182 GAS POWER CYCLES (CHAP. § EXAMPLE 8.3. An cngine operates with air on the eycle shown in Fig. 8-7 with isentropic processes ] ~ 2 and 34. If the compression ratio is 12, the minimum pressure is 200 kPa. and the maximum pressure is 10 MPa determine (a) the percent clearance and (b) the MEP. Solution: (a) The pereent clearance is given by Vs =F ~ But the compression ratio is r= ¥;/V2 = 12. Thus, 100 100) = 5 = 9.09% ‘Fo determine the MEP we mus: caleulate the area under the P-V diagram; this is equivalent caleulating the work. The work ffom 3—4is, using PV! = C, Joa = Bb where C = P,Vj = PV3. But we know that V,/V3 = 12, so Likewise, the work from 1 —+ 2 is Since no work occurs in the two constant-volume processes, we find, using V2 = Vis (12P)— +P: 12P) “The pressures P and P, are found xs follows: n= ni(¥) = cma)! 166s n.=05(¥2) = aden ()'"=20 0s [(12)208) — 10000-+ 1665 —(12)(200] = 20070, (MEP)(¥ — V3) = |MEP)(12V> ~ Vs)sequating the two expressions yields sae = 2000 — zane 84 THE CARNOT CYCLE This ideal cycle was treated in detail in Chapter 5, Recall that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine, (8.13) exceeds that of any real engine operating between the given temperatures. 85 THE OTTO CYCLE ‘The four processes that form the eycle are displayed in the Ts and P-v diagrams of Fig. 8-8. The piston starts at state 1 at BDC and compresses the air until it reaches TDC at state 2. Combustion then ‘occurs, resulting in a sudden jump in pressure to state 3 while the volume remains constant (this combustion process is simulated with a quasiequilibrium heat addition process). The process that follows,(ozs) (ors) a) neva) tore al mere (are) naga sem (ors) a (srs) (uu -u)"au=™O (iz - §1)'ou =" synsas aiaup ‘0422 St ‘yzom at yor 204 “sassaoud oumnjoA-yweIsti99 ULM mns90 sossano1d FaJSUEA) YeOq OAK aL WY BUNON|| 19 oA 1g weg —1= eG ag ~ iy mous pummoy st 949 ono amp Jo Kou ULI HL ajafo on sip UAL pojapous st usua uowu8t-yands 24, “paraydunos st ajaXo axa pu sinas0 sBuupunossns ayo} ajstEs Haq ss2o0sK [eUY OMY tu "pares 07 Sitaxdosiuos spuedxa (sionpoad uonsnquuo> ayy Surreymums) are oxy se ayonis soMod 2M St (e's) jo ONO ML HR BL © © SHIOAD WAMOd SVD or