ME123

BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE 2.0 BASIC CONCEPTS ON THERMODYNAMICS

Prepared by: Engr. Estelito V. Mamuyac

WEEK-2 (23 NOVEMBER 2019)
 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

There are 4 laws to thermodynamics, and they are some of the most
important laws in all of physics. The laws are as follows:

The Zeroth Law

▪ The Zeroth law is so named as it came after the other 3. Laws 1, 2, and 3 had been
around for a while before the importance of this law had been fully understood. It
turned out that this law was so important and fundamental that it had to go before
the other 3, and instead of renaming the already well known 3 laws they called the
new one the Zeroth law and stuck it at the front of the list.

It states that “If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium
with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.”
▪ Basically, if A=B and C=B then A=C. This may seem so obvious that is doesn’t need
stating but without this law we couldn’t define temperature and we couldn’t build
thermometers.
 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The First Law

▪ The first law of thermodynamics is simply an expression of the
conservation of energy principle, and it asserts that energy is a
thermodynamic property.

“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only

change from one form to another. In any process, the total
energy of the universe remains the same.”
▪ The energy in a system can be converted to heat or work or
other things, but you always have the same total that you started
with.
 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The Second Law

▪ This is possibly the most famous (among scientists at least) and
important laws of all science. It states that;
“Energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes
occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy.”
“The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum.”
▪ It asserts that a natural process runs only in one sense, and is not
reversible.
▪ In other words Entropy either stays the same or gets bigger, the
entropy of the universe can never go down.
 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The Second Law

▪ Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
The degree of randomness or disorder in a system is called its entropy. Since we know
that every energy transfer results in the conversion of some energy to an unusable
form (such as heat), and since heat that does not do work goes to increase the
randomness of the universe, we can state that every energy transfer that takes place
will increase the entropy of the universe and reduce the amount of usable energy
available to do work (or, in the most extreme case, leave the overall entropy
unchanged). In other words, any process, such as a chemical reaction or set of
connected reactions, will proceed in a direction that increases the overall entropy of
the universe.

▪ Entropy is a thermodynamic property that can be used to determine the

energy not available for work in a thermodynamic process, such as in
energy conversion devices, engines, or machines.
 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The Second Law

▪ Clausius Statement: “Heat can never pass from a colder to a
warmer body without some other change, connected therewith,
occurring at the same time.”
The statement by Clausius uses the concept of 'passage of heat'. As is
usual in thermodynamic discussions, this means 'net transfer of energy as
heat', and does not refer to contributory transfers one way and the other.
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold regions to hot regions without
external work being performed on the system, which is evident from
ordinary experience of refrigeration, for example. In a refrigerator, heat
flows from cold to hot, but only when forced by an external agent, the
refrigeration system.
 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The Second Law

▪ Kelvin Statement: “It is impossible to extract energy by
heat from a high-temperature energy source and then
convert all of the energy into work. At least some of the
energy must be passed on to heat a low-temperature
energy sink.”
In other words, this law implies that it is impossible to build a 100%
efficient heat engine. That is, heat is a highly disorganized form of
energy and all of it cannot be converted into useful work.
 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The Third Law

▪ The third law provides an absolute reference point for
measuring entropy, saying that
“As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero
(−273.15°C, 0 K), then the value of the entropy approaches a
minimum.”
▪ The value of the entropy is usually 0 at 0K, however there
are some cases where there is still a small amount of
residual entropy in the system.
 ENERGY
• Capacity to do work or perform an effect
• It can be transformed from one form to
another
 Forms of Energy
1. Transient energy – energy in transition across the
boundaries of the system passing from one form, one
state, one condition to another
a) Work – produced whenever a force acts through a
distance
b) Heat – energy in transition between each system and
surroundings because of temperature difference
2. Stored energy – energy stored in thermodynamic system
as internal energy or energy possessed by the system
 Other Forms of Energy
1. Potential Energy – energy due to elevation or relative
position of the body with respect to end surface.
PE = mgh

2. Kinetic Energy – energy due to the velocity of travel of a

body or energy possess by virtue of its motion.
KE = ½ mv2
 Other Forms of Energy (cont’d.)
3. Internal energy (u) – energy due to the movement of
the molecules within the substance brought about by its
temperature.

Modes of storing Internal Energy

a. Translational
b. Vibrational
c. Rotational, 1st kind and 2nd kind
 Other Forms of Energy (cont’d.)
4. Chemical energy – stored energy released during a
chemical reaction.

Ex. Combustion and fission

 Enthalpy – sum of internal energy and flow work (h = u +
pv)
 Work – energy in transition that exist when force is
overcoming a resistance and is moving through a
certain distance.
1. Positive Work - when work is done by the system
2. Negative work – when work is done on or to he system
 Non flow work – in this kind of work, a substance expands
against a resistance. For a system to exist in a non-flow
system , a boundary must move.
 Flow work – occurs when a substance is flowing or
crossing a certain system boundary.

This is electrical work done by the system on the

surroundings.
 Energy Problems
1. The potential energy of water in a cylindrical tank located on top
of a building 15m high, is 150 KJ. What is the diameter of the tank
if the height of the water level is 3m?
2. What is the kinetic energy of a 5 kg body if it travels at a velocity
of 10 m/s?
3. In a closed system, the absolute pressure of a gas remains
constant at 50 kPa while its volume changed from 20 cm3 to 50
cm3. Compute the work done.
 Textbooks & References

• Textbook
 Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, by Moran and Shapiro, 2010,
John Wiley and Sons
• References
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 7th Edition, Claus Borgnakke & Richard E.
Sonntag, John Wiley and Sons 2009
 Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, by Yunus A. Cengel, 2006
 Thermodynamics, by Jose Francisco, 2006 Edition
 Thermodynamics: Concepts and Applications, by Stephen Turns, 2006
Cambridge University Press
 Thermodynamics Demystified, by Merle Potter, McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009