Chapter 3 Energy in Transit

BIG IDEA: Heat flow in Thermochemical

Process

THEME FOCUS: A thermochemical

process will either absorb or release energy
in the form of heat

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 Distinguish between
Learning Objectives exothermic and
endothermic
processes

Write the
Explain the energy
thermochemical Explain the first law
changes during
equation for a of thermodynamics
chemical reaction
chemical reaction

Calculate the
Determine the heat change in enthalpy
Explain the enthalpy of neutralization of
of a reaction of a given reaction
an acid using Hess’s law 2
 Hot or Cold: What does the color say?

Color Changing prints in coffee mugs, glasses, and shirts have

become a market trend because of their novelty and
entertaining effects. These prints are made up of substances
that exhibits thermochromism, a property to change color
depending on the substance’s temperature .

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Lesson 3.1 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Main Idea: A chemical reaction may either absorb
or release heat
EQ: What thermochemical processes are observed
everyday?

Thermochemistry is the study of energy or heat flow that accompanies a

chemical reaction and/or transformations.

Heat is a form of energy transfer between two objects as a result of their

difference in temperature. Energy generally flows from a hotter object
to a cooler one until thermal equilibrium is reached. This is the reason
heat is always associated with temperature. 5
In understanding the concept of heat, it is important to define and differentiate
between the system and its surroundings.

System is the part of the universe being studied or to

which the attention is focused.

Surroundings include everything else in the universe . 6

Consider a cup of hot coffee where a spoon is dipped. If the coffee is to be taken as the
system, then everything that is directly in contact with it is its surroundings which
include the cup, the teaspoon, and the air above the surface of the liquid. The
surroundings will absorb the energy from the hot coffee. And since they are colder than
the coffee, heat will flow from the coffee to the cup, the teaspoon, and the air above it.

As a convention, heat is represented by q. When heat flows from a system

to its surroundings, q is designated as negative. Processes with negative
values of q are described as exothermic. When the system absorbs heat
from the surroundings, q is positive, and the corresponding process is
endothermic.

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Examples:

Melting of ice endothermic

Freezing exothermic

Photosynthesis endothermic

Cellular
exothermic
respiration

Combustion of exothermic
gasoline 8
Sample Problems 3.1

1. Thermal decomposition of limestone to form calcium oxide (CaO)

and carbon dioxide

2. Explosion of firecracker triggered by a spark

3. Combustion of hydrogen gas

Answers:

1. endothermic 2. exothermic 3. exothermic

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Identify whether the following processes are endothermic
or exothermic. Justify your answer.
1. Burning of coal

2. Neutralization between an acid and a base

3. Combustion of gasoline

4. Solid lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) dissolves in hot water

5. Heating causes sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to decompose

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 Lesson 3.2: The First Law of Thermodynamics

Main Idea: The energy of a system changes as a

function of heat and work

EQ: How do heat and work affect a system?

Thermochemistry is a branch of thermodynamics, which deals

with the interconversion of energy between two forms: heat and
work.
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According to the law of conversationof energy, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can
only be transferred between the system and the surroundings. The energy of the system (∆E sys)
and the energy of its surroundings (∆E surr) are related by the following equation:
∆E = −∆E surr
The first law of thermodynamics statsyses that in any process, the change in energy of a system is
equal to the heat absorbed (q) by the system and the work (w) done on it.
∆E sys = q + w
The law implies that the net energy flow to or from any system comes in the form of either work
or heat. When work is done on the system, it gains energy and work is denoted as a positive ( +w ).
When the system does the work, it uses up or transfers some of its energy so that work is denoted
as negative (−w ), the system may also absorb heat for which the q is positive (+q), or it may
release heat to the surroundings for which q is negative (−q). Thus, the net change in energy can
neither be positive or negative on the means and the direction of the energy transfer is involved.

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Sample Problems 3.2
Calculate the change in the energy for the following processes. Identify if the process is endothermic or
exothermic

1. A gas releases 35 J of heat as 84 J of work was done to compress it.

1. ∆E sys = ( - q ) + ( + w ) = - 35J + 84J = 49J endothermic

2. A gas absorbs 48 J of heat as it does 72 J of work by expanding

2. ∆E sys = ( + q ) + ( - w ) = 48J + (-72J) = -24 J

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Lesson 3.3 Calorimetry
Main Idea : Calorimetry involves the measurement of the quantity of heat
exchanged between a system and its surroundings
EQ: How is heat related to changes un
temperature?

