Senior High School

General Chemistry 1
Module 3
Calculating Molecular Formula,
Balancing Chemical Equations, Mole
Ratios and Percent Yield

AIRs - LM

LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 General Chemistry 1
Module 3: Calculating Molecular Formula, Balancing Chemical Equations, Mole Ratios and
Percent Yield
Second Edition, 2021
Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Elvera A. Delemendo, Mariza R. Mapalo, and Femy B. Nuesca

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
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LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Senior High School

General Chemistry 1
Module 3:
Calculating Molecular Formula,
Balancing Chemical Equations, Mole
Ratios and Percent Yield

LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Target

In real life, ideal conditions don’t exist. Real world is not perfect that even in
manufacturing which involves chemical reactions is not perfect. In the process of
experimentation, errors may be encountered. This may range to problems on
dimensional analysis, inaccurate tools, or even accidents like spillage. These
occurrences may lead to an incomplete reaction and a waste of money. In chemical
reaction, there’s not even a guarantee that all the reactants will be converted into the
desired amount of product.
However, writing the correct molecular formula and using the correct
coefficients to balance chemical equations and by placing the correct mole ratio of
the reactants and the products will be essential in minimizing waste as well as the
cost in the process yielding to a higher percent yield. Having a glimpse on how
business relates to the significance of the chemistry concepts will be of help in
manufacturing company as well as in the preparation of reagents that could be used
in a chemistry laboratory class.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Calculate the molecular formula given molar mass (STEM_GC11PCIf-33)
2. Write and balanced chemical equations (STEM_GC11CRif-g-37)
3. Construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction to calculate the amount of
reactant needed or amount of product formed in terms of moles or mass
(STEM_GC11Rlg-h-3)
4. Calculate Percent yield and theoretical yield of the
reaction(STEM_GC11MRlg-h-40)

Before you begin, answer the pretest below

1 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Jumpstart

Pre-Test
Part A. TRUE or FALSE. Place a T on the line if you think the statement is
TRUE and if it is incorrect, change the underlined word/phrase to make it true.
Write your answers on the space provided before the number.
____________________1. The molecular formula describes the exact number and type
of atoms in a single molecule of a compound.
____________________2. One mole of any atomic substance contains 6.02 x 1023
atoms/molecules
____________________3. The actual yield is the calculated yield using the balanced
chemical reaction.
____________________4. The molecular formula for glucose is CH6O.
____________________5. A mole ratio is a conversion factor that relates the amounts
in moles of any two substances in a chemical reaction

Part B: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Encircle the letter of the correct answer from the
options enumerated.
1. Which formula shows the actual number and kinds of atom in one molecule
of a compound?
A. Chemical formula C. empirical formula
B. Covalent formula D. molecular formula

2. What is the first step in calculating the molecular formula of a compound?

A. Calculate the molar mass
B. Find the empirical formula
C. Divide the given molar mass by the empirical molar mass
D. Multiply the subscript of the symbols in the empirical formula

3. What is the mole ratio in the combustion of Methane gas?

A. 2:4:2:4 B. 1:2:1:2 C. 2:1:2:1 D. 2:3:2:2

4. What would be used if one would like to compare theoretical yield and the
actual yield?
A. Herbage yield C. Relative Yield
B. Percent yield C. None of these

5. What are the missing coefficients to balance the equation below?

A. 1:3:1:3 B. 1:1:3:3 C. 1:3:3:1 D. I: 6:1:3

Part C. Choose the correct indicator that matches the activity or process depicted to
the chemical reaction that you think is applied. Write the LETTER on a separate
sheet of paper.

