THERMODYNAMICS

PRESENTED BY
Team B (Study Point)
Department of Chemistry

Members of Team B
Tanuza Shill
Tohidul Islam
Mohammad Arman
S M Saiful
 Thermodynamics

 What is Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics from the greek word “therm” meaning “heat”
and “dynamics” means power.
 Definition:
Thermodynamics is the discussion of the process of mutation of
different types of energy such as electrical energy, mechanical
energy, thermal energy etc.
#Now we discuss about system, surrounding
and boundary
SYSTEM: During the course of scientific experiments, we discussed the
extent to which this world was systematized by any real or imagined place
from the rest of the world
SURROUNDING: The rest of the world without the system is the
surroundings of that system.

System+ Surroundings= The universe

BOUNDARY: The real of imaginary floor system that separates it
from its environment is called Boundary
Laws of Thermodynamics

2nd Law
1st Law

Energy is Energies can 3rd Law

conserved, its flow,
form can be Equilibrate
converted “Driving
force” for
equilibration
uniquely
defined
0th Law
Thermal
Equilibrium is
transitive
 Laws of Thermodynamics
There are four laws of Thermodynamics
They are:
 The Zero formula of thermodynamics: This formula indicates

thermal equilibrium .
 The first law of thermodynamics: This law indicates the

equivalence of different form of energy.

 The second law of thermodynamics : This law indicates where

the chemical changes took place.

 The third law of thermodynamics : The law helps to measure

entropy.
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
If object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B and B is in
thermal equilibrium with object C then A and C are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
If two closed system with different temperatures are come
into contact then heat is transferred from high temperature to
low temperature.
It is the basis for temperature measurement of a body or
object.
The first law of thermodynamics
Statements of the first law:
•Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but
it can changes forms.
•The total amount of the energy of the universe is
a content
 Mathematical forms of first law
•Most general formula:
∑∆E=0
•Simple formula:
∆E1+∆E2=0
•Heat/Work formula:
∆U=Q-W
Mathematical formulation of First law
(Relationship between internal energy, work and heat)
The internal energy of a system can be increased in the two ways:
•By supplying that to the system.
•By doing work on the system.
Suppose the initial internal energy of the system=U1
If it absorbs heat q, its internal energy will become=U 1+q
If further work W is done on the system, the internal energy will further increase
and become = U1+q+W
Let us call this final internal energy as U2
Then, U2 = U1+q+W
Or U2-U1=q+W
ʻ ̣ʼ ∆U=q+W
This is the mathematical formulation of the first law of
thermodynamics
If work is done by the system,
Then
∆E=q-W
Here,
+q= heat absorbed by the system
-q= heat liberate by the system
+w= word done on the system.
-w=work done by the system.

Significance
The total amount of energy in the universe is
constant.
It is impossible to get more energy out of a
system than is put into it.
We can’t get energy to form nothing.
Application of first law
Physical change.
The enthalphy of phase tramition.
Atomic and molecular change.
Chemical change .
The combinations of reaction enthalpies.
The variation of reaction enthalpy with temperature.

Limitations of the first law

First law does not help to predict whether the certain
process is possible or not
The first law does not give informations about direction
It does not provide and specify sufficient condition to
process take place.
 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Heat can not flow itself from cold body to hot body.
The 2nd law of thermodynamics is also used to determine the
theoretical limits of the performance of mostly used in engineering
systems like heat engines and refrigerators
Direction of change
The second law of thermodynamics asserts that
processes occur in certain direction and that the energy
has quality as well as quantity.

Possible
Cold
Hot Surroundings
Container impossible

In above example, two bodies are different temperature are brought

into contact, heat energy flows from the body at high temperature to
that at low temperature level to higher temperature without applying
external work
Kelvin Plank statement

It is impossible to construct a heat engine that

operates on cycle to receive heat from single
reservoir and produce equivalent amount of work.
 It implies that it is impossible to build a heat
engine that has 100% thermal efficiency.

TH

QH QH=Wnet
NOT POSSIBLE

Wnet
 Clausius statement
It is impossible to construct a device as heat pump
that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other
then there transfer of heat from a lower temp body to
higher temp body.
Heat can not itself flow from colder body to hotter
body.
Equivalence of the two statements

It can be shown that the voltation of one

statement leads to violation of the other
statement . they are equivalent .
Violation of Kelvin plank statement leading
to violation of clausius statement.
Violation of Clausius statement leading to
violation of Kelvin plank statement
 Third law of thermodynamics
As a system approaches absolute zero all process
cease and the entropy of the system approaches a
minimum value.
It states that as the temperature of system approaches absolute
zero, It’s entropy become constant or the change in entropy (∆S) is
zero
Temp= 0 k ∆S=0
Temp= 0 k↑ ∆S≠0

Absolute zero: The coldest possible temp 0 K/-2730C/-459.67F

 Application of third law
There are many applications of this formula . They
are:
Determine the equivalence of a reaction.
Entropy of any reaction can be calculated.
Determining the value of the entropy of a system of
reaction .
Determination of absolute entropy of idea crystalline
solids.
 Quizes
 What is system?
 What is surroundings?

 Describe the first law of thermodynamics and

explain with the help of mathematical
equations.
 Describe the second law of thermodynamics.

 Describe the third law of thermodynamics.

 Write down the differential equation of the first

law of Thermodynamics
THE END