Environmental Protection

Techniques

L07 – Ionizing radiation

14.05.2020 Ing. Jan Novosád

 Homework 06 (Noise) – Lessons learned
distance sound pressure level SPL
[m] [dB] Sound pressure level - decrease with distance
1 60 70
2 54 60
4 48 50

SPL [dB]
8 42 40
30
20
Round the results up to 10
the whole number for 0
1 2 4 8
practical use. distance [m]

SPL

Sound pressure level - decrease with distance

70
60
Use x-y graph or a 50
detailed table (s. next
SPL [dB]

40
30
slide) to have a better
20
view of the trend. 10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
distance [m]

SPL

14.05.2020 2
 Homework 06 (Noise) – Lessons learned
distance sound pressure level SPL
[m] [dB] Sound pressure level - decrease with distance
1 60 65

2 54
3 50 60
4 48
5 46 55
6 44
7 43
50
SPL [dB]

8 42

45
SPL decrease of 6 dB if
the distance is
40
increased twice – rule
of thumb for fast 35
estimations.
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
distance [m]

SPL

14.05.2020 3
 Homework 06 (Noise) – Lessons learned
Sound pressure level - decrease with distance
120

100

80
SPL [dB]

60

40

20

0
0 24 49 74 99 124 149 174 199 224 249 274 299 324 349 374 399 424 449 474 499
distance [m]

SPL Noise limit for ouside protected space of standard buildings at niíght acc to. Decree No. 272/2011 Coll.

The trend is logarithmic => If the source noise level is too high (> 100 dB in the
case shown in the graph, e.g. airplane) then it is hard to meet the noise limits
even in a distance of several hundred meters.

14.05.2020 4
 Content
▪ Ionizing radiation
▪ Fundamental terms
▪ Radiation hazard
▪ Radiation sources
▪ Radiation protection
▪ Protection types

14.05.2020 5
 Ionizing radiation
Any radiation consisting of directly or indirectly ionizing
particles and elmag radiation.

Directly ionizing
▪ Charged particles having sufficient kinetic energy to
produce ionizing by collision.
▪ Particles, e-, e+, protons, deuterons.

Indirectly ionizing
▪ Uncharged particles which can liberate directly ionizing
particles.
▪ Elmag. radiation, neutrons.

14.05.2020 6
 Directly IP – Alpha particles
Alpha particle consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons bound
together into a particle identical to helium nucleus.

𝐴 𝐴−4 4𝑯𝒆 + ∆𝑬
𝑍𝑿 → 𝑍−2𝒀 + 2
226 222 4
88𝑹𝒂 → 86𝑹𝒏 + 2𝑯𝒆 + ∆𝑬

Source: cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/částice_alfa
14.05.2020 7
 Radium
Found in 1898 by Marie and Piere Curie.

Source: cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium
14.05.2020 8
 Directly IP – Beta radiation
Beta readiation is emitted by beta decay.

Decay β-
𝐴 𝐴
𝑍𝑿 → 𝑍+1𝒀 + 𝒆− + 𝝂𝒆
234 234
91𝑷𝒂 → 92𝑼 + −10𝒆 + 𝝂𝒆

Decay β+
𝐴 𝐴
𝑍𝑿 → 𝑍−1𝒀 + 𝒆+ + 𝝂𝒆
30 30
15𝑷 → 14𝑺𝒊 + 01𝒆 + 𝝂𝒆

Source: cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Záření_beta
14.05.2020 9
 Directly IP – Photon radiation – γ, X-rays
• α, β change atomic nucleus state (excited state)
• γ produced by the decay of an atomic nucleus from a
high energy state to lower energy state.
60 60 60 60
𝑪𝒐 → 𝑵𝒊∗ + 𝒆− + 𝝂𝒆 𝑵𝒊∗ → 𝑵𝒊 + 𝜸
Photoelectric effect Compton effect
(Low energy < 50keV) (High energy 100keV – 10MeV

Δ𝑬, 𝚫𝝀
Source: cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Záření_gama
14.05.2020 10
 Indirectly IP – Neutrons
• No electrical charge (neutral).
• Interaction neutron-nuclei → emission of radiation (γ)

Elastic scattering Inelastic scattering

Neutron capture

Source: explorecuriocity.org/Explore/ArticleId/2211/cosmic-neutron-radiation-
14.05.2020 11
 Electromagnetic radiation

14.05.2020 12
 Visualization of radiation - Aurora

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora
14.05.2020 13
 Visualization of radiation – Wilson cloud chamber

Source: www.youtube.com/watch?v=59uJwfq-xCs
14.05.2020 14
 Radiation penetration

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

www.foronuclear.org/en/ask-the-expert/119988-what-do-you-know-about-radiation
14.05.2020 15
 Effects of radiation

Absorbed dose D
▪ Energy imparted by ionizing radiation to the matter.
∆𝑬 𝑱
𝑫= = 𝑮𝒚 (𝟏 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒚 )
∆𝒎 𝒌𝒈

