Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto

NIM : 16306141051

Tugas Termodinamika

1. The length of mercury column in a certain mercury in glass termometer is 5 cm when

termometer is in contact with water at its triple point. Consider the length of mercury
column as the thermometric property X and let θ be the empirical temperature
determined by this termometer. a) calculate the empirical tenperature measured when
the length of the mercury column is 6 cm.b) calculate the length of the mercury
column at the steam point. (c) If X can be measured with a precision of 0.01 cm, can
this thermometer be used to distinguish between the icc point and the triple point?

Answer :
suhu empiris triple point : X3 = 273,16 K
panjang colom merkuri :θ3 =5 cm
a) θ=… ?
θ X
=
θ3 X 3

X
θ=θ3
X3

6 cm
θ=273,16 =327,792 K
5 cm

b) Xs = ... ?

θs X s
=
θ X

θs
X s=X
θ

373,16
X s=6 =6,83 cm
327,792

c) δX =0,01 cm
δθ δX
=
θs Xs

0,01
δθ=373,16 =0,546 K
6,83

θ3 −θice =273,16 K−273,15 K

= 0,01 K
Termometer tidak dapat digunakan untuk membedakan suhu triple point dan suhu
titik beku.
Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto
NIM : 16306141051

2. a) show that the coefficient of volume expansion can be expressed as

−1 ∂ P
β= ( )
ρ ∂T P

With ρis density

b) show that the isotermal compressibility can be expressed as

1 ∂ρ
k= ( )
ρ ∂P T

Answer :

a) PV =nRT
m
PV = RT …(1.1)
M

PM
ρ= …(1.2)
RT
m
Dengan ρ=
V
∂ρ −PM
( ) =
∂ T P RT 2

1 ∂ρ −PM
( ) =
ρ ∂ T P ρR T 2
… (1.3)

Perhatikan bahwa ;
PM
=ρ
RT
Sehingga jika kita substitusikan ke persamaan 1.3 menjadi
1 ∂ρ −ρ −1
( ) =
ρ ∂ T P ρT T
=

−1 ∂ ρ 1
( )
= … (1.4)
ρ ∂T P T

Sesuai persamaan 2-21 di buku, untuk gas ideal :

1
β=
T

Maka dengan substitusi pers 1.4 dan 2-21 maka diperoleh ;

−1 ∂ ρ
β= ( )
ρ ∂T P

b)
PM
ρ= …(1.2)
RT
Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto
NIM : 16306141051

∂ρ M
( ) =
∂ P T RT
… ( 2.1 )

1 ∂ρ M
( ) =
ρ ∂ P T ρRT
… ( 2.2 )

Perhatikan bahwa
M ρ
=
RT P

Jika disubstitusikan ke pers 2.2 didapat :

1 ∂ρ ρ 1
( ) = = … ( 2.3 )
ρ ∂ P T Pρ P

Dari persamaan 2-28 di buku, untuk gas ideal

1
k=
P

Dengan substitusi persamaan 2.3 dan 2-28 diperoleh

1 ∂ρ
k=
ρ ∂P T( )
3. The temperature of an Ideal gas at an initial pressure P1 and volume V1 is increased at
constant volume until the pressure is doubled. The gas is then expanded isothermally until the
pressure drops to Its original value, where it is compressed at constant pressure until the
volume returnsto its initial value. (a) Sketch theseprocessesinthe P- V plane and in the P-T
plane. (b) Compute the work in each process and the net work done in the cycle if n = 2
kilomoles, P1 = 2 atm and v1= 4 m3.

Answer :
a) Menggunakan Matlab diperoleh Kurva berikut :
Kurva P-V

3.5

3
Tekanan (atm)

2.5

1.5
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Volume (m3)
Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto
NIM : 16306141051

Kurva P-T

3.5

3
Tekanan (atm)

2.5

1.5
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Suhu (Kelvin)

b) PV = nRT
P 1 V 1 2(101.325) 4 81600
T1 = = = =48,75 K
nR 2000(8,314) 16628

Proses isokhorik W = 0

P 1 P2
= dengan P2 = 2 P1
T1 T2

2 4
= sehingga T2 = 97,5 K
48,75 T 2

Proses isotermal
P 2V 1=P 3 V 2
4 ( 4 )=2 V 2
V2 = 8 m3
V2
W =nR T 2 ln
V1
8
W =2000 ( 8,314 ) ( 97,5 ) ln
4
W =16628 ( 97,5 ) ln 2=¿ 1.123.730 J ¿

