HELICAL GEARS

Ft

Fa

Helical gear nomenclature

Meshing helical gears: From the figure:

Relation of angles:
1. cosΨ = Pcn 2. DPn = DP cosΨ = DP
. Pc cosΨ
DPn
3. tanՓn = tanՓ cosΨ 4. Tv = T
cos3 Ψ
Since:
Pc (DP) = π and
Pcn (DPn) = π
. equate,
Pc (DP) = Pcn (DPn)
DP = Pcn
DPn Pc

Relation of Forces:
Where: Fr = radial load Fa = axial load
Free Body
Ft = tangential load Fn = total load Diagram
 5. Power = Ft V 6. Fa = Ft tanΨ
7. Fr = Ft tanՓ 8. Fn = √ F r 2 + F t 2 + F a 2

Sw f Y 78
9. Strength of Helical Gears FS =
P [ 78 + √V ]
F = 2Pa where; Pa = axial pitch = Pcn / (sinΨ)
10. Dynamic Load on Helical Gears
0.05V(C f cos 2 Ψ + F t ) cosΨ
Fd = Ft +
0.05V + √ C f cos 2 Ψ + F t

where: V = pitch line velocity = πDN, fpm

Ψ = helix angle Pc = circular pitch Pcn = normal circular pitch
Փ = pressure angle Փn = normal pressure angle f = face width, in
DP = diametral pitch DPn = normal diametral pitch T = number of teeth
Tv = virtual number of teeth Y = form factor based on the virtual number of teeth
S w = safe working stress, psi C = a factor dependent upon machining error

WORM GEARS
Lead angle, X linear Pitch, P

where:
X = lead angle of the worm
Circular pitch, Pc Pitch dia –DW P = linear pitch of the worm
Pc = circular pitch of the
. gear
Dw = pitch diameter of the
worm
Dg = pitch diameter of the
gear
Pitch dia -Dg

Worm gears are used where high speed ratio (10:1) and above are desired.
Worm gear nomenclature
1. Linear pitch, P = distance between adjacent threads
2. Pc = circular pitch of the gear Pc = π D g
Tg
3. Pitch of worm = circular pitch of the gear Pc = π D g
 Tg
4. Speed ratio = Nw = Tg
Ng Number of threads on worms
Note: No. of threads on the worms is equal to 1 for single threaded and 2 for
double threaded.
5. Tangential velocity of worm, Vwt = π Dw Nw
6. Linear velocity of worm, VwL = Nw L
7. Tangential velocity of gear, Vg = π Dg Ng
8. But; VwL = Vg, therefore Nw L= π Dg Ng
9. Lead, L = the distance from any point on one thread to the corresponding point on
the next turn of the same thread.
Lead angle = the angle between the tangent to the pitch helix and the plane of
rotation.
Lead L = P (for single thread) = 2P (for double thread) = 3P (for triple thread)
10. Center Distance, C C = Dw + Dg
2
Where: Dw = pitch diameter of the worm Dg = pitch diameter of the gear
Ng = speed of gear Nw = speed of worm Tw = number of teeth of worm
Tg = number of teeth of gear Vwt = Tangential velocity of worm
Vg = Tangential velocity of gear VwL = Linear velocity of worm
11. Relation of angles:

For one revolution of the worm: Lead Angle (X):

tanX = Lead
πDw
L
Axis of tanΨ = πDw
rotation Lead
Ψ where: Ψ = 90o - X
tanՓn = tanՓ (cos X)
πDw
Note: Lead angle of worm = helix angle
X . of gear = X
Nw

where: X = lead angle of the worm

Փ = pressure angle β = face angle (usually 60o)
Փn = normal pressure angle Ψ = helix angle of worm
Note: lead angle of worm = helix angle of gear
12. Efficiency of Worm gear: e = tan x ¿ ¿ ¿
 To maximize efficiency, tan x =√ 1+f 2

–f

13. Power transmitted:

Pw = power of worm

=2 π T w Nw = Wt Vw

Pg = power of gear = 2π T g Ng

= Pwe = FtVg

14. Tangential force on worm, Wt:

2T w
Tw= Wt(Dw /2) or Wt =
Dw

15. Tangential load on gear, Ft:

2T g
Tg = Ft(Dg/2) or Ft =
Dg

F t (sin ∅)
16. Separation Load, S: S=
cos ∅ cosx−f sinx

17. Total Force of resultant force: Fn = √ F2t +W 2t + S2

18. Strength of Worm Gear

Note: The worm gear is weaker than the worm, therefore the design for strength is

based on the worm gear.