A. Change in color D. Formation of precipitates

B. Change in temperature E. Formation of new substance
C. Formation of bubbles
2 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3
____1. Photography
____2. Burning of wood
____3. Alka-Seltzer antacid tablet dropped in a glass of water
____4. Blue litmus paper changed to red when submerged to an acid
____5. White solids deposit seen at the water kettle after boiling the water

Lesson
Molecular Formula and Molar Mass
3.1

Discover

When a new compound is discovered and or synthesized, the compound will

be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to identify the elements present as well
as the percent composition of each of the elements present in that compound
From the compound percent composition, the empirical formula could be
determined. An empirical formula consists of the symbol of all the elements present
in the compound. They provide the lowest whole-number ratio between the elements
in a compound.
On the other hand, the molecular formula gives the actual number of each
kind of atom present in a molecule of the compound.
The constituent elements are represented by their chemical symbols, and the
number of atoms of each element present in each molecule is shown as a subscript
following that element’s symbol.
For example:
a) The compound hydrogen peroxide has the empirical formula HO and the
molecular formula H2O2
As shown by the subscripts in the chemical formula, are both 2. The lowest
ratio, however, of hydrogen to oxygen in hydrogen peroxide is 1:1.
Therefore, the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO.
b) The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. The molecular formula indicates
the exact number of atoms in the molecule. The subscripts in the chemical
formula are 6,12. The lowest ratio be 1:2:1.
In this case, the empirical formula of glucose is CH 2O.
c) The compound Dichloride hexoxide has an empirical formula ClO3 and the
molecular formula Cl2O6
To convert between empirical and molecular formulas, the empirical formula can
be multiplied by a whole number to reach the molecular formula. In this case, the
empirical formula would be multiplied by 6 to get to the molecular formula.
The following problems are examples to show how to calculate the
molecular formula knowing the molar mass.
The first problem is a review in determining the empirical formula and
the molecular formula
Sample Problem No. 1:

3 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

1. NutraSweet is used to sweeten a variety of foods and beverages and is
about 200 times sweeter than sugar. It is composed of 57.14% C,
6.16% H, 9.52% N, and 27.18% O. Calculate its (a) empirical formula
and its (b) molecular formula. (The molar mass of NutraSweet is
294.30 g/mol)
Convert:
Step 1: Percent to Mass
57.14 g of C
6.16 g of H
9.52 g of N
27.18 g of O
Step 2: Mass to Mole
1 mol of C atom
57.14 g of C 𝑥 = 4.76 mol of C
12.0 g C
1 mol of H atom
6.16 g of H 𝑥 = 6.10 mol of H
1.01 g H
1 mol of N atom
9.52 g of N 𝑥 = 0.68 mol of N
14.0 g N
1 mol of O atom
27.18 g of O 𝑥 = 1.70 mol of O
16.0 g O

Step 3: Divide by Small

Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles
calculated.
4.76
𝐶: = 7
0.68
6.10
𝐻: = 8.97 ≈ 9
0.68
0.68
𝑁: = 1
0.68
1.70
𝑂: = 2.5
0.68
Step 4: Multiply ‘til Whole
If the number is too far to round (x.1 ~ x.9), then multiply each
solution by the same factor to get the lowest whole number multiple.
4.76
𝐶: = 7 x 2 = 14
0.68
6.10
𝐻: = 8.97 ≈ 9 x 2 = 18
0.68
0.68
𝑁: = 1x2= 2
0.68
1.70
𝑂: = 2.5 x 2 = 5
0.68
(a) The empirical formula is C14 H18 N2 O5

4 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 (b) find the molecular formula by finding the mass of the empirical
formula and setting up a ratio:
C14 H18 N2 O5 = 14(12.0 g) +18(1.01g) +2(14.0g) +5(16.0g)
= 294 g/mol
294.30 g/mol
molar mass
empirical mass
= 1
294 g/mol

So, the molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula C14 H18 N2 O5
Sample Problem No. 2
2. What is the molecular formula of a compound with a molar mass of
60.0 g/mol and an empirical formula of CH4N?
Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of CH4N
Molar mass of CH4N = 12.0g + 4 (1.01 g) + 14.0 g = 30.0 g/mol
Step 2: Divide the given molar mass by the empirical formula mass to
determine n.
Solving for n
molar mass
n=
empirical mass
60.0g/mol
n= =2
30.0 g/mol

Step 3: Multiply the value of n in the subscript in the empirical formula

to determine the actual subscripts in the molecular formula.
C H4 N x 2 = C2 H8 N2

NOTE: The determination of the correct molecular formula is very important in

balancing chemical equations.

