Senior High

School

General NOT

Chemistry 2 Quarter
3 - Module 2.2
Week 2: Physical Properties of Solution

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 What I Know
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. The following are units of concentration, except:

A. Percent by Mass B. Parts per Million
C. Mole Fraction D. Mole

2. It is the ratio of the mass of a solute to the mass of the solution, multiplied by 100
percent.
A. Percent by Volume B. Percent by Mass
C. Molality D. Molarity

3. These units of concentration are unitless, except:

A. Mole Fraction B. Percent by Mass
C. Molarity D. Percent by Volume

4. What is the unit of molarity?

A. mol/kg B. mol
C. mol/L D. none of the above

5. What is the unit of parts per million (ppm)?

A. mg/mol B. mol/mg
C. mg/L D. mol/L

6. These properties depend on the collective effect of the concentration of solute

particles present in a solution.
A. Noncolligative Properties B. Colligative Properties
C. Solute Properties D. Concentration Properties

7. These are colligative properties, except:

A. Vapor Pressure Lowering B. Boiling Point Depression C. Boiling Point
Elevation D. Freezing Point Depression

8. The Latin word for Colligative, coligare, means:

A. Tied differently B. Tied together
C. Untied differently D. Untied together

9. What is a nonvolatile solute?

A. Solute that has a vapor pressure of its own
B. Solute that does not have a vapor pressure of its own
C. A & B
D. None of the above

10. What is an electrolyte?

A. A substance that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water
B. A substance that does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water
C. A substance that sometimes conduct electricity when dissolved in
water D. A substance that can never conduct electricity when dissolved in
water

iii
 Units What I Need to
Lesson 1
Know

Concentration

This module discusses about the properties of solutions, solubility, and the
stoichiometry of reactions in solutions.

After going through this module, you are expected to

1. Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: percent by mass, mole

fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111);
2. Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solution (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f
112);

What’s New
Activity 3.1.1. Find Me! Locate the words associated with concentration
units in the grid. The words can be running in horizontal, vertical, and diagonal
directions.
K B N S O L V E N T E E Y N E
F A G S O L U T I O N D
R Y O M A F R A N C I S M E C
A M G H E J Y T I L A L
E M O L A R I T Y S G O K C N
H P O S B D C V A S E A
Y A S E R R E G B C G R N R O
Y E H L G I A F J L T V
O S L Y E E A I H F W K S E C
J R H N E K S P P M D S
E S J E A F A I T H W F F P E
K C J Y A F Q O G Y I O

F E Y T I H R D E G G L
1. _____________________ 2.
K N J F J E R A S F H U _____________________ 3.
_____________________ 4.
D T S Q L A F E C B O T _____________________ 5.
 _____________________ 6. _____________________ 9.
_____________________ 7. _____________________ 10.
_____________________ 8. _____________________

What Is It
In the previous lessons we discover the phase changes in terms of the accompanying
changes in energy and forces between particles.
Many chemical reactions take place between ions and molecules dissolved in water
or other solvents, rather than between pure solids, liquids, or gases. Previously, we looked
at the properties of gases, liquids, and solids. In this lesson, we will examine the properties
of solutions, concentrating mainly on the role of intermolecular forces in solubility and other
physical properties of solution.
Quantitative study of a solution requires knowing its concentration, that is, the amount
of solute present in a given amount of solution. Several different concentration units are used
by chemists, each of which has strengths as well as drawbacks. Let us examine the units of
concentration: percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, and
parts per million (ppm).

Types of Concentration Units

1. Percent by Mass
The percent by mass (also called percent by weight or weight percent) is the
ratio of the mass of a solute to the mass of the solution, multiplied by 100 percent:
���� ������������ + ��������
�������������� ���� ��������
���� ��������������)�� 100%
=�������� ���� ������������
Equation (1.1)
�������� ����

���������������� (��������

The percent by mass is a unitless number because it is a ratio of two similar quantities.

Example 1.1
A sample of 0.894 grams (g) of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in 54.8 grams of
water. What is the percent by mass of KCl in the solution?

Strategy We are given the mass of a solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent.
Hence, we can calculate the mass percent of KCl using Equation (1.1).

