TYPES OF

INTERMOLECUL
AR FORCES
TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

■Dipole-Dipole Forces
■Ion-Dipole Forces
■Dispersion Forces
■The Hydrogen Bond
TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
■Dipole-Dipole Forces are
attractive forces between
polar molecules.
■ Their origin is electrostatic,
and they can be understood in
terms of Coulomb’s law.
■ The larger the dipole
moment, the greater the force.
TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
■Dipole-dipole forces are the attraction
between the positive end of one molecule
and the negative end of another.
■Dipoles form when there is a large
difference in electronegativity between
two atoms joined by a covalent bond.
TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
■Polar molecules have an asymmetrical
electron cloud/charge distribution. This is
due to an asymmetrical shape (due to
lone pairs of electrons around the central
atom) and/or due to the presence of
polar-covalent intra-molecular
DIPOLE—DIPOLE FORCES

■Polar molecules –
molecules in which the
distribution of electrons
between the covalently
bonded atoms is not even.
EXAMPLE

■The figure demonstrates a situation

where a molecular dipole happens.
There is no opposing dipole moment to
cancel out the one that is shown
below.

I
EXAMPLE

■The figure demonstrates a situation

where two molecules of HCl interacts.
HCl has both positive and negative end
so it is a polar molecule. Therefore it
exhibits a dipole-dipole interaction.
DRILL: Do they possess
dipole-dipole force?

BF3
DRILL: Do they possess
dipole-dipole force?

SO2
DRILL: Do they possess
dipole-dipole force?

NaCl +
water
ION — DIPOLE FORCES
■Ion-Dipole Forces are
attractive forces between
ions and a polar
molecules.
■ The positive pole is
attracted to the negative
ion (anion) while the
negative pole is attracted
to the positive ion
 ION — DIPOLE FORCES
■ Ion-Dipole interactions are
involved in solution
processes like incase of
sodium chloride dissolving in
water.
■ The strength of this
interaction depends on the
charge and size of the ion
and on the magnitude of the
dipole moment and size of
EXAMPLE
■ NaCl
DRILL: Do they possess ion-dipole
force?

KCl
DRILL: Do they possess ion-dipole
force?

CO2
DRILL: Do they possess ion-dipole
force?

RbF
 LONDON DISPERSION
■ These are weak attractions
that are used to explain the
attraction between nonpolar
molecules.
■ Dispersion forces increase as
molecular mass increases
and decrease with increasing
distances between the
molecules.
 LONDON DISPERSION
■ This type of
force occurs
primarily in
nonpolar
covalent
compounds
such as the
diatomic
elements (O2,
N2, Cl2).
 LONDON DISPERSION
■ If we place an ion or a polar molecule
near an atom (or a nonpolar molecule),
the electron distribution of the atom (or
molecule) is distorted by the force
exerted by the ion or the polar
molecule, resulting in a kind of dipole.
■ The dipole in the atom (or nonpolar
molecule) is said to be an induced
dipole because the separation of
positive and negative charges in the
atom (or nonpolar molecule) is due to
the proximity of an ion or a polar
molecule.
 LONDON DISPERSION
■ The attractive interaction
between an ion and the
induced dipole is called ion-
induced dipole
interaction.
■ The attractive interaction
between a polar molecule and
the induced dipole is called
dipole-induced dipole
interaction.
 LONDON DISPERSION
■ The extent to which a dipole
moment can be induced in a
molecule is called its
polarizability.

■ Polarizability of the atom or

molecule refers to the ease with
which the electron distribution
can be distorted.
EXAMPLE
■ CO2
DRILL: Do they possess dispersion
force?

RbF
DRILL: Do they possess dispersion
force?

CH4
DRILL: Do they possess dispersion
force?

BF3
HYDROGEN BONDING
 HYDROGEN BONDING
■ The hydrogen bond is a weak bond
formed when a hydrogen with
partial positive charge is close to
an atom in a molecule with lone
pairs of electrons or with excess
electronic charge(negative).
■ Hydrogen bond is a special type of
dipole-dipole interaction between
the hydrogen atom in a polar
bond, and an electronegative F, O
or N atom.
 HYDROGEN BONDING
■The average strength of a hydrogen bond is
quite large for a dipole-dipole interaction (up to
40 kJ/mol). Thus, hydrogen bonds have a
powerful effect on the structures and
properties of many compounds.
■Comparing hydrogen bond with dipole-dipole
forces, it is much stronger. As a result the
boiling point of molecules with hydrogen bond
is higher.
EXAMPLE
DRILL: Do they possess dispersion
force?

NH3
DRILL: Do they possess dispersion
force?

CH3OH
DRILL: Do they possess dispersion
force?

NH3