First Year Practice Paper for the Degrees of Bachelor of Engineering and Master of Engineering

Practice Paper 2

THERMODYNAMICS 1ACMW
[MENGM11202 - Practice]

The time allowed for this paper would normally be two hours.

This paper contains four questions.

Answer Q1 and two other questions from Q2, Q3, Q4.

All questions carry 20 marks each

The maximum for this paper is 60 marks

The following data sheets are attached

Facts and Formulae Sheet
Q1

a) In no more than 30 words each, explain or define:

 quasi-equilibrium
 closed system
 property of state
 reversible process
 isentropic process
 thermodynamic temperature scale
 cyclic process
 turbofan engine (with particular reference to by-pass air).
(8 marks.)

b) show that the work done by a polytropic expansion of an ideal gas in a piston-cylinder
is

m R (T 1 − T 2)
W=
n−1

where all symbols have their usual meaning (6 marks)

c) Illustrate the conversion of compressed liquid to superheated vapour on a T-v

diagram (with several isobars) and a p-V diagram (with several isotherms). Your
diagrams should also illustrate saturated liquid lines, saturated vapour lines, and the
critical point (6 marks).

Q2

An actuator reacts against a piston under quasi-equilibrium so that the pressure in the
piston- cylinder is

p s
( )
bar
= 3 .5 + 2. 5
√( cm )
where s is the piston displacement in centimeters, s=0 cm representing
the initial condition. Initially the temperature of the gas is T 1 = 298 K, the height from
piston to base of cylinder is 6cm, and the cross-sectional area of the piston is given the
symbol A. Find the heat addition (per unit cylinder area) required to displace the piston
by a further 5 cm. Marks will be awarded as follows:

a) A succinct problem statement (1 mark).

b) Illustrations of the equipment and path (as a P-V diagram) (2 marks)
c) List of assumptions (3 marks)
d) List of physical laws (3 marks)
e) List of physical constants (1 mark)
f) Calculation (9 marks)
g) Discussion (1 mark)

Q3

Two combustion chambers produce gases with similar thermodynamic properties to air.
Chamber A produces 2 kg s-1. gas at 15 bar, 720 K whereas chamber B
produces gas at 10 bar, 620 K, 3kg s-1. A plant throttles gas A to 10 bar, before mixing
the two gas streams. The mixture is then expanded isentropically in a turbine, exiting at
0.5 bar. Estimate the power produced by the turbine, and the entropy produced by all
processes. Marks will be awarded as follows.

a) A succinct problem statement (1 marks)

b) Plant and T-s diagrams (4 marks)
c) List of assumptions (3 marks)
d) List of physical laws (2 marks)
e) List of physical constants (1 mark)
f) Calculation of power (5 marks)
g) Calculation of entropy generation (3 marks)
h) Discussion (1 mark)

Q4

A diesel engine is modelled as follows

• air intake at 0.9 bar, 243 K

• isentropic compression, with compression ratio r = 12
• isobaric heat addition, with end temperature T 3 = 1100 K
• isentropic expansion
• heat rejection at constant volume.

The cold air standard air cycle assumptions apply. Calculate the temperature and
pressure at each point in the cycle, and the cycle efficiency. Marks will be awarded as
follows

a) A succinct problem statement (I mark)

b) A p-V diagram (2 marks)
c) List of assumptions (excluding cold standard air cycle assumptions)
(2 marks)
d) List of physical laws (2 marks)
e) List of physical constants (1 mark)
f) Calculation of pressures and temperatures (7 marks)
g) Calculation of efficiency (4 marks)
h) Discussion (1 mark)
 Facts and Formulae Sheet

Approximate data for dry air

Specific heat capacity at constant pressure: c p = 1.005 kJ kg-1 K-1
Specific heat capacity at constant volume: c v = 0.718 kJ kg-1 K-1
Specific gas constant: R = 0.287 kJ kg-1 K-1
Universal gas constant: Ru = 8.314 kJ kmol-1 K-1

Other approximate data

Density of water:  = 1000 kg m-3
Gravitational acceleration: g = 9.81 m s-2

Ideal Gas Law:

p V = m RT = n Ru T

Energy Equations
Non-Flow Steady-Flow
QW SY
 U 2  U1 
QW
 SY    v 2  v12   g  z  z  
 m  h 2  h 1   2 2 1 
 2 

v2
Θ =h+ + g z
Total energy of flowing fluid: 2
Moving Boundary Work
Constant pressure Constant temperature Polytropic
2
V  p1V1  p 2 V2 m R (T1  T2 )
Wb   p dV  p V
1
2  V1  W  m R T ln  2 
 V1 
Wb 
n 1

n 1

Entropy
Definition Gibbs Equation Pure liquid Ideal gas
(manipulated)
 Q  ds 
du
p
dv T  T  p 
dS    s 2  s1  c ln  2  s 2  s1  c p ln  2   R ln  2 
 T int,rev T T
 T1   T1   p1 

Isentropic Expansion/ Compression

k ( k −1 )/k k−1
p v =const T = const . p Tv = const

Isentropic efficiency (compressors and turbines)

W ' h 2 ' − h1 W h −h
ηc = = ηt = = 2 1
W h 2 − h1 W ' h2 ' − h1

Cycle Efficiencies
General Carnot Otto Diesel Brayton
 Q in TL 1 1  rck 1  1
 1  rev  1   1   1    1 
k r k 1  rc 1 
k 1
Q out TH r k1
r p
k
Practice Sheet 2-Solutions to part 1a.

Q I a) Quasi-equilibrium-close to equilibrium, owing to infinitesimally small net forces

and temperature differences.
Closed system-no fluid crosses the system boundary
Property of state-defines the condition of a system, and is independent of the path by
which an equilibrium state is reached.
Reversible process-in moving from initial state to intermediate state and returning to the
initial state, leaves no trace on its surroundings.
Isentropic process-the entropy of the system is constant
Thermodynamic temperate scale-has no dependence on the physical properties or
behaviour of a particular fluid.
Cyclic Process-periodically returns to the same state. E-g., four processes; states might
be 1-2-3-4-1.2-3.4 etc.
Turbofan engine-differs from the Turbojet engine in that 91 additional fan forces by-pass
air around the compressor. combustor and turbine, thereby increasing thrust.

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