Solution We write

�������������� ���� �������� ���� ������

 =�������� ���� ������������

�������� ���� ���������������� �� 100%

=0.894 ��

0.894 �� + 54.8 ���� 100%

= 1.61%

2. Mole Fraction (X)

The mole fraction of a component of a solution, say, component A, is written
XA and is defined as
������ ���� ���������� ����
�������� ���������������� ������
���� ������������������ �� ��������������������
= ���� =���������� ���� �� Equation (1.2)

The mole fraction is also unitless, because it too, is a ratio of two similar quantities.

2
Example 1.2
What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 40% by mass ethanol (C2H6O) solution in
water?

Strategy We are given the percentage by mass (40%) of the solute in the solution.
Hence, we can calculate the mole fraction through (1) converting the concentration
units based on the mass or moles of a solute and solvent or mass percentage, it is
useful to assume a certain total mass of solution; (2) changing the masses of the
components ethanol and water to number of moles; (3) substituting the values
obtained in the formula and solve for the mole fraction of the solute ethanol, and
solvent water.

Solution We write
(1) Assume there is exactly 100 grams of solution. Because the solution is 40%
ethanol (C2H6O), it contains 40 grams of ethanol and 60 grams of water. (2)

�������� ���� ����ℎ�������� =40 ��

46.08 ��/������ = 0.87 ������

�������� ���� ���������� =60 ��

18.02 ��/������ = 3.33 ������

(3)
������ℎ�������� =�������� ���� ����ℎ��������
�������� ���� ����ℎ�������� + �������� ����
����������

������ℎ�������� =0.87 ������

 0.87 ������ + 3.33 ������ = 0.21
The mole fraction of water can be solved using the formula:
������������ =�������� ���� ����������
�������� ���� ����ℎ�������� + �������� ����
����������

������������ =3.33 ������

0.87 ������ + 3.33 ������ = 0.79

3. Molarity (M)
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution; that is,
����������������
���������������� Thus, the unit of molarity is mol/L.
=���������� ����
Example 1.3
������������
Equation (1.3)
������������ ����

Determine the molarity of the solution with 0.124 mol of CoCl2 in 0.654 L of solution.

Strategy We are given the mole of a solute dissolved in a certain amount of solution.
Hence, we can calculate the molarity of CoCl2 using Equation (1.3).

3
Solution We write

���������������� =0.124 ������

0.654 ��= 0.190 ������/��

4. Molality (m)
Molality is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg (1000 g) of solvent
– that is,

���������������� Thus, the unit of molality is mol/kg.

=���������� ����
������������ Example 1.4
Equation (1.4)
�������� ����
�������������� (����)

The density of a 2.45 M aqueous solution of methanol (CH3OH) is 0.976 g/mL. What
 is the molality of the solution? The molar mass of methanol is 32.04 g.

Strategy To calculate the molality of a solution, we need to know the number of

moles of methanol and the mass of solvent in kilograms. We assume 1 L of solution,
so the number of moles of methanol is 2.45 mol.

Solution Our first step is to calculate the mass of water in 1 L of the solution, using
density as a conversion factor. The total mass of 1 L of a 2.45 M solution of methanol
is

1 �� �������� ��1000 ���� ��������

1 �� �������� ��0.976 ��

1 ���� �������� = 976 ��

Because this solution contains 2.45 moles of methanol, the amount of water (solvent) in the
solution is

�������� ���� ��2�� = �������� ���� �������� −

�������� ���� ������������
= 976 �� − (2.45 ������ ����3���� ��32.04 �� ����3����
1 ������ ����3���� ) = 898 ��
The molality of the solution can be calculated by converting 898 g to 0.898 kg:

���������������� =2.45 ������ ����3����

0.898 ���� ��2��= 2.73������

����
5. Percent by Volume
The percent by volume is used to express the concentration of a solution
when the volume of a solute and the volume of a solution are given, multiplied
by 100.

�������������� ���� ������������

=������������ ���� ������������

����������� ����� �� 100%

Equation (1.5)
� ����
�����������

4
The percent by volume is a unitless number because it is a ratio of two similar
quantities.
Example 1.5
In a solution, there is 122.4 mL solvent and 5.24 mL solute present. Find the percent
by volume.