Proses isobarik
Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto
NIM : 16306141051

W =P3 ( V 3−V 2 )
W =2.101.325 ( 4−8 )=−¿810.600 J

Proses isokhorik W = 0

Total kerja Wtotal = 1.123.730 – 810.000

Wtotal = 313.130 J≈ 3,13 x 105 J

4. A carnot engine is operated between two heat reservoirs at temperatures of 400 K and 300 K.
(a) If the engine receives 1200 Cal from the reservoir at 400 K in each cycle, how many
Calories does it reject to the reservoir at 300 K? (b) If the engine is operated asn a refrigerator
(i.e., in reverse) and receives 1200 Cal from the reservoir at300 K, how many Calories does it
deliver 10 the reservoir at 400 K? (c) How much work is done by the engine in each case?

Answer :
Diketahui : T2 = 400 K
T1 = 300 K
Q2 = 1200 kalori
Ditanya :
a) Q1
Q2 T 2
=
Q1 T 1

1200 400
=
Q1 300

Q 1=900 kalori

b) Pada refrigerator :
Q1 = 1200 kalori
Q2 = ... ?

Q2 T 2
=
Q1 T 1

Q 2 400
=
1200 300

Q 2=1600 kalori
c) Kerja proses a, W =Q2−Q1

W a =1200−900=300 kalori

Kerja proses b, W =Q2−Q1

W b =1600−1200=400 kalori
Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto
NIM : 16306141051

5. A thermally insulated 50-ohm resistor carries a current or 1 A for 1 s. The initial temperature
of the resistor is 10°C, its mass is 5 g, and its specific heat capacity is 850 J/kg K (a) What is
the change in entropy of the resistor? (b) What is the change in entropy or the universe?

Answer :
Diketahui :
R = 50 ohm C = 850 J/kg K
I=1A m = 5 gr
t=1s
ditanya : S = ...?

p t = I2R t = (1)2 50 . 1
= 50 J

Q=mC ( T 2−T 1 )
p t=mC (T 2−T 1)

50=0,005 ( 850 ) (T 2−283 K )

T 2=294,765 K

dQ
ds=
T
mC dT
s=∫
T

T2
s=mC ln
T1

294,765
s=0,005 ( 850 ) ln =0,173 J / K
283
Perubahan entropi resistor = 0,173 J/K
Perubahan entropi dari universe = - 0,173 J/K

6. Assume that cp for an ideal gas is given by cp = a + bT, where a and b are constants. (a) What
is the expression for cv for this gas? (b) Use the expression for cp in Eqs. (6-41) and (6-42) to
obtain expressions for the specific entropy and enthalpy of an ideal gas in terms of the values
in some reference state. (c) Derive an expression for the internal energy or an ideal gas.

Answer :
a) Cv = Cp – R (berlaku untuk gas ideal)
Dengan Cp = a +bT
Cv = a + bT – R

b) Menggunakan persamaan 6-41 untuk memperoleh entropi s sebagai berikut :

T
Cp P
s=∫ dT −R ln + s 0
T0 T P0

T
a+ bT P
s=∫ dT −R ln +s 0
T0 T P0
Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto
NIM : 16306141051

T T
a bT P
s=∫ dT +∫ dT−R ln + s 0
T T T T
0
P0 0

s=a ln ( TT )+ b(T −T 0)−R ln PP +s

0 0
0

Menggunakan persamaan 6-42 memperoleh entalpi h sbb :

T
h=∫ Cp dT +h 0
T0

T
h=∫ ( a+bT ) dT + h0
T0

T T
h=∫ a dT +∫ bT dT +h0
T0 T0

( T 2−T 02 )
h=a ( T −T 0 ) +b +h0
2

c) Energi dalam u diperoleh dengan :