S w fY 1200
Tangential Load on the gear: Ft = ( )
DP 1200+V

Where: Ft = tangential pitch line load on the gear S w = safe stress, Table 12-2

F = face width Y= form factor, Table 11-2

V =pitch line velocity of the gear, fpm DP = diametral pitch

Dw+2 add
F = face width =
2

Where: add = addendum = 1/DP

BEVEL GEAR
Bevel gears - are used to connect intersecting shafts, usually at right angle

1. Number of teeth and speed relation: TpNp = TgNg

2. Speed and Diameter relation: D1N1 = D2N2

3. Angle between shafts, ϴ ϴ = α p +α g

where : α p = pitch angle of the piston

α g = pitch angle of the gear

4. Speed and Angle relation : Ng sinα g = Npsinα p

sinϴ
5. Angle of Gear: tanα g = N p
+cosϴ
Ng

sinϴ
N
6. Angle of Pinion: tanα p = p
+cosϴ
Ng

Note: If the shafts are right angle (90° ¿ or ϴ = 90° if not given

A. tan = N
g
p
α
Ng

Np
B. tanα p =
Ng

7. Face Angle

A. Face angle of Gear, β g:

βg = α g + α p

where: tan α g = Addendum ¿ ¿

B. Face angle of Pinion, β p: β p = α g + α p

where: tan α p = Addendum ¿ ¿

8. Cutting Angle:

A. Cutting angle of Gear β g: β g = α g

+ αd

where: tan α d = Dedendum ¿ ¿

B. Cutting angle of Gear β p: β p= α g + α d

where: tan α d = Dedendum ¿ ¿

9. Power Transmitted: P = 2π TN
10. Torque transmitted by bevel gear: T = F t(R) = Ft (Dp/2)
11. Dynamic Load on Gear:
2T
A. Tangential Force, Ft Ft =
Dp

B. Radial Force, Fr Fr = Ft tan ∅ ncosα p

C. Axial Force, Fa Fa = Ft tan∅ nsinα p

D. Resultant Force, Fn Fn = √ F2r + F 2a + F2t

12. Strength of Gear Teeth

Sw f y f f2 78
Ft = (1− + 2 )( ¿
DP L 3 L 78+ √V

Where: Sw = working stress f = face width DP = diametral pitch Y = form

factor
V = pitch line velocity L = distance from the point of shafts axis intersection to
the outermost
point contact of gears
HOMEWORK NO. 8 MACHINE DESIGN- WORM, HELICAL, AND BEVEL GEAR

1. A work rotating at 1150 rpm drives a worm gear. The velocity ratio is 15 to 1. A
10 hp motor is used to supply the worm with worm pitch gear diameter of 3 in.
Find the tangential force on the worm.

A. 365.37lbs B. 465.37 lbs C. 565.37 lbs D. 665.37 lbs

2. A double thread worm gear has a pitch pf 1 1/8 and a pitch diameter pf 3 in. it
has a coefficient of friction of 0.20 and normal angle (pressure angle) of 14.5°.
the worm is supplied by 12 hp at 1200 rpm motor. Find the tangential force on
the gear. The worm is left hand threads.

A. 597.08 lbs 697.06 lbs C. 797.08 lbs D. 897.08 lbs

3. A single worm gear has a pitch diameter of 2 in and a pitch of 1 in with coefficient
of friction of 0.21. the normal angle is 14,5 degrees with tangential force on gear
of 1000 lbs. Find the separation force on the gear and worm considering a left
hand threads.
 A. 171.23 lbs B.271.23 lbs C. 371.23 lbs D. 471.23 lbs

4. A double thread worm gear has a lead angle of 7.25 degrees and pitch radius of
2 ½ in. Find the pitch of the worm.

A. ¼ in B. ½ in C. 1 in D. 1 ½ in

5. A triple thread worm gear has a helix angle of 78 degrees. It has a pitch of ¾ in.
Find the pitch diameter of the gear.

A. 2.37 in B. 2.77 in C. 3.07 in D. 3.37 in

6. A double thread worm has a lead of 1.5 in and pitch diameter of 3.5 in. If normal
pressure angle is 14.5 degrees, find the pressure angle of the worm.