Strategy We are given the volume of a solute dissolved in a certain amount of

solvent. Hence, we can calculate the volume percent using Equation (1.5). Solution
We write

�������������� ���� ������������

=������������ ���� ������������

������������ ���� ���������������� �� 100%

=5.24 ����

122.4 ���� + 5.24 ���� �� 100%

= 4.11%
6. Parts per million
A concentration of a solution that contained 1 g solute and 1000000 mL
solution (same as 1 mg solute and 1 L solution) would create a very small
percentage concentration. Because a solution like this would be so dilute, the
density of the solution is well approximated by the density of the solvent; for
water, that is 1g/mL (other solvents are different case). So, after solving and
converting the mL of solution into grams of solution (assuming that the solvent is
water):

1000000 ���� ������������������1 ����

1 �� 1000000 ��
������������ ������������

1 ��=1 �� ����
������������
We get (1g solute)/(1000000 g solution). Because both the solute and the solution are
now expresses in terms of grams, it could now be said that the solute concentration is
1 part per million (ppm).

1 ������ =1 ���� ������������

1 �� ����������������

The ppm unit can also be used in terms of volume/volume (v/v) instead.

Example 1.6
A solution has a concentration og 1.24 g/L. What is its concentration in ppm?

Strategy We need to convert the mass in grams into milligrams and then re-write the
concentration in mg/L

Solution We write

������ =1.24 ��
1 ����1000 ����
 1 ��= 1240 ������

What’s More
Activity 3.1.2. Let’s do this! Answer the following problems. Write your full
solution on your answer sheet and box the final answer.

1. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is used by some water treatment systems to remove the
disagreeable odor of sulfides in drinking water. An aqueous solution of H2O2 prepared
in the laboratory was found to have a concentration of 20.0% by mass. What is the
mole fraction of H2O2?

2. What is the molality of a solution containing 0.75 moles of sodium hydroxide in 500
mL of water at 25℃? The density of water at 25℃ is 1 g/mL. (Hint: d=m/v)

3. A sample of 0.938 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in 60.9 g of water.

What is the percent by mass of NaOH in the solution?

What I Have Learned

Activity 3.1.3. Complete me! Complete the table by giving the equation and
the units of concentration mentioned.
UNITS OF EQUATION UNIT
CONCENTRATION

1. Percent by Mass

2. Molarity

3. Mole Fraction

4. Molality

5. Percent by Volume

6. Parts per Million

What I Can Do
Activity 3.1.4 Give Example! Give two examples of the topics listed below
that are present in everyday life.
A. Solute
B. Solvent
C. Solution
D. Concentration
 6

Properties of
Lesson 2 Solution

What I Need to Know

Colligative

This module discusses about the colligative properties of electrolyte and

nonelectrolyte solutions.

After going through this module, you are expected to

1. Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions

(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115);
2. Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of electrolyte
solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-116).

What’s New
Activity 3.2.1. Match Me! Choose the answer that best matches each of the definitions
below. Write the letter of your answer on the column entitled “Match”.
Definition Match Key Terms

1 It is a direct measure of A. Colligative Properties

escaping tendency of
molecules.

2 It depends on the collective B. Boiling Point Elevation

effect of the concentration of
solute particles present in the
 solution.

3 It is used to determine the C. Vapor Pressure

reduced vapor pressure.

4 The temperature at which the D. Freezing Point

vapor pressure is 1 atm will Depression
be higher than the normal
boiling point by an amount. E. Vapor Pressure
Lowering

5 It is the difference in F. Raoult’s Law

temperature between the
freezing point of a pure
solvent and that of a solution.

What Is It
In the previous lessons we discover that a solution is described in terms of
concentration of one or more solutes present in it.
There are some important physical properties of solution which are more directly
dependent on the concentration of solute particles. Previously, we looked at the different
concentration units and how they are utilized to determine the desired result. In this lesson,
we will examine the properties that are called colligative (Latin, coligare – which means “tied
together”) properties which mean, they depend on the collective effect of the concentration of
solute particles present in the solution. These properties include: (1) vapor pressure lowering,
(2) boiling point elevation, (3) freezing point depression, and (4) osmotic pressure.
Because of their direct relationship to the number of solute particles, the colligative
properties are very useful for characterizing the nature of a solute after it is dissolved in a
solvent and for determining the molar masses of substances. The latter will be discussed in
the next lesson.

Effect of solute concentration on the colligative properties of solutions

The concentration or amount of nonvolatile solute (i.e., a solute that does not have a
vapor pressure of its own) in the solution influences the colligative properties of solutions.
The result will depend on the ratio between the number of solute and solvent particles in the
solution and not on the solute's identity. However, it is necessary to consider whether the
solute is an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte.

