Lesson 1: Ice Refrigeration and Refrigeration Capacity

ENGR. EDWIN S. BAUTISTA

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST
Ice Refrigeration: Basic Principle
Heat Given Off by the Substance to be Cooled + Heat Gain = Heat Absorbed by Ice
𝑸𝒔 + 𝑸𝒈 = 𝑸𝒊
where: (a) 𝑄𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑠 (𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑒 )
𝑡𝑠 − 𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 and 𝑡𝑒 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐶𝑝𝑠 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
(b) 𝑄𝑔 − ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 (Normally expressed in terms of % Qs)
If not stated, let 𝑄𝑔 = 0.
(c) for 𝑄𝑖 ∶
Mi @ ti Mi @ tf Mw @ tf Mw @ te
Diagram:
1 2 3 4
Q12 Q23 Q34
Ice Refrigeration: Basic Principle
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄12 + 𝑄23 + 𝑄34
𝑄12 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 and 𝑄12 = 𝑀𝑖 𝐶𝑝𝑖 (𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 ) ; where: 𝑀𝑖 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑓 = 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0℃ = 32℉ ; 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 and
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝑝𝑖 = 𝑠𝑝. ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 2.093 𝑜𝑟 = 0.5 𝑜𝑟
𝑘𝑔.𝐾 𝑘𝑔.℃ 𝑙𝑏.0 𝑅 𝑙𝑏.0 𝐹
𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄23 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑀𝑖 𝐿 ; 𝐿 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 335 = 144
𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏

𝑄34 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 and 𝑄34 = 𝑀𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑡𝑒 − 𝑡𝑓 ) ; where: 𝑀𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑀𝑖
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝𝑤 = 𝑠𝑝. ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.187 𝑜𝑟
𝑘𝑔.𝐾 𝑘𝑔.℃
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
=1 𝑜𝑟 Note: 1 BTU = 1.055 kJ
𝑙𝑏.0 𝑅 𝑙𝑏.0 𝐹
Refrigerating Capacity of the Machine
Refrigerating Capacity = Heat Given Off by the Substance + Heat Gain
𝑅𝑒𝑓. 𝐶𝑎𝑝. = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑔
a) Above Freezing: 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑠 (𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑒 )
Below Freezing: 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡(𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔) + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
+𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡(𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑓 + 𝑀𝑠 𝐿 + 𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝 (𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑒 )
L – latent heat of fusion of substance; 𝐶𝑝𝑎 , 𝐶𝑝𝑏 − 𝑠𝑝. ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦

b) 𝑄𝑔 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 %𝑄𝑠 Note: Let 𝑄𝑔 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

Refrigerating Capacity of the Machine
Refrigerating Capacity in Tons of Refrigeration (TOR):
TOR – the heat required to melt one (1) ton of ice in one day or the heat needed to freeze one
ton of water in one day (Note: @ fusion temperature).

1 𝑡𝑜𝑛 2000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 144 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈

1 𝑇𝑂𝑅 = = 12000 = 200
24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑏 𝐻𝑅 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐵𝑇𝑈 1.055 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐽

Also, 1 TOR = 200 = 3.5167 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑊
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑇𝑈 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠

Note: 1 HP = 0.746 kW
Example Problems:
1. ME Board: A mass of ice at 25 deg F is needed to cool 250 lbs of vegetables in a bunker for 24
hrs. The initial temperature of the vegetables is assumed to be 85 deg F. It is also assumed that
the average temperature inside the bunker is 45 deg F within the 24 hour period. If the heat gain
per hr in the bunker is 30% of the heat removed to cool the vegetables from 85 to 45 deg F, what
would be the required mass of ice?
Other given: Specific heat of ice……… …..0.463 BTU/lb deg F
Specific heat of vegetables….0.80
Specific heat of water……….1.01
Heat of fusion of ice…………144 BTU/lb
Solution: Problem No. 1
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑔 and 𝑀𝑖 𝐶𝑝𝑖 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑀𝑖 𝐿 + 𝑀𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑒 − 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑄𝑠 + 0.3𝑄𝑠 but 𝑀𝑤 = 𝑀𝑖
𝑀𝑖 𝐶𝑝𝑖 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 + 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑒 − 𝑡𝑓 = (1.3)𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑠 (𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑒 )
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈 250 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑀𝑖 0.463 32 − 25 ℉ + 144 + 1.01 45 − 32 = (1.3)( )(0.8) 0 (85 − 45)℉
𝑙𝑏.0 𝐹 𝑙𝑏 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑙𝑏. 𝐹
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑀𝑖 = 2.7 𝑜𝑟 64.8
ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
Example Problems:
2. How much ice would be required to chill 100 gallons of water from 70 deg F to 50 deg F if the
latent heat of fusion of ice is 144 BTU/lb. Ice and water do not mix.
Solution: Heat Given by Water = Heat Absorbed by Ice
𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑔 = 𝑄𝑖
𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑠 𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑒 = 𝑀𝑖 𝐶𝑝𝑖 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑀𝑖 𝐿 + 𝑀𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑒 − 𝑡𝑓 but 𝑀𝑤 = 𝑀𝑖
Note: If 𝑡𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑖 = 𝑡𝑓 . Also, substance is water. That is:
𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑀𝑠 = 𝜌𝑉 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 8.33 100 𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 833 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
833 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1 70 − 50 ℉ = 𝑀𝑖 144 + (1 ) 50 − 32 ℉
𝑙𝑏.0 𝐹 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏.0 𝐹

𝑀𝑖 = 102.84 𝑙𝑏𝑠
Example Problems:
3. ME Board: Fish weighing 11,000 kg with a temperature of 20 deg C is brought to a cold storage
and which shall be cooled to – 10 deg C in 11 hours. Find the required plant refrigerating
capacity in tons of refrigeration if the specific heat of fish is 0.7 above freezing and 0.3 kCal/kg0C
below freezing which is – 3 deg C. The latent heat of freezing is 55.5 kCal/kg. 1kCal= 4.187 kJ
Solution: Problem No. 3
3. ME Board: Fish weighing 11,000 kg with a temperature of 20 deg C is brought to a cold storage
and which shall be cooled to – 10 deg C in 11 hours. Find the required plant refrigerating
capacity in tons of refrigeration if the specific heat of fish is 0.7 above freezing and 0.3 kCal/kg0C
below freezing which is – 3 deg C. The latent heat of freezing is 55.5 kCal/kg. 1kCal= 4.187 kJ
Solution: 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑔
Below freezing hence use, 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑓 + 𝑀𝑠 𝐿 + 𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑏 (𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑒 )
11000 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙
𝑅𝑒𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝 = 0.7 20 − −3 ℃ + 55.5 𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔 + (0.3) −3 − −10
11 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑘𝑔.℃
𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙 4.187 𝑘𝐽 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑇𝑂𝑅
= 73,700 = 24.4 𝑇𝑂𝑅
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙 3600 𝑠 3.5167 𝑘𝑊
Example Problems:
4. ME Board: An ice plant produces 20 tons of ice per day at – 15 deg C from water at 25 deg C. If
miscellaneous losses are 12% of the freezing and chilling load, calculate the refrigeration
capacity of the plant in tons of refrigeration.
Solution: Problem No. 4
4. ME Board: An ice plant produces 20 tons of ice per day at – 15 deg C from water at 25 deg C. If
miscellaneous losses are 12% of the freezing and chilling load, calculate the refrigeration
capacity of the plant in tons of refrigeration.
Solution: 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑔 = 𝑄𝑠 + 0.12𝑄𝑠 = 1.12𝑄𝑠
Note: Substance is ice hence 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑄𝑖 and 𝑀𝑤 = 𝑀𝑖
Mw @ ts Mw @ tf Mi @ tf Mi @ te
1 2 3 4
Q12 Q23 Q34

𝑅𝑒𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝 = 1.12 𝑄12 + 𝑄23 + 𝑄34 = 1.12𝑀𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑓 + 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑝𝑖 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑒

20 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 2000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
= 1.12( 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 )( 𝑡𝑜𝑛
)(2.205 𝑙𝑏𝑠
) 4.187 𝑘𝑔.℃ 25 − 0 ℃ + 335 𝑘𝑔 + 2.093 0 − −15
Solution: Problem No. 4
4. ME Board: An ice plant produces 20 tons of ice per day at – 15 deg C from water at 25 deg C. If
miscellaneous losses are 12% of the freezing and chilling load, calculate the refrigeration
capacity of the plant in tons of refrigeration.
Solution: 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑔 = 𝑄𝑠 + 0.12𝑄𝑠 = 1.12𝑄𝑠
Note: Substance is ice hence 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑄𝑖 and 𝑀𝑤 = 𝑀𝑖
Mw @ ts Mw @ tf Mi @ tf Mi @ te
1 2 3 4
Q12 Q23 Q34
𝑘𝐽 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑇𝑂𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝 = 398,789.42 = 110.8 𝑘𝑊 = 31.5 𝑇𝑂𝑅
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠 3.5167 𝑘𝑊
Example Problems:
5. ME Board: Magnolia Dairy Products Plant must cool 4000 gallons of fresh milk received from a
farm per day from an initial temperature of 80 deg F to a temperature of 38 deg F in 5 hours. If
the density of the milk is 8.6 lbs/gal and specific heat is 0.935 BTU/lb0F, a) what must be the
capacity of the refrigerating machine in tons? b) how much volume of cooling medium in cfm
must be re-circulated if the change in temperature is 15 deg F, specific gravity is 1.182 and
specific heat is 0.729 BTU/lb0F.
Solution: Problem No. 5
5. ME Board: Magnolia Dairy Products Plant must cool 4000 gallons of fresh milk received from a
farm per day from an initial temperature of 80 deg F to a temperature of 38 deg F in 5 hours. If
the density of the milk is 8.6 lbs/gal and specific heat is 0.935 BTU/lb0F, a) what must be the
capacity of the refrigerating machine in tons? b) how much volume of cooling medium in cfm
must be re-circulated if the change in temperature is 15 deg F, specific gravity is 1.182 and
specific heat is 0.729 BTU/lb0F.
Solution: a) Refrigerating Capacity = Heat to be Removed from the Substance + Heat Gain
𝑅𝑒𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝 = 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑠 (𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑒 ) above freezing: Substance is milk.
𝑙𝑏𝑠 4000 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈
= 𝜌𝑉 𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑠 𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑒 = 8.6 (0.935 )(80 − 38)℉
𝑔𝑎𝑙 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑙𝑏.0 𝐹
𝐵𝑇𝑈 1 𝑇𝑂𝑅
= 270,177.6 = 22.51 𝑇𝑂𝑅
ℎ𝑟 12000 𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ𝑟
Solution: Problem No. 5
5. ME Board: Magnolia Dairy Products Plant must cool 4000 gallons of fresh milk received from a
farm per day from an initial temperature of 80 deg F to a temperature of 38 deg F in 5 hours. If
the density of the milk is 8.6 lbs/gal and specific heat is 0.935 BTU/lb0F, a) what must be the
capacity of the refrigerating machine in tons? b) how much volume of cooling medium in cfm
must be re-circulated if the change in temperature is 15 deg F, specific gravity is 1.182 and
specific heat is 0.729 BTU/lb0F.
Solution: b) Ref Capacity = Heat Removed from Milk = Heat Absorbed by Cooling Medium
𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑠 𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑒 = (𝑀𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
(𝑀 = 𝜌𝑉)𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 and (𝜌 = 𝑆. 𝐺. 𝜌𝑤 )𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 1.182 62.4 = 73.7568
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝐵𝑇𝑈
Finally, 270,177.6 = (73.7568 )(𝑉𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 )(0.729 )(15 𝐹)
𝐻𝑅 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏.𝐹
Solution: Problem No. 5
5. ME Board: Magnolia Dairy Products Plant must cool 4000 gallons of fresh milk received from a
farm per day from an initial temperature of 80 deg F to a temperature of 38 deg F in 5 hours. If
the density of the milk is 8.6 lbs/gal and specific heat is 0.935 BTU/lb0F, a) what must be the
capacity of the refrigerating machine in tons? b) how much volume of cooling medium in cfm
must be re-circulated if the change in temperature is 15 deg F, specific gravity is 1.182 and
specific heat is 0.729 BTU/lb0F.
𝑓𝑡 3 𝐻𝑅
Solution: b) 𝑉𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 335 = 5.58 𝑐𝑓𝑚
𝐻𝑅 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Thank you!