.
Here is an actual p-V diagram; intake and exhaust clearly spend
work.
Computing efficiency.

qL c (T −T 1 )
η=1− =1− V 4
qH c V (T 3−T 2)
k−1 k−1
T4 v v T1
= 3
T3 v 4 ( ) ( ) = 2
v1
=
T2

Therefore
T4 1
η=1− =1− k−1
T3 rv
where
v4
r v=
v3
compression ratio. Thus efficiency depends (theoretically) only
on the compression ratio. It can be around 8-12. Cannot be
increased much because it causes “auto-ignition”, self-ignition
of fuel-air mixture due to high pressure before the spark plug
fires and “knocking”.
Effective pressure

w η qH η c (T −T 2) c p (1− p2 / p3 )
pe = = = V 3 =η V 3
v 4 −v3 v 4−v 3 v 4−v 3 R r v −1

1 p3 (1−T 2 /T 3)
pe =η
k−1 r v −1

DIESEL CYCLE
Idealized model for the compression-ignition engine.
Ideal cycle
Note that combustion occurs at constant pressure.

Efficiency

qL c V ( T 4−T 1 ) T 1 T 4 /T 1 −1
η=1− =1− =1−
qH c P ( T 3−T 2 ) k T 2 T 3 /T 2−1
k
1 1 r c −1
η=1− k−1
r 1 k r c −1
Where
v1
r 1= compression ratio
v2
v4
r 2= expansion ratio
v3
r1 v3
rc= = cut−off ratio
r2 v2
Effective pressure

η qH T −T 2 c p ( v /v −1)
pe = =η c P 3 =η P 3 3 2
v 4 −v2 v 4−v 2 R r 1−1

k p3 (v 3 /v 2−1)
pe =η
k−1 r 1−1
Only air is compressed, compression ratio could be >20 (Higher
efficiency than Otto). Toward the end, fuel is injected.
Combustion by exceeding the auto-ignition temperature.
Example.
Otto cycle. R=287 , k=1.4 , cV =0.7165
Compression ratio, 8
Before compression, 0.1 MPa ,15 ° C
Heat given 1800 kJ / kg
Find p, T at 1,2,3,4. Find efficiency and effective pressure.
1-2 isentropic
k−1 k
T2 V 1 p V
=
T1 V 2 ( ) ( )
, 2= 1
p1 V 2

2-3

q H =q23=u3 −u2=cV (T 3 −T 2 )
3-4 isentropic
k−1 k
T3 V 4 p V
=
T4 V 3 ( ) ( )
, 3= 4
p4 V 3

T4 1
η=1− =1− k−1
T3 rv

1 p3 (1−T 2 /T 3)
pe =η
k−1 r v −1
Using these,

v1 =0.827 m 3 /kg , T 2=662 K , p 2=1.838 MPa , v 2=0.1034 m 3 /kg

T 3=3174 K , p 3=8.813 MPa , T 4 =1380 K , p 4=0.4795 MPa
q 41=c V ( T 1−T 4 )=−782.3=−q L

qL
η=1− =0.565
qH
T4 1
Same result from η=1− =1− k−1
T3 rv
w net =1800−782.3=1017.7 kJ /kg