Thermodynamics and heat

transfer

Prof. Ing. Karel Fraňa, Ph.D.

Technical University of Liberec

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Czech Republic
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

Extensive property:

Using entropy variable, it is possible to

express amount of the heat
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

Isochoric process:
𝑝2 𝑇2
volume: v = const.; dv = 0 =
𝑝1 𝑇1

v=const.

from the 1st. variation of the 1st. law of the

thermodynamics

𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑤 = 0

Heat:
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

Isobaric process:
𝑣2 𝑇2
pressure: p = const.; dp = 0 =
𝑣1 𝑇1 v=const.

p=const.
from the 2nd. variation of the 1st. law of
the thermodynamics

𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑞==𝑑𝑖𝑑ℎ
++𝑑𝑤
𝑑𝑤
𝑡 =
𝑡 =
𝑑𝑖𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑤𝑡 = 0

ℎ2 − ℎ1
Heat:

ℎ2 − ℎ1
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

Isothermal process:
T=const.
Isothermal: 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑠. , 𝑑𝑇 = 0

from the 1st. and 2nd. form of the 1st. law of

the Thermodynamics

𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑤
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑ℎ + 𝑑𝑤𝑡
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑑𝑤𝑡 = 𝑑𝑞
Heat:
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

Adiabatic process - reversible process:

Reversible: 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. , 𝑑𝑠 = 0
T=const.
from the 1st. form of the 1st . law
of the Thermodynamics

𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣

State equation of the ideal gas:

 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

Adiabatic process: state equation

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.

Pressure and temperature:

𝜅 . . adiabatic exponent

Heat:
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

The 1st. form of the 1st. law of the thermodynamics:

𝑑𝑤

The 2nd. form of the 1st. law of the thermodynamics:

𝑑𝑤𝑡 𝑑ℎ ℎ2 − ℎ1

Ratio between absolute and technical work: 𝑑𝑤𝑡 = 𝜅𝑑𝑤

 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

2nd. law of the Thermodynamics

Thomson-Planck:
It is not possible to construct an engine that does not cause any changes except
of work which will be equivalent to the supplied heat from the heat resource at
the constant temperature.

Carnot-Clausius:
Heat can not be transported freely from the body with lower temperature to the
body with higher temperature.
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

4-1: gas admission, state of the gas is not

affected, increasing total volume
𝑝1 = 𝑝4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇1 = 𝑇4
1-2: compression, work usage
𝑊𝑡,12 = 𝑚1 𝑤𝑡,12
2-3: compressed air exhaust

𝑝3 = 𝑝2 𝑇3 = 𝑇2 𝑚3 < 𝑚2

3-4: remaining expansion, gain of a work

𝑊𝑡,34 = 𝑚1 𝑤𝑡,34
Total theoretical energy input:
𝑤𝑡12𝑠
f . . frequency (rotation speed) of an engine
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

Heat cycle: basic processes are ordered so that the working gas could return to the
original state.

1. Direct heat cycle: work obtained from the difference between supplied and
drained heat in a closed cycle.

Heat efficiency 𝜂𝑡

𝑤𝑜
𝜂𝑡 = <1
𝑞𝑖𝑛

𝑤𝑜 = 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑑𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡

Heat efficiency depends on choice

of a process, from which the heat
cycle is created and parameters of
a heat cycle.
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

2. Heat cycles: are used for cooling plant (compressor) which take heat from
cooled space and supplying to the surrounding space.

Heat pumps: used for house heating, take heat from the surrounding space and
supplying to the heated space inside of the room

Cooling effect of the compressor:

𝑞𝑖𝑛 <
𝜀𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙 = =1
𝑤𝑜
>

Effect of the heat pumps: 𝜀ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡

𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜀ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = >1
𝑤𝑜
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

It is composed by two isothermal and two

isentropic processes.

For particular temperature different, it

provides the maximal heat efficiency
T3=const.
Condition:
T1=const.
Work gain from cycle:

𝑤𝑜 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 − 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 T3=const.

Heat efficiency:

𝑤𝑜 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞12

𝜂𝑡 = = =1−
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞34 T1=const.
 Prof. Karel Fraňa
Thermodynamics and heat transfer

Considering working gas as an ideal

gas is:

1-2: isothermal process

𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
T3=const.
2-3: adiabatic compression
T1=const.

3-4: isothermal expansion

T3=const.
𝑞𝑖𝑛

4-1: adiabatic expansion

T1=const.