Effect of solute concentration on the colligative properties of solutions

1. Vapor Pressure Lowering

A direct measure of the escaping capacity of molecules is vapor pressure. A pure
liquid (solvent) can achieve equilibrium with its vapor in a closed container. And the pressure
exerted by the vapor is called vapor pressure until the equilibrium is attained. A substance
that does not have a noticeable vapor pressure is nonvolatile, whereas one that has a vapor
pressure is volatile.
If a liquid evaporates readily, a significant amount of the molecules would be present
in the gas phase, resulting in a high vapor pressure. A surface completely filled by liquid
molecules is seen on the left, some of which have evaporated and formed a vapor. On the
right, a nonvolatile solute like salt or sugar has been dissolved into the solvent, having the
effect of diluting the water. The addition of a non-volatile solute resulted in lowering of the
solvent's vapor pressure. The lowering in vapor pressure depends on the amount of
dissolved solute particles. The molecular essence of the solute is not taken into
consideration since the vapor pressure is simply a solvent's physical property and does not
undergo a chemical reaction with the solvent and does not escape into the gas phase by
itself.

Figure 1: Volatile Solvent VS Non-volatile Solute

8
It should be remembered that the decrease in the vapor pressure of the solution in
this case is directly proportional to the fraction of the volatile molecules in the oil, which is
the solvent’s mole fraction. It is possible to assess this decreased vapor pressure using
Raoult’s Law (1886).

Figure 2: Relationship Between Vapor Pressure and Mole Fraction of

Water Where:

Recall from the definition of mole fraction that in a two-component solution (a solvent and a
single solute), Xsolvent = 1 – Xsolute.
While the chemical nature of the solute is not a factor to consider, it is important to
take into consideration whether the solute is an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte. Ionic
compounds such as sodium chloride, NaCl, are strong electrolytes that dissociate into ions,
resulting in a greater number of dissolved particles when they dissolve in solution. Consider
two distinct equivalent concentration solutions: one is made of ionic compound NaCl, and
the other is made of molecular compound glucose (C6H12O6). The equations below show
what happens when these solutions dissolve:

+ -
NaCl (s) → Na (aq) + Cl (aq) 2 dissolved particles

C6H12O6 (s) → C6H12O6 (aq) 1 dissolved particle

 The sodium chloride, NaCl dissociates into 2 ions, while glucose does not dissociate.
Thus, twice as many dissolved particles as in the case of NaCl would result in equal
concentrations of each solution. In the NaCl solution (electrolyte), the vapor pressure of the
solvent can be reduced twice as much as that of the solvent in the glucose (nonelectrolyte)
solution. Since the salt solution surface is now filled with more solvent particles, there is less
space for solvent molecules to evaporate, decreasing the solvent's water vapor pressure.

2. Boiling Point Elevation

The addition of a non-volatile solute decreases the vapor pressure of the solution, so
that the vapor pressure of the solution is returned to a value conforming to the pure solvent,

9
the temperature must be increased. In fact, the temperature at which the vapor pressure is 1
atm is greater than the normal boiling point by an amount known as the boiling point
elevation. Figure 3 below shows the phase diagram of a solution and the effect that the
lowered vapor pressure has on the boiling point of the solution compared to the solvent. In
this case the sucrose solution has a higher boiling point than the pure solvent. Since the
vapor of the solution is lower, more heat must be supplied to the solution to bring its vapor
pressure up to

the pressure of the external atmosphere. The boiling point elevation is the difference in
temperature between the boiling point of the pure solvent and that of the solution. Figure 3:
The Result of Lowering the Vapor Pressure in a Solution to the Boiling Point Figure 4: Normal
Boiling Point for Water (solvent) as a Function of Molality in Several Solution Containing
Sucrose (a non-volatile solute)

For dilute solution, the elevation of the boiling point is directly proportional to the
molal concentration of the solute:
 10
The molal boiling point elevation constant Kb, has a specific value depending on the
identity of the solvent.

3. Freezing Point Depression

The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which the solid and liquid forms can
coexist indefinitely, at equilibrium. Under these conditions molecules pass between the 2
phases at equal rates because their escaping tendencies from the two phases are identical.
Figure 5 below shows the phase diagram for a pure solvent and how it changes when
a solute is added to it. The solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent resulting in a
lower freezing point for the solution compared to the pure solvent. The freezing point
depression is the difference in temperature between the freezing point of a pure solvent and
that of a solution. On the graph, Tf represents the freezing point depression.

