General

Chemistry 2
The Final Showdown

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics

TUBE OF LIGHT
Beloved Mighty I AM PRESENCE bright
Round me seal your TUBE OF LIGHT
From ascended masters flame
Called forth now in God’s own name
Let it keep my temple free
From all discord sent to me
I AM calling forth violet fire
To blaze and transmute all desires
Keeping on in freedom’s flame
Till I AM one with the violet flame.
Hot or Cold?: What does
the color say?

These prints are made up

of substances that exhibit
THERMOCHROMISM

A property to change
color depending on the
substances temperature.
Energy Changes in Chemical
Reactions
Thermochemistry is the study of energy or
heat flow that accompanies a chemical
reaction and/or physical transformations.

Heat is a form of energy transfer between

two objects as a result of their difference in
temperature.
 Dewar Flask
thermos

a thermos is a vacuum flask

invented by James Dewar in
1892. It consists of two
containers: the smaller one is
placed inside the other, and the
two are connected only through
their necks.

the space between the containers

is partially vacuumed and sealed.
System and Surroundings
System is the part of the universe being studied or
to which attention is focused.

Surroundings include everything else in the universe.

Consider a cup of hot coffee where a teaspoon is dipped. If

the coffee is to be taken as the system, then everything that
is directly in contact with its surroundings which include the
cup, the teaspoon and the air above the surface of the liquid.

Heat is represented by q
Exothermic and Endothermic
When heat flows from a system to its surroundings,
q is designated as negative (exothermic).
Freezing is exothermic because ice releases heat to its
surroundings.

When the system absorbs heat from the

surroundings q is positive (endothermic).
Melting of ice endothermic because the ice (system)
absorbs heat from its surroundings.
Exothermic and Endothermic
Tell whether the following processes are exothermic
or endothermic.

Explosion of firecracker
triggered by a spark Endothermic

Cooking an egg

Burning of coal
Exothermic

Combustion of gasoline
First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics,
which deals with interconversion of energy between
two forms: heat and work.

 
According to the law of conservation of energy,
energy can neither be created nor destroyed. The
energy of the system () and the energy of its
surroundings () are related by the following equation:
() = - ()
First Law of Thermodynamics
() = - ()
 

The negative sign indicates the flow of energy. As the system

releases energy, the surroundings absorb it. Whatever amount of
energy that is lost by the surroundings must be gained by the
system.

The first law of thermodynamics states that in any

process, the change in energy of a system is equal to
the heat absorbed (q) by the system and the work (w)
done on it.

() = q + w
 
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 
() = q + w
Calculate the change in energy or the following processes. Identify
if the process is endothermic or exothermic.

  1. A gas releases 35 J of heat as 84 J of work was done to

compress it.
Solution: () = q + w
= (-35 J) + (+84) = 49J Endothermic

  2. A gas absorbs 48 J of heat as it does 72 J of work by

expanding.
Solution: () = q + w
= (48 J) + (-72 J) = -24J Exothermic
Nicolas-Leonard-Sadi Carnot
(1796 – 1832)
Is often referred to as the
father of thermodynamics. He
was a French physicist and
engineer who was highly
interested in improving the
efficiency of steam engines,
where a large amount of heat is
lost due to friction and
conduction.