ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

Cebu Main: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
Manila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING – DAY 3

I. DIESEL CYCLE
Is a compression-ignition type of engine.

Formulas: TDC BDC

k -1
k -1 V3
T2 æ V1 ö T2 æ P2 ö k
P1V1k = P2V2k =ç ÷ = ç ÷ QA
T1 çè V2 ÷ø T1 çè P1 ÷ø
P=c
Is
In terms of compression ratio pressure ratio:

Pressure, P
e nt
ro
P2
( ) T2
( )
pi
= rk k = r k k -1 rp = (rk )k Is e
c
P1 T1 nt
ro
pi
c V=c QR

rk = compression ratio = V1 / V2
Volume, V
V2 VD
rp = compression pressure ratio = P2 / P1 V1

A. QA = mcp(T3 – T2) Process 1 to 2: (compression)

- constant entropy
B. QR = mcv(T4 - T1) Process 2 to 3:
- constant pressure
C. W = QA - QR Process 3 to 4: (expansion)
- constant entropy
D. Cycle efficiency, Process 4 to 1:
Q A - QR - constant volume
W W
e = = =
QA QA W + QR

1 rck - 1
e = 1- [ ]
k -1 k(rc - 1)
rk

V3 T3
where: rc = cut-off ratio = =
V2 T2

V3 – V2 = volume of fuel injected or fuel injection process

W W
E. Pm = =
VD V1 - V2

F. rk = expansion ratio = rc re
re = expansion ratio = V4/V3
VD = volume displacement = V1 - V2

Note: 1. Maximum temperature occur after combustion or before expansion.

2. Heat is added during constant pressure process.
3. Heat is rejected during constant volume process.
4. If compression ratio increases, its cycle efficiency will increase.
5. If compression ratio increases, its cycle efficiency will increase.
6. The cycle efficiency depends on compression ratio and its specific heat ratio.

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 1 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
II. BRAYTON CYCLE

Open Cycle Gas Turbine

A. Compression Process from 1 to 2 using Compressor

k -1
k -1
T2 æ V1 ö T2 æ P2 ö k
P1V1k = P2V2k =ç ÷ =ç ÷
T1 çè V2 ÷ø T1 çè P1 ÷ø

In terms of compression ratio pressure ratio:

P2
P1
( )
= rk k
T2
T1
= r k k -1 ( )
rp = (rk )k

WC = compressor work = m cp (T2 - T1)

where: cp = 1.0 KJ/kg-K

B. Heat Added in the Combustor: 2 to 3

(Constant Pressure process: P2 = P3)
QA = m cp (T3 - T2)

C. Turbine Expansion: 3 to 4
(Isentropic Process: s3 = s4)
WT = turbine work = m cp (T3 - T4)

k -1
QA
T3 æP ö k T3 V4 k -1
= ç 3÷
k k
= P4 V4 =(
Temperature, T

P3 V3 )
T4 çP ÷ T4 V3
è 4ø =
c WT
P
D. Net Turbine Work, WN
WN = WT - WC
c
Wc P=
E. Cycle Efficiency, e
WN W - Wc 1 1 Entropy, s
e = = T = 1-
k -1
= 1- k -1
QA QA rk
rp k

In terms of temperature and enthalpy:

(T - T4 ) - (T2 - T1) T -T
e= 3 = 1- 4 1
(T3 - T2 ) T3 - T2

(h3 - h4 ) - (h2 - h1) h -h

e= = 1- 4 1
(h3 - h2 ) h3 - h2

P2 P3 V1
rp = pressure ratio = = rk = compression ratio =
P1 P4 V2

F. Backwork Ratio, BW
Compressor Work Wc
BW = =
Turbine Work WT

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 2 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
III. GAS MIXTURE

Partial Pressure
P = Total pressure = P1 + P2 + P3 V = V1 + V2 + V3

Partial Pressure of each Gas:

V1
A. Partial pressure of gas 1: P1 = Pm
Vm
V
B. Partial pressure of gas 2: P2 = 1 Pm
Vm
V
C. Partial pressure of gas 3: P3 = 1 Pm
Vm

Percent Volume & Mass

A. PERCENT VOLUME
Vm = total volume of gas mixture = V1 + V2 + V3
Percent volume of gas 1: %V1 = V1 / Vm = P1 / Pm
Percent volume of gas 2: %V2 = V2 / Vm = P2 / Pm
Percent volume of gas 3: %V3 = V2 / Vm = P3 / Pm

B. PERCENT MASS:
mm = total mass of mixture = m1 + m2 + m3
Percent mass of gas 1: %m1 = m1 / mm
Percent mass of gas 2: %m2 = m2 / mm
Percent mass of gas 3: %m3 = m3 / mm

Where: P1 = partial pressure of gas 1

V1 = volume of gas 1
P2 and V2 are pressure and volume of gas 2.

Conversion of Volume to Mass or Vice Versa

A. Conversion of volume to mass basis: multiply the molecular weight, V (M)
B. Conversion of mass to volume basis: divide the molecular weight, m / M

Molecular weight. M

A. If percent volume given: Mm = V1 M1 + V2 M2 + V3 M3

1
B. If percent mass given: Mm =
m1 m 2 m 3
+ +
M1 M 2 M 3

Where: Mm = molecular weight of the mixture

Gas constant, R
Rm = gas constant of mixture
Rm = 8.314/Mm

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 3 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
PROBLEMS
DIESEL CYCLE

1. Air in an ideal Diesel cycle is compressed from 3 L to 0.15 L and then it expands during the constant pressure
heat addition process to 0.3 L. Under cold air standard conditions, the thermal efficiency of this cycle is:
A. 35 percent B. 44 percent C. 65 percent D. 70 percent

2. A Diesel cycle has an initial temperature of 27 oC. If the cut-off ratio is 2.50 and compression ratio is 12, find the
maximum cycle temperature.
A. 1634.4 oC B. 1753.44 oC C. 2010.3 oC D. 1983.4 oC

BRAYTON CYCLE & DUAL CYCLE

1. In an air-standard Brayton cycle the inlet temperature and pressure are 20°C and 101.325 kPa. The turbine inlet
conditions are 1200 kPa and 900°C. Determine the air flow rate if the turbine produces 12 MW.
A. 21.41 kg/s B. 20.20 kg/s C. 19.25 kg/s D. 18.10 kg/s

2. An ideal Brayton cycle has a net work output of 150 KJ/kg and backwork ratio of 0.4. The turbine net work output
of the cycle would be:

GAS MIXTURE

1. An ideal gas mixture consists of 2 kmol of N2 and 6 kmol of CO2. The mass fraction of CO2 is:
A. 0.175 B. 0.250 C. 0.825 D. 0.750

2. An ideal gas mixture consists of 2 kmol of N2 and 6 kmol of CO2. The apparent gas constant of mixture is:
A. 0.208 B. 0.231 C. 0.531 D. 0.825

3. Determine the partial pressure of CO2 for the following analysis of gas mixture by weight at 101 kpaa and 25oC:
CO2 = 35%, N2 = 65%.
A. 25.75 kpaa B. 27.55 kpaa C. 52.75 kpaa D. 52.57 kpaa

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 4 Contents are not allowed to be edited.