1. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid.

This process is often used as a final production step before selling or packaging products. To be considered "dried", the final product must be solid, in the form of a continuous sheet (e.g., paper), long pieces (e.g., wood), particles (e.g., cereal grains or corn flakes) or powder (e.g., sand, salt, washing powder, milk powder). A source of heat and an agent to remove the vapor produced by the process are often involved. In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.

2. Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction.

3. Dehumidification is a process of reducing the level of humidity in the air, usually for health reasons.

4. Adiabatic drying- a sensible heat in the air converted to latent head and change in the air condition. 5. Bone-dry Basis means Moisture free or zero moisture. 6. Bound Moisture it is Moisture which is closely bound to the cell wall constituents of wood. 7. Capillary Action (Flow) is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to, external forces like gravity. It is the movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid. The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin tube, in porous materials such as paper, in some non-porous materials such as liquefied carbon

fiber, or in a cell. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and solid surrounding surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container act to lift the liquid. 8. Commercial Dry Basis a Dry basis in which the presence of water is ignored for the purposes of the calculation. 9. Commercial Drying Time it is the standard time required for a material to be dried. 10. Constant-rate Period it is the rate independent for both the actual moisture content and the hygroscopic nature of the fuel. It ends at the critical moisture content, the condition in which the total fuel surface is no longer at or above fiber saturation. 11. Critical Moisture Content is the average moisture throughout a solid material being dried, its value being related to drying rate, thickness of material, and the factors that influence the movement of moisture within the solid. 12. Equilibrium Moisture Content is the moisture content at which the wood is either gaining or losing moisture; this however, is a dynamic equilibrium and changes with relative humidity and temperature. 13. Evaporative Load is the minimum energy demand for drying, but this energy has to be transferred to the solids in a practical way. 14. Falling Rate Period During this period, the hygroscopic nature of dead fuel becomes dominant in the drying process. The falling-rate period of drying depends upon an outward gradient between the bound-water vapor pressure and the ambient vapor pressure in the atmosphere. As moisture removal progresses below the fibersaturation point, the bound-water vapor pressure gradually declines, and the vapor-

pressure gradient is gradually reduced. Either of two conditions must prevail to assure continued significant drying: One is to maintain a surrounding vapor pressure appreciably below the declining bound-water vapor pressure; the other is addition of heat to the fuel at a rate that will increase its temperature and correspondingly its bound-water vapor pressure. Both processes operate in nature, sometimes augmenting and sometimes opposing each other. 15. Fiber Saturation Point Point wherein the drying process where cell cavities loose all their free water but bound water remains. 16. Free Moisture Content is the loss in weight after drying at a certain temperature for a period of time. 17. Hygroscopic Material A material capable of absorbing moisture. 18. Non-hygroscopic Material A material not capable of absorbing moisture. 19. Through-circulation Drying means material generally dries at a constant rate until a critical moisture content is reached; then it dries at a progressively slower rate until drying is complete. 20. Unbound Moisture Water held and dispersed by a detergent in a dry-cleaning solvent. 21. Wet Basis the percentage of water in solid is the mass of moisture contained in 100 parts by weight of the wet material. It is expressed as the ratio of the weight of the moisture to the weight of the wet feed material. 22. Batch Drying is a system at which a certain volume of grain is being dried at a time.

23. Continuous Drying is where grain is continuously flowing though a dryer without stopping. 24. Final Moisture Content it is fractional term and is defined as the ratio of moisture content present after drying to the total weight of the wet solid. 25. Humidity A quantity representing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or a gas. 26. Initial Moisture Content it is fractional term and is defined as the ratio of moisture content present before feeding to the dryer to the total weight of the wet solid. 27. Initial Moisture Distribution it is the initial distributed moisture content measured to the material before feeding to the dryer.