Figure 5: The Result of Lowering the Vapor Pressure in a Solution to the Freezing Point

If a substance is applied to a solvent such as water at a given temperature, the solute solvent
interactions prohibit the solvent from entering the solid phase, causing the temperature to
drop further until the solution solidifies. As a result, more energy must be removed from the
solution to freeze it and the freezing point of the solution is power than that of the pure
solvent.
The degree of the freezing point depression is directly proportional to the solution's
molality. Thus:
△ ���� = ������

Where:
���� – is the molal freezing point depression constant, a constant that is
 equal to the change in the freezing point for a 1 molal solution of a
nonvolatile molecular solute
△ ���� – freezing point depression
�� – molality of solute

The study of colligative properties of electrolytes requires a slightly different approach

than the one used for the colligative properties of nonelectrolytes. The explanation is
because electrolytes dissociate in solution into ions, and thus as they dissolve, one unit of
an electrolyte compound splits into two or more particles. Remember that it is the total
number of solute particles that determines the colligative properties of a solution.
+ -
For example, each unit of NaCl dissociates into two ions – Na and Cl . The colligative
properties of a 0.1 m NaCl solution should, thus, be twice as high as those of a
nonelectrolyte containing 0.1 m solution, such as sucrose. Similarly, we would expect a 0.1 m
CaCl2 solution
11
to depress the freezing point by three times as much as a 0.1 m sucrose solution because
each CaCl2 produces three ions. We characterize a quantity called the Van't Hoff factor to
account for this effect, given by

�� =������������ ������������ ���� ������������������

���� ���������������� ����������
������������������������
������������ ���� �������������� ����������
������������������ ������������������ ����
����������������
Thus, �� should be 1 for all nonelectrolytes. For strong electrolytes such as NaCl
and KNO3, �� should be 2, and for strong electrolytes such as Na2SO4 and CaCl2, ��
should be 3. Consequently, the equations for colligative properties must be modified as

∆���� = ��������
∆���� = ��������
In reality, the colligative properties of electrolyte solutions are usually smaller than
anticipated because at higher concentrations, electrostatic forces come into play and bring
about the formation of ion pairs. An ion pair is made up of one or more cations and one or
more anions held together by electrostatic forces. The presence of an ion pair reduces the
number of particles in solution, causing a reduction in the colligative properties. Electrolytes
2+ 3+ 2− 3−
containing multicharged ions such as ���� , ���� , ����4 , ����4 have a
greater tendency to form ion pairs than electrolytes such as NaCl and KNO3, which are
made up of singly charged ions.
Table 1. The van’t Hoff Factor of 0.0500 M Electrolyte Solution at 25℃

What’s More
 Activity 3.2.2. True or False! Write the word True if the idea expressed in the
statement is correct. If the statement is wrong, write the word False. Underline the
word/s that make the statement wrong, then write the correct answer.

_______________________1. At a given temperature, if a substance is added to a solvent

like water, the solute-solvent interactions prevent the solvent from going into the solid phase,
requiring the temperature to decrease further before the solution will liquify.
_______________________2. For dilute solution, the elevation of the boiling point is
reversely proportional to the molal concentration of the solute.
_______________________3. When a liquid evaporates easily, it will have a large number of
its molecules in the gas phase resulting to a high vapor pressure.
_______________________4. While the chemical nature of the solute is not a factor to
consider, it is important to take into consideration whether the solute is an electrolyte or
nonelectrolyte.
_______________________5. The concentration or amount of nonvolatile solute in the
solution does not influence the colligative properties of solutions.
12

What I Have Learned

Activity 3.2.3. Give Example! Give two examples of the topics listed below that
happen in everyday life.

1. Vapor Pressure Lowering

2. Boiling Point Elevation
3. Freezing Point Depression

What I Can Do
Activity 3.2.4. Know Me! Answer the following questions. You may refer to
books and the internet to solidify your explanation.

