Assignment 2 (send to: tomas.korinek@tul.

cz)
2.1 Carnot cycle
Mass of the system m = 1 kg, the initial pressure p1 = 0.1 MPa, the volume
after the isothermal compression V2 = 0.2 m3 , the highest pressure p3 = 1
MPa and the initial temperature T1 = 293 K.

Calculate efficiency of the Carnot cycle µ and all states (volume V (m3 ),
temperature T (K), pressure p (Pa). Chart and describe the change in the
p-V and T-S diagrams.

Material properties of Air: isoentropic coefficient κ for Air κ = 1.4, spe-

cific gas constant r = 287 J/kgK, isochoric and isobaric heat capacities cal-
culate from the Mayer’s relation cV = cp − r and from the relation for the
isoentropic coefficient κ = ccVp .

2.2 Otto cycle

Mass of the system m = 1 kg, the initial pressure p1 = 0.1 MPa and the ini-
tial temperature T1 = 293 K, the volume after the isoentropic compression
V2 = 0.2 m3 and the highest temperature T3 = 1000 K.

Calculate efficiency of the Otto cycle µ and all states (volume V (m3 ),
temperature T (K), pressure p (Pa). Chart and describe the change in the
p-V and T-S diagrams.

Material properties of Air: isoentropic coefficient κ for Air κ = 1.4, spe-

cific gas constant r = 287 J/kgK, isochoric and isobaric heat capacities cal-
culate from the Mayer’s relation cV = cp − r and from the relation for the
isoentropic coefficient κ = ccVp .

1
Example
A Carnot cycle is operating with air and is first isothermally compressed
from the initial state 1 T1 , p1 , V1 to the volume V2 . The second compression
is under isoetropic condition to the volume V3 . The cycle is continuing first
with an isothermal expansion followed by an isoentropic expansion to the
initial state 1.

Solution
1-2 - isothermal compression T1 = T2 = const => pV = const
2-3 - isoentropic compression Q = 0 => p2 V2κ = p3 V3κ = const
3-4 - isothermal expansion T3 = T4 = const => pV = const
4-1 - isoentropic expansion Q = 0 => p4 V4κ = p1 V1κ = const

1-2
p 1 V1
pV = mrT => p1 V1 = mrT1 => m = rT1
T2 = T1 , p2 V2 = mrT2 => p2 = mrT
V2
2

2-3
 κ
p2 V2κ = p3 V3κ => p3 = p2 VV23
p3 V3 = mrT3 => T3 = pmr 3 V3

3-4
T3 = T4 , p4 V4 = mrT4 => p4 = mrT
V4
4
, the volume V4 is still unknown, so the
pressure p4 is also unknown. However, we have find relation between them!

4-1
p4 V4κ = p1 V1κ and now we can substitute p4 .
1
p1 V1κ
 
mrT4 κ
V4
V4 = p1 V1κ => V4 = mrT4
κ−1

2
 mrT4
p4 = V4

All states have been calculated.

Thermodynamic efficiency
Wnet Qin −Qout
η= Qin
= Qin

Qin = δH + Wt12 Qout = δH + Wt34 , both are isothermal so δH = 0 for

both.

However, the heat can be calculated from the second law of thermodynamic.
dS = dQT
=> S2 − S1 = QTout
1
, S4 − S3 = QTin
3
(T2 = T1 , T4 = T3 isothermal
processes and S2 = S3 , S4 = S1 isoentropic processes)
=>
η = T3T−T
3
1