T
u=∫ Cv dT + u0
T0

T
u=∫ (a+ bT −R)dT +u0
T0

( T 2−T 02 )
u=a ( T −T 0 )+ b −R (T −T 0 )+u0
2

(T 2−T 02)
u=( a−R ) ( T −T 0 ) +b ¿+u 0
2

7. Definisikan sebuah sifat dari sistem yang mewakili dari Ф yang diberikan dari
persamaan
U + PV
Φ=S−
T
Buktikan bahwa

V =−T ( ∂∂ΦP )
T
Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto
NIM : 16306141051

∂Φ ∂Φ
U =T T
[ ( ) ( )] ∂T P
+P
∂P T

Dan

S=Φ+T ( ∂Φ
∂T ) P

Jawab :
U + PV
∅=S−
T

U + PV
∂∅
( (
∂ S−
T ) )
( )
∂P T
=
∂P T

( UT ) + ∂ ( PVT )
T
( (
( ∂∂ ∅P ) = ∂∂ SP −
∂

∂P ∂P
) T

( ∂∂ ∅P ) =0−(0+ VT )=−VT … .(7.1)

T

T ( ∂∂ P∅ ) =−V
T

Sehingga V =−T ( ∂∂ ∅P ) (terbukti)

T

U + PV U + PV

( (
∂ S− ) )( (
( ∂∂T∅ ) =
P ∂T
T
P
=
∂S
∂T
−
∂(
∂T
T
)
) P
Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto
NIM : 16306141051

∂∅ −U + PV U + PV
( )
∂T P
=0−
T 2
=
( T2
…(7.2)
)
T ( ∂∂T∅ ) = U +TPV …(7.3)
P

Dari persamaan 7.1 dikalikan dengan P kita peroleh :

P ( ∂∂T∅ ) = −PV
P T
… (7.4)

Dengan menjumlahkan persamaan pers 7.3 dan 7.4 , kita peroleh:

T ( ∂∂T∅ ) + P ( ∂T∂ ∅ ) = U +TPV − PVT

P P

T ( ∂∂T∅ ) + P ( ∂T∂ ∅ ) = T1 (U + PV −PV )

P P

Maka terbukti diperoleh :

∂∅ ∂∅
U =T T
( ∂T ∂T ) )
( ) +P(
P P

untuk
U + PV
Φ=S−
T
U + PV
S=∅+ … ( 7.5 )
T
Dengan mensubstitusikan persamaan 7.3 dengan 7.5 terbukti diperoleh persamaan :

S=∅+ T ( ∂∂T∅ ) P

8. Pengaruh suhu terhadap emf δ dari sel reversible di berikan oleh δ=3.2+0.007t dimana
t adalah suhu Celsius dalam sel. Pelepasan muatan sel 200 mA untuk 30 s ketika t
=27℃. Hitung (a) perubahan entropi, (b) panas yang terserap, (c) usaha yang di
kerjakan, (d) dan perubahan internal energy dari sel selama proses tersebut.

Jawab :
a) Perubahan entropi ds
Nama : Tegar Ari Widianto
NIM : 16306141051

Diketahui :
I = 200 mA
T = 30 s
t = 27 0 C = 300 K
δ=3,2+0,007t
∆ Z T , =−0,2 . 30=−6
d QT
ds=
T

Q Q
s= +s 0 sehingga s−s 0= T
T T

dδ −dδ
Dengan QT = -T ∆ ZT , maka s−s 0= ∆ ZT ,
dT dT
∆ Z T ,adalah sebuah nilai negatif pada sel ini sehingga

d ( 3,2+0,007 t )
s−s 0= ( 0,2 x 30 )
dt

d ( 3,2+0,007 t )
Dengan , =0,007
dt

s−s 0=0,007 ( 0,2 . 30 )=0,042 J / K

b) Kalor yang diserap

dδ
QT = -T ∆ ZT ,
dT

QT =−300 ( 0,007 ) (−6)

QT =12,6 J

c) Usaha yang dikerjakan

WT = -δ ∆ Z T
W T =−¿ 3,2+0,007t) (-6)
W T =−¿ 3,389) (-6) = 20,334 J

d) Perubahan energi dalam

d U T =d Q T −d W T
∆ U =12,6−20,334=−7,734 J