A. 11.66° B. 12.66° C. 13.66° D. 14.66°

7. A triple thread worm gear has pitch of ¾ in and pitch diameter of 2 ¼ in. Find the
helix angle.

A. 72.34° B. 62.34° C. 52.34° D. 42.34°

8. A triple threaded worm, rotating at 1,000 rpm, drives a 31-tooth gear. Find the
speed of the gear.

A. 76.77 rpm B. 86.77 rpm C. 96.77 rpm D. 106.77 rpm

9. A 20-tooth helical gear having a pitch diameter of 10 in. Find the diametral pitch of
the gear.

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

10. A 26-tooth helical gear having a pitch diameter of 7 has a helix angle of 22
degrees. Find the circular pitch in a plane normal to the teeth.

A. 0.528 B. 0.628 C. 0.728 D. 0.828

11. A helical gear having a helix angle of 23°. Find the pressure angle normal to the
teeth.

A. 0.235 B. 0.335 C. 0.435 D. 0.535

12. A 75 hp motor, running at 450 rpm is geared to a pump by means of helicak gear
having a pinion diameter of 8 in. Find the tangential force of the gear.

A. 2,326 lbs B. 2,426 lbs c. 2,526 lbs D. 2,626 lbs

1. A turbine at 30,000 rpm is used to drive a reduction gear delivering 3 hp at 3,000

rpm. The gears are are 20 degrees involute herringbone gears of 28 pitch and 2 1/8
in effective width. The pinion has 20 teeth with a helix angle of 23 deg. Determine
the load normal to the tooth surface.

A. 20.4 lbs B. 24.4 lbs C. 28.4 lbs D. 32.4 lbs

2. A helical gear having 20 teeth and pitch diameter of 5 in. Find the normal
diametral pitch if helix angle is 22 degrees.

A. 3.31 in B. 4.31 in C. 5.31 in D. 6.31 in

3. A helical gear tangential load of 200 lbs and axial load of 73 lbs. Find the helix
angle.

A. 14 degrees B. 16 degrees C. 18 degrees D. 20 degrees

4. A helical gear having 20 teeth and pitch diameter of 5 in. Find the normal
diametral pitch if helix angle is 22 degrees.

A. 3.31 in B. 4.31 in C. 5.31 in D. 6.31 in

5. A 20° full depth straight tooth gear has a face width of 3 ¾ in and a pitch diameter
of 12 in with cone pitch angle of 37.5°. Find the mean diameter.

A. 6.72 in B. 7.72 in C. 8.72 in D. 9.72 in

6. A straight tooth bevel gear has a face width of 4° and a pitch diameter of 14 in
with cone pitch angle of 40°. If the torque on the gear is 5000 in-lb, what is the
tangential force on the gear?

A. 1400 lbs B. 1400 lbs C. 1400 lbs D. 1400 lbs

7. A pair of straight tooth bevel gear connect a pair of shafts 90°. The velocity ratio is
3 to 1. What is the cone pitch angle of smaller gear?

A. 16.56 deg B. 20.56 deg B. 26.56 deg C. 32.56 deg

8. A spiral bevel pinion with a left hand spiral rotates clockwise transmits power of a
mating gear with speed ratio of2 to 1. Determine the pitch angle of the pinion.

A. 16.56 deg B. 20.56 deg C. 26.56 deg D. 32.56 deg

9. A spiral bevel pinion with left hand spiral transmits 4 hp at 1200 rpm to a mating
gear. The mean diameter of the pinion is 3 in. Find the tangential force at the mean
radius of the gear.

A. 110 lbsB. 120 lbs C. 130 lbs D. 140 lbs

10. A pair of 4-pitch, 14.5°, involute bevel gear have 2.1 reduction. The pitch
diameter of the driver is 1.0 in and faces width of 2 in. Determine the face angle of
the pinion. (Shafts at right angle)

A. 20.85 deg B. 23.85 deg C. 25.85 deg D. 27.85 deg

11. The cone angle of pinion of a pair of bevel gear is 30° while for the gear 60°. If
the pinion turns at 300 rpm, find the speed of the gear.

A. 173.21 rpm B. 183.21 rpm C. 193.21 rpm D. 203.21 rpm

12. The cone angle of pinion and the gear are 25° and 65° respectively. Find the
speed ratio.

A. 1.5 B. 5.2 C. 4.23 D. 2.14