1. The ice cream made in an old-fashioned way is where the maker has a tub full of
mixed ingredients immersed in a bigger tub filled with ice and salt. Why do you think
is salt added to the ice?
2. Which would increase more the boiling point of water: salt or sugar? Why?
 13
Summary
The concentration of a solution can be expressed as percent by mass, mole fraction,
molarity, and molality. The choice of units depends on the circumstances. Raoult’s Law states
that the partial pressure of a substance A over a solution is equal to the mole fraction (X A) of
A times the vapor pressure (P A°) of pure A. An ideal solution obeys Raoult’s Law over the
entire range of concentration. In practice, very few solutions exhibit ideal behavior.
The choice of a concentration unit is based on the purpose of the experiment. For
instance, the mole fraction is not used to express the concentrations of solutions for titrations
and gravimetric analyses, but it is appropriate for calculating partial pressures of gases and
for dealing with vapor pressures of solutions. The advantage of molarity is that it is generally
easier to measure the volume of a solution, using precisely calibrated volumetric flasks, than
to weigh the solvent. For this reason, molarity is often preferred over molality. On the other
hand, molality is independent of temperature, because the concentration is expressed in
number of moles of solute and mass of solvent.
Percent by mass is like molality in that it is independent of temperature. Furthermore,
because it is defined in terms of ratio of mass of solute to mass of solution, we do not need to
know the molar mass of the solute to calculate the percent by mass. Sometimes it is
desirable to convert one concentration unit of a solution to another; for example, the same
solution may be employed for different experiments that require different concentration units
for calculations.
Vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, freezing point depression, and
osmotic pressure are colligative properties of solutions; that is, they depend only on the
number of solute particles that are present and not on their nature.
In electrolyte solutions, the interaction between ions leads to the formation of ion
pairs. The Van’t Hoff factor provides a measure of the extent of dissociation of electrolytes in
solution.

KEY EQUATIONS
Percent by Mass
=�������� ���� ������������
�������� ���� ����������������
(�������� ���� ������������ + ��������
���� ��������������)�� 100%

Molarity
=���������� ���� ������������
������������ ����
����������������

Mole Fraction
=���������� ���� ��
������ ���� ���������� ����
������ ��������������������

Molality ���������� ���� ������������

�������� ���� �������������� (����)

Percent by Volume
=������������ ����
������������

������������ ����
���������������� �� 100%

Parts per Million

1 ������ =1 ���� ������������
1 �� ����������������

Vapor Pressure of �� = ������

Solution

Boiling Point Elevation ∆��= �������������� ���� ������������

���� ����
����������������

Freezing Point △ ���� = ������

Depression

Van’t Hoff Factor

�� =������������ ������������ ����
������������������ ����
���������������� ����������
������������������������
������������ ���� ��������������
���������� ������������������
������������������ ����
����������������

14
 Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer from among the given
choices.
1. The unit of molality is?
A. mol/kg B. mol/L
C. unitless D. L/mol
2. The mass of solution is equal to:
A. Sum of moles of all components B. Volume of solute + volume of solvent
C. Mass of solute + mass of solvent D. All of the above
3. Why are some units of concentration unitless?
A. Just because
B. Because it is a ratio of two similar quantities
C. Because it is a ratio of two different quantities
D. Because it is not a ratio of two similar quantities.
4. It is used to express the concentration of a solution when the volume of a solute and
the volume of a solution are given, multiplied by 100.
A. Percent by Mass B. Molality
C. Molarity D. Percent by Volume
5. What is the often-preferred unit of concentration for calculating partial pressures of
gases and for dealing with vapor pressures of solutions?
A. Molarity B. Molality
C. Mole Fraction D. Parts per million
6. Why are colligative properties very useful for characterizing the nature of solute after it
is dissolved in a solvent?
A. Because of their indirect relationship to the number of solute particles
B. Because of their direct relationship to the number of solute particles
C. Because of their reverse relationship to the number of solute
particles D. Because of their indirect relationship to the number of solute
particles
7. What will establish equilibrium with its vapor in a closed container?
A. Pure Solid B. Pure Gas
C. Pure Liquid D. None of the above
8. Why is the chemical nature of the solute not considered in the lowering of the vapor
pressure?
A. Because it depends on the number of the solute particles that have been
dissolved
B. Because vapor pressure is merely a physical property of the solvent and
does not undergo a chemical reaction with the solvent and does not itself
escape into the gas phase
C. A & B
D. None of the above

9. If the vapor of the solution is lower, what must be supplied to the solution to bring its
vapor pressure up to the pressure of the external atmosphere?
A. Less heat B. More heat
C. No heat shall be supplied D. None of the above
10. In Freezing Point Depression, under what conditions molecules pass between the 2
phases at equal rates because their escaping tendencies from the two phases are
identical?
A. Equilibrium B. Non-equilibrium
C. Freezing Point D. Elevation
15