Academic Session 2022

Jan 2022 Semester

ASSIGNMENT

TME106/03 Thermodynamics

Instructions to candidates:

1. This assignment is the alternative assessment to replace the proctored examination.

2. There are TWO SECTIONS in this examination paper. Answer ALL the questions in
the answer booklet provided.

3. Non-programmable electronic calculator may be used.

4. You are not allowed to remove this question paper from the examination venue.

5. The assignment will be made available from 21 st March 2022, Monday (00:00) until 4th
April 2022, Monday (23:59).

6. Completed assignment must be submitted by 4th April 2022, Monday (23:59).

Copyright © 2022 WOU

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Section A: Answer ALL the Questions. Each question carries 12 marks.

1. (a) A closed system initially contains 2 kg of air at 40 oC and 2 bar. Then, [5 marks]
the air is compressed, and its pressure and temperature are raised to
80oC and 5 bar. Determine the index n.

(b) Heat is removed from the food compartment of the refrigerator at a rate [7 marks]
of 35 MJ/h. The refrigerator has a power input of 4 kW. Determine the
COP of the refrigerator and the heat rejection rate to the surroundings
in kW.

2. Steam with a mass flow rate of 3 kg/s enters a nozzle at 2 bar and 200 oC [12 marks]
steadily, as shown in Figure Q2. The inlet nozzle area is 0.4 m 3. Then, it
leaves the nozzle at 1 bar with a velocity of 280 m/s. Assuming that the
process is an adiabatic process, determine the exit temperature of steam.

Figure Q2

3. (a) A heat pump is used to supply heat to a house at a rate of 95 MJ/h. If [6 marks]
the heat pump has a COP of 2.9, determine the required electric power
supply to the heat pump and the heat absorption rate from the outdoor
air.

(b) A Carnot heat engine receives heat from the heat source at 600 oC and [6 marks]
rejects waste heat to the heat sink at 28 oC. If the 1000 kJ of heat is
supplied to the engine per cycle, determine the Carnot efficiency of the
heat engine as well as the amount of heat rejected to the low-
temperature sink per cycle.

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4. Steam enters a turbine at 50 bar and 400oC and leaves at a pressure of 15 [12 marks]
bar. Determine the work output of the turbine per unit mass of steam if the
process is an isentropic process.

5. Explain the concepts of Zeroth Law of thermodynamics with the aid of a [12 marks]
diagram and an example.

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Section B: Answer ALL the Questions. Each question carries 20 marks.

6. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Carnot Vapor Cycle. Steam is
compressed isentropically in a compressor to a wet saturated state at 58 bar. It is
then heated in a boiler to dry saturated steam at the same pressure. Following that,
the steam undergoes an isentropic expansion process and the pressure drops to 0.1
bar. The steam is condensed in the condenser back to its original state at entry to the
compressor.

(a) Sketch the plant diagram and T-s state diagram. [4 marks]

(b) Determine the total work done and total heat transfer of the cycle. [12 marks]

(c) Determine the thermal efficiency and work ratio of the cycle. [4 marks]

7. (a) A paddle wheel is installed in a variable-load piston-cylinder system, [12 marks]

as shown in Figure Q1. Initially, the system contains 0.8 kg of air at 1.5
bar and 30oC. The paddle wheel is then rotated, and 45 kJ of work is
transferred to the air. Heat is also transferred to the air during the
process in order to keep the air temperature constant while the in-
cylinder volume has doubled. Determine the total heat transfer to the air.

Figure Q1

(b) During winter, a heat pump is used to maintain the house [8 marks]
temperature at 26oC. However, when the outdoor temperature drops to
-15oC, the house will experience heat loss at a rate of 60 kW. Calculate
the minimum power needed to drive the heat pump.
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Appendix 1: List of Equations

1 2
Kinetic Energy KE= m v (kJ )
2

Potential Energy PE=mgz(kJ )

2
W 12=∫ F ds( kJ )
1

Shaft work and power:

W shaft=2 πnT (kJ )

Work Ẇ shaft=2 π ṅT (kW )

Spring work:
1 2 2
W spring = k (x 2−x 1)( kJ )
2

F=kx (kN )

W 12
Power Ẇ =
∆t

Ideal gas relation:

PV =mRT

P-v-T relations of ideal gas during a polytropic process:

P1
=
P2 V 1
v2 n
( )
Equations for Ideal Gas

( )
1
v2 T
= 1 n −1
V 1 T2

( )
n−1
T 1 P1 n
=
T 2 P2
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Work done equation for a polytropic process:

[( ) ]
2
−1 P2 n−1
W =∫ P dV = P1V 1 n
−1
1
n−1 P 1

Entropy change equations:

s2−s 1=c v ,avg ln
T2
T1
+ Rln ( ) ( )
v2
v1
( kJ / kg . K )

s2−s 1=c p ,avg ln

( ) ( )
T2
T1
P
−Rln 2 ( kJ /kg . K )
P1

Cyclic process:
W net ,out =Qnet ,∈¿(kJ )¿
First Law Equations for Closed
System
Non-cyclic process:
Q net ,∈¿−W net , out =∆ U (kJ )¿

Steady Flow Energy Equation Q̇

( )
2
∆V
net ,∈¿− Ẇ net ,out = ṁ ∆ h+ + ∆ gz (kJ / s)¿
for Open System 2

H=U + PV ( kJ )
Enthalpy
h=u+ Pv (kJ /kg)

Specific heat at constant pressure:

δh
c p=
δT

Specific heat at constant volume:

Specific Heats δu
c v=
δT

Relations between cp and cv:

c p=c v + R
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For cyclic process:

δQ
∮ T
≤0
Clausius Inequality
For non-cyclic process:
δQ
∮ T
≤ S 2−S 1

Tds=du+ Pdv
T-ds Relations
Tds=dh+ vdP

W net ,out
ηth =
Q¿
Thermal Efficiency
QL
ηth =1−
QH

Refrigerator:
QL
COP R=
W net ,∈¿ ¿

1
CO P R=
QH
−1
QL
Coefficient of Performance
(COP)
Heat pump:
QH
COP HP=
W net ,∈¿ ¿

1
CO P HP=
Q
1− L
QH

Kelvin Scale ( )
QH
QL rev
=
TH
TL
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TL
Carnot Efficiency ηth ,rev =1−
TH

Refrigerator:
1
CO P R ,rev =
TH
−1
TL
Carnot COP
Heat pump:
1
CO P HP ,rev =
T
1− L
TH

Carnot Vapor Cycle:

Process dq dw
Boiler (Process 1 – 2) q 12=h2−h 1 w 12=0
Turbine (Process 2 – 3) q 23 =0 w 23 =−( h 3−h2 )
Condenser (Process 3 – 4) q 34=h 4−h 3 w 34=0
Compressor (Process 4 – 1) q 41=0 w 41 =−( h 1−h4 )
∮ ( dq−dw ) h2 −h1 +h4 −h3 h2 −h1 +h4 −h3

Carnot Vapor Cycle and

Rankine Cycle
Rankine Cycle:
Process dq dw
Boiler (Process 1 – 2) q 12=h2−h 1 w 12=0
Turbine (Process 2 – 3) q 23 =0 w 23 =−( h 3−h2 )
Condenser (Process 3 – 4) q 34=h 4−h 3 w 34=0
Pump (Process 4 – 1) q 41=0 w 41=−v 4 ( P1−P4 )
∮ ( dq−dw ) h2 −h1 +h4 −h3 h2 −h1 +h4 −h3
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END OF QUESTION PAPER