The flow of energy (as heat) between the system and its surroundings is
measured through calorimetry. The amount of heat absorbed or released by the
system is a function of its change in temperature.
q = C ∆t
∆t = t final − t initial
From the equation, heat and temperature change are related by a proportionality
constant referred to as heat capacity ( C ), which is the amount needed to
increase the temperature of a substance or a material by 1⁰ C. This constant16 is
expressed in the units J/ ⁰C.
For a pure substance, the heat capacity is equal to the product of its mass ( m )
and specific heat (c).
C = mc
Therefore,
q = mc ∆t
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy needed to increase the
temperature of one gram of the substance by 1 ⁰ C . Its unit is J/ g∙ ⁰ C. The
specific heat of a substance is constant.

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Lists of the specific heat values of some
common substances. Different physical
states of the same substance (e.g., water)
have different values of specific heat.

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To experimentally determine the heat capacity
of a substance, a Calorimeter is used. A
Calorimeter is an insulator apparatus that
contains water or any liquid of known heat
capacity. In calorimetry, the system of interest
can be a substance ( for which the heat of
solution or heat of dissociation is measured) or
a chemical reaction ( for which heat of reaction
or heat of neutralization is measured). The
system exchanges heat with the water and the
components of the of the calorimeter. This heat
exchange can be mathematically expressed as

q sys = − [ q calorimeter + q water]

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 Lesson 3.4 What is Enthalpy?
Importance in Chemical Reactions
Enthalpy plays a vital role in predicting the heat
outcomes of chemical reactions and is
fundamental part of Thermochemistry.
Factors Affecting Enthalpy
The enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is
affected by various factors such as temperature,
pressure, concentration, and catalyst.
1 Definition of Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a state function that describes
2 a system’s heat content or thermal
energy.
3 Equation for Calculating Enthalpy Change
a
The change of enthalpy during a reaction can be
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calculated through the formula:
ΔH = H(products) - H(reactants)
When ∆H is positive, the
chemical reaction is described
as endothermic. When ∆H is
negative the reaction is
exothermic.
 The Role of Enthalpy in Endothermic Reactions
Defining Endothermic Reactions
Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy
from their surroundings and experience an
increase in enthalpy. This is due to chemical
bonds in the reactants breaking, releasing
energy, and forming new ones that absorb
energy.
An Example Heat Absorption in Endothermic
Reactions
An ice cube melting is an example of
As energy is transferred from the
an endothermic reaction that requires
surrounding into the reaction, this
an input of heat to break the hydrogen
causes a drop in temperature.
bonds between water molecules.
 The Role of Enthalpy in Exothermic Reactions

Defining Exothermic An Example Heat Release in Exothermic

Reactions Reactions
Exothermic reactions release
The combustion of wood is
As energy is transferred from the
heat energy from within and
an example of an
reaction to the surroundings, this
experience an enthalpy
exothermic reaction as it
generally results in a temperature
decrease. This is because
releases energy in the form
increase.
new chemical bonds formed
of heat.
release energy.
Applications of Enthalpy in Real-life Situations

Energy Generation
1
The enthalpy change in a Nuclear Fission reaction is responsible for
generating electricity and the process that supports our daily lives.

Climate Change
2
Understanding the enthalpy change in combustion reactions enables us to
monitor greenhouse gas emissions and stop climate change.
Biochemical Reactions
3
The understanding of enthalpy change is crucial in drug development, food,
and beverage applications and other important industrial processes.
Closing Thoughts
Enthalpy is Natural
Enthalpy change is a natural
occurrence that holds importance
in the development of sustainable
technologies and ways to mitigate
climate change.
Enthalpy and Temperature
Temperature and Enthalpy are often
interrelated, but it is important to
distinguish each other as they
describe different aspects of a
chemical reaction.
State Change
State changes, such as melting,
boiling, or freezing, rely on
enthalpy change to describe the
energy involved in the process.
 In a reaction A → B, if the enthalpy change is not
directly measurable but can be determined through
other reactions, what is the relationship between the
enthalpy change for the overall reaction and the
enthalpy changes for the known reactions?

a.They are unrelated. b. They are equal.

a. c. They are additive. d. They are subtractive .

c. They are additive

THANK
YOU AND
GODBLES