PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

SOLUTION
Types of Solution
 What I Need to Know
At the end of this module, you should be able to: 
1. Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: percent by
mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, ppm
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111);
2. Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solution
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-112);
3. Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of
solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115);
4. Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of
electrolyte solutions (STEM _GC11PPIIId-f-116).

 
 What I Know
Activity 1: GROUP ACTIVITY
Using the strips with written words on the next slide fill the blank table by choosing the appropriate
answers from among the bunch of strips.
 Different Types of Solution
Air Soda Water Vinegar Seawater Water(liquid)

Dental Amalgam Steel Nitrogen(gas) Oxygen(gas)

Carbon dioxide(gas) Sodium Chloride(solid)

Mercury (liquid) Carbon dioxide (gas) Carbon(solid)

Mercury (liquid) Silver (solid) Iron (solid) Solid in liquid

Gas in a gas Liquid in liquid Gas in liquid

Liquid in a solid Solid in a solid Acetic acid (liquid)

CONCENTRATION UNITS
Lesson 1
 What’s New
Activity 2 Find Me! Locate the words associated with concentration units in
the grid. The words can be running in horizontal, vertical, and diagonal
directions.
F A G S O L U T I O N D D E S
A M G H E J Y T I L A L O M N
H P O S B D C V A S E A S U O
Y E H L G I A F J L T V J L I
J R H N E K S P P M D S D O T 1. _____________________
K C J Y A F Q O G Y I O E V A 2. _____________________
3. _____________________
F E Y T I H R D E G G L F Y R 4. _____________________
K N J F J E R A S F H U A B T 5. _____________________
D T S Q L A F E C B O T G T N
6. _____________________
7. _____________________
K B N S O L V E N T E E Y N E 8. _____________________
R Y O M A F R A N C I S M E C 9. _____________________
E M O L A R I T Y S G O K C N 10. _____________________
 
Y A S E R R E G B C G R N R O  
O S L Y E E A I H F W K S E C
E S J E A F A I T H W F F P E
 NATURE OF SOLUTION
Solutions – are homogeneous mixtures.
They have uniform composition all
throughout. A solution may have one or
more solutes dissolved in a given
solvent.
Solute - the substance that dissolves in
the solution.
Solvent – the substance in which the
solute dissolves.
 NATURE OF SOLUTION
Soluble – is a substance that dissolves in
another substance it is said soluble in
that substance.
Insoluble – a substance that does not
dissolve in another substance is said to
insoluble in that substance.
Miscible – liquids which are completely
soluble in each other. Otherwise, they
are immiscible.
 NATURE OF SOLUTION
Aqueous solution – a solution in which
the solvent water.
Electrolyte – a substance that dissolves
in water to form a solution that conducts
electric current.
Nonelectrolyte – a substance that
dissolves in water to give a solution that
does not conduct electric current.
What is It
 What is It
Example 1.1
A sample of 0.894 grams (g) of potassium chloride
(KCl) is dissolved in 54.8 grams of water. What is the
percent by mass of KCl in the solution?
 
Strategy
We are given the mass of a solute dissolved in a certain
amount of solvent. Hence, we can calculate the mass
percent of KCl using Equation (1.1).
What is It
 What is It
Example 1.2
What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 40% by mass ethanol
(C2H6O) solution in water?
 
Strategy
We are given the percentage by mass (40%) of the solute in the
solution. Hence, we can calculate the mole fraction through (1)
converting the concentration units based on the mass or moles of a
solute and solvent or mass percentage, it is useful to assume a certain
total mass of solution; (2) changing the masses of the components
ethanol and water to number of moles; (3) substituting the values
obtained in the formula and solve for the mole fraction of the solute
ethanol, and solvent water.
What is It
 What is It
Example 1.3
Determine the molarity of the solution with
0.124 mol of CoCl2 in 0.654 L of solution.
 
Strategy We are given the mole of a
solute dissolved in a certain amount of
solution. Hence, we can calculate the
molarity of CoCl2 using Equation (1.3).
What is It
 What is It
Example 1.4
The density of a 2.45 M aqueous solution of methanol (CH3OH)
is 0.976 g/mL. What is the molality of the solution? The molar
mass of methanol is 32.04 g.

Strategy
To calculate the molality of a solution, we need to know the
number of moles of methanol and the mass of solvent in
kilograms. We assume 1 L of solution, so the number of moles of
methanol is 2.45 mol.
What is It
 What is It

Example 1.5
In a solution, there is 122.4 mL solvent and 5.24
mL solute present. Find the percent by volume.
 
Strategy We are given the volume of a solute
dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. Hence,
we can calculate the volume percent using
Equation (1.5).
What is It
 What is It

Example 1.6
A solution has a concentration of 1.24 g/L.
What is its concentration in ppm?
 
Strategy We need to convert the mass in
grams into milligrams and then re-write the
concentration in mg/L
 What’s More

Activity 3. Let’s do this! Answer the following problems. Write your

full solution on your answer sheet and box the final answer.
 
1.Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is used by some water treatment systems
to remove the disagreeable odor of sulfides in drinking water. An aqueous
solution of H2O2 prepared in the laboratory was found to have a
concentration of 20.0% by mass. What is the mole fraction of H2O2?

2.What is the molality of a solution containing 0.75 moles of sodium

hydroxide in 500 mL of water at 25℃? The density of water at 25℃ is 1
g/mL. (Hint: d=m/v)

3.A sample of 0.938 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in

60.9 g of water. What is the percent by mass of NaOH in the solution?
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
OF SOLUTIONS
Lesson 2
 What’s New
Activity 3. Match Me! Choose the answer that best matches each of the
definitions below. Write the letter of your answer on the column entitled
“Match”.