Dose equivallent H
▪ Consider effects of different radiation types.
𝑱
𝑯=𝑫·𝑸·𝑵 = 𝑺𝒗 (𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕 )
𝒌𝒈
▪ Q – quality factor
▪ N – distribution factor
14.05.2020 16
 Effects of radiation
Dose equivallent H

14.05.2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SI_Radiation_dose_units.png 17
 Effects of radiation
Weighting factors

14.05.2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SI_Radiation_dose_units.png 18
 Radiation sources

Natural – natural background radiation

▪ Naturaly occuring radionuclides (U, Th, K).
▪ Cosmic radiation (cosmic ray).
▪ Radionuclides produced by natural nuclear reactions in
the atmosphere (3H, 14C)

Artificial – artificial background radiation

▪ Nuclear power plants, nuclear accidents.
▪ Nuclear weapons testing.
▪ Diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine.
▪ Radiation metrology.
14.05.2020 19
 Radiation sources

Source: https://butuj.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/radiation/
14.05.2020 20
 Natural background radiation ČR

Source: borovicka.blog.idnes.cz/blog.aspx?c=184525
14.05.2020 21
 Radiation damage

Somatic effects
▪ Relate to the body of a person, that was exposed.

Genetic effects
▪ Effects that may be passed on the next generation of
organisms (gene mutations).

▪ Principal consideration in estimating permissible levels of

radiation which can be given to the population.

14.05.2020 22
 Maximum permissible doses
Dose equivallent per
Source, limits
year Maximum permissible doses mSv/year (over natural background)
Individuals (public) limit over natural Employees
1 - 5 mSv Exposed part Individuals
background exposed at work
Natural background radiation ČR 2,5 - 3 mSv Whole body, blood forming organs 50 5
Natural background radiation Kerali India 17 mSv Skin, thyroid, bone 300 30
Natural background radiation Guapari Brazil 175 mSv Hands, forearms, feet, ankles 750 75
Natural background radiation Ramsar Iran 400 mSv Any other organs 150 15
employee JE Dukovany 0,4 mSv
population near JE Dukovany 0,005 mSv
3 flights by plane Prag – USA 0,38 mSv
Natural – Radon and its products 2,1 mSv
Natural – cosmic ray 0,4 mSv
Natural – inner radiation of human body 0,25 mSv

14.05.2020 23
 Radiation hazard

External radiation
▪ Exposure from sources of ionizing radiation out of the
body of exposed person.

Internal contamination
▪ Radioactive material is taken into the body by inhalation
or ingestion.

14.05.2020 24
 Radiation protection principles
• By barrier (shielding)

• By exposure time

• By distance

• By avoiding contamination

Source: explorecuriocity.org/Explore/ArticleId/2211/cosmic-neutron-radiation-
14.05.2020 25
 Protection by barrier
▪ Using suitable absorbing material.

▪ α – thin layer (mm) of light mass – paper, plastic, air…

▪ β- - light mass covered by thin layer Pb – plexiglass

▪ β+ - thicker layer Pb (> 3 cm) – hard γ (high energy)

▪ γ, X – high dense mass – Pb (>3mm), concrete, Pb glass

Source: www.foronuclear.org/en/ask-the-expert/119988-what-do-you-know-about-radiation
14.05.2020 26
 Protection by barrier
Object Reduction coefficient
Free space 1
Open trench 20
Steel Covered trench 50
Brick 2
Car, bus
Concrete
Clay Open wagon 1,5
Ice Closed wagon 2
Wood Locomotive 3
Snow
Bungalow
- ground floor 10
- cellar 40
One level brick house
- floors 15
- cellar 40
Two level brick house
- floors 20

- cellar 40
Sources: postapo.cz/nutne-k-preziti/zajisteni-bezpeci/ochrana-pred-radioaktivnim-zarenim-a-preziti-v-zamorene-oblasti/

intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/hihiena/classes_stud/en/med/medprof/ptn/hygiene%20and%20ecology/3/14.%20Radiation%20hygiene.htm

14.05.2020 27
 Protection by exposure time

Total dose per time

▪ Exposure rate multiplied by exposure time.
▪ Linear increase.
𝑮𝒚
𝑫 = 𝑫´ · 𝝉 𝒉 = [𝑮𝒚]
𝒉

Source:
intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/hihiena/classes_stud/en/med/medprof/ptn/hygiene%20and%20ecology/3/14.%20Radiation%20hygiene.htm

14.05.2020 28
 Protection by distance
▪ Dose decreasse with distance2.
𝑮𝒚
𝜶 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝒎𝟐
𝑫≅ 𝟐
=
𝑳 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆

Source:
intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/hihiena/classes_stud/en/med/medprof/ptn/hygiene%20and%20ecology/3/14.%20Radiation%20hygiene.htm

14.05.2020 29
 Protection by avoiding contamination
▪ Do not expose target to radiation source.

▪ Aim ionizing radiation to small area.

▪ Secure against penetration.

▪ Medicine – change type of diagnostic method.

14.05.2020 30
 Thanks for attention.

14.05.2020 31