Definition Match     Key Terms

It is a direct measure of escaping    
1   A. Colligative Properties
tendency of molecules.  
It depends on the collective effect of the    
B. Boiling Point
2 concentration of solute particles     Elevation
present in the solution.  
It is used to determine the reduced    
3   C. Vapor Pressure
vapor pressure.
  D. Freezing Point
The temperature at which the vapor
Depression
4 pressure is 1 atm will be higher than the  
  E. Vapor Pressure
normal boiling point by an amount.
Lowering
 

It is the difference in temperature

5 between the freezing point of a pure   F. Raoult’s Law
 What is It
Effect of solute concentration on the colligative
properties of solutions

1.Vapor Pressure Lowering

A direct measure of the escaping capacity of molecules is
vapor pressure. A pure liquid (solvent) can achieve
equilibrium with its vapor in a closed container. And the
pressure exerted by the vapor is called vapor pressure
until the equilibrium is attained. A substance that does not
have a noticeable vapor pressure is nonvolatile, whereas
one that has a vapor pressure is volatile.
 
 What is It

Figure 1: Volatile Solvent VS Non-volatile Solute

 What is It
It should be remembered that the decrease in the vapor pressure of the solution
in this case is directly proportional to the fraction of the volatile molecules in
the oil, which is the solvent’s mole fraction. It is possible to assess this
decreased vapor pressure using Raoult’s Law (1886).

Where:
 

Figure 2: Relationship Between Vapor Pressure

and Mole Fraction of Water
 What is It

Recall from the definition of mole fraction that in a two-

component solution (a solvent and a single solute),
Xsolvent = 1 – Xsolute

While the chemical nature of the solute is not a factor to

consider, it is important to take into consideration whether
the solute is an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte.
Ionic compounds such as sodium chloride, NaCl, are
strong electrolytes that dissociate into ions, resulting in a
greater number of dissolved particles when they dissolve
in solution.
 What is It

Consider two distinct equivalent concentration solutions: one

is made of ionic compound NaCl, and the other is made of
molecular compound glucose (C6H12O6). The equations below
show what happens when these solutions dissolve:

NaCl (s)  Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 2 dissolved particles

 
C6H12O6 (s)  C6H12O6 (aq) 1 dissolved particle
 What is It

Consider two distinct equivalent concentration solutions: one

is made of ionic compound NaCl, and the other is made of
molecular compound glucose (C6H12O6). The equations below
show what happens when these solutions dissolve:

NaCl (s)  Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 2 dissolved particles

 
C6H12O6 (s)  C6H12O6 (aq) 1 dissolved particle
 What is It

2. Boiling Point Elevation

The addition of a non-volatile solute decreases the
vapor pressure of the solution, so that the vapor
pressure of the solution is returned to a value
conforming to the pure solvent, the temperature
must be increased. In fact, the temperature at
which the vapor pressure is 1 atm is greater than
the normal boiling point by an amount known as
the boiling point elevation.
 What is It

Figure 3: The Result of Lowering the Vapor Pressure in a

Solution to the Boiling Point
 What is It
For dilute solution, the elevation of the boiling point is directly
proportional to the molal concentration of the solute:

Figure 4: Normal Boiling Point for Water (solvent) as a

Function of Molality in Several Solution Containing Sucrose
(a non-volatile solute)
 What is It

3. Freezing Point Depression

The freezing point of a substance is the
temperature at which the solid and liquid
forms can coexist indefinitely, at equilibrium.
Under these conditions molecules pass
between the 2 phases at equal rates because
their escaping tendencies from the two phases
are identical.
 What is It

Figure 5: The Result of Lowering the Vapor Pressure

in a Solution to the Freezing Point
What is It
What is It
What is It
 What is It
Table 1. The van’t Hoff Factor of 0.0500 M Electrolyte
Solution at 25℃
 What’s More
Activity 4. True or False! Write the word True if the idea expressed in the
statement is correct. If the statement is wrong, write the word False. Underline the
word/s that make the statement wrong, then write the correct answer. 
_________1. At a given temperature, if a substance is added to a solvent like
water, the solute-solvent interactions prevent the solvent from going into the solid
phase, requiring the temperature to decrease further before the solution will liquify.
_________2. For dilute solution, the elevation of the boiling point is reversely
proportional to the molal concentration of the solute.
_________3. When a liquid evaporates easily, it will have a large number of its
molecules in the gas phase resulting to a high vapor pressure.
_________4. While the chemical nature of the solute is not a factor to consider, it
is important to take into consideration whether the solute is an electrolyte or
nonelectrolyte.
_________5. The concentration or amount of nonvolatile solute in the solution
does not influence the colligative properties of solutions.
 What I have learned
Activity 5.1 Complete me! Complete the table by giving the equation and the
units of concentration mentioned.

UNITS OF CONCENTRATION EQUATION UNIT

1. Percent by Mass    

2. Molarity    

3. Mole Fraction    

4. Molality    

5. Percent by Volume    

6. Parts per Million    

 What I have learned
Activity 5.2 Give Example!
Give two examples of the topics listed below
that happen in everyday life.
 
1.Vapor Pressure Lowering
2.Boiling Point Elevation
3.Freezing Point Depression
 
 What I can do

Homemade Ice Cream in

5 Minutes
 ASSESSMENT:

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AMS/ASSIGNMENT Q3-
Quiz # 4
 THANK YOU
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