Explore

Activity : Calculate the molecular formula of the following compounds: Write your
solution on the box provided for.
Empirical Formula Molar Mass Molecular Formula
1. CH 52.0 g
2. CH 78.0 g
3. C2H3F 92.0 g

5 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Deepen

Enrichment Activity: Read, understand and solve the following problems. Use
separate sheet.
1. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) contains 40.92 % C, 4.58% H and 54.50% O by
mass. Its molecular mass is 176 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of
ascorbic acid? What should be done first to solve this problem?
3. The compound Methyl butanoate smells like apples. Its percent
composition is 58.8% C, 9.8% H and 31.4% O. Its molar mass is
102g/mol. What is the empirical formula of Methyl butanoate? What
is its molecular formula?

Lesson Chemical Reaction and Chemical

3.2 Equation

Discover

Chemical equation is written to show the chemical reaction that undergoes.

For example, when hydrogen (H2) burns, it reacts with oxygen (O2) in the air to form
water (H2O). In this case, chemical reaction takes place. How is it written in chemical
equation? Let’s find out the important details shown in this chemical equation.
Word Equation: Combustion of Hydrogen gas
Hydrogen gas plus oxygen gas yield to water vapor
Chemical Equation: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O(g)
Reactants Products
How do you read the chemical equation above?
• The plus (+) sign is read as “reacts with” and the arrow means “produces”
or yields
• The chemical formulas on the left of the arrow represent the starting
substances called “reactants” and the substances produced in the
reaction are called “products”
• The numbers before the formulas are coefficients (As in algebraic
equations, the numeral 1 is usually not written). It gives the number of
molecules.
• Subscript numbers tell you how many of each element, chemical group or
ion are present in a molecule. If the subscript appeared after the element,
it indicates the number of atoms present in that element. If no subscript
appears, one atom of that element is present.

6 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 • The letters represent the elements found in the periodic table,
representing the elements present in the species, compounds, or formula.
Elements are written in capital letters or one capital and a lowercase
letter. The letter or letters representing an element is its atomic symbol.
• When species appears more than once in a compound, it is enclosed in
parentheses. The subscript at the end of the parenthesis indicates how
many times that species appears in the compound.
To illustrate the process further, consider the following examples

Chemical symbols Meaning Composition

H2 O One molecule of water Two H atoms and one O atom
2H2O Two molecules of water Four H atoms and two O atoms
H 2 O2 One molecule of Two hydrogen atoms and two
hydrogen peroxide oxygen atoms
Notice that changing the subscript from H2O to H2O2 changes the identity of the
chemical

Familiarizing yourself with the different symbols in a chemical equation will help you
understand how to write and balance chemical equations. Get ready and enjoy the next
activity! If there are questions that you can’t answer immediately, you can always go
back. Just go on!

Note: Before writing the chemical equation, you must determine first the reaction
types of chemical reaction that you may follow. Here they are:
1. Combination Reaction -two or more simple substances combine to form
one complex substance. It is also called synthesis reaction.
A + B → AB
Example: H2 + O2→ H2O (UNBALANCED EQUATION)
How will you balance the reaction?
(If you can’t answer this question yet, you may answer it later.)
2. Decomposition Reaction – a complex substance is broken down into
two or more simpler substances.
AB → A + B
2.1 A. Decomposition of metallic chlorate – heating it will produce
metallic chloride and oxygen.
Example:
Sodium chlorate → sodium chloride + oxygen
(The triangle below the arrow represents heating process)
How will you write the product of this reactant?
Aluminum chlorate _____?______
2.2 Decomposition of metallic carbonate - heating it will produce
metallic oxide and carbon dioxide.
Example:
potassium carbonate heating it will produce metallic chloride and
oxygen.
Potassium carbonate → potassium oxide + carbon dioxide
How will you write the product of this reactant?
Calcium carbonate _____?______
2.3 Decomposition of metallic hydroxide - heating it will produce
metallic oxide and water.

7 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Exemptions are the potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
They do not decompose even in the presence of extreme heat.
Example: Barium hydroxide barium oxide and water
3. Single replacement reaction or substitution reaction or single
displacement – one element is substituted for another element in a
compound.
A + BC →AC + B or A + BC →B + AC
Example:
Cu + AgNO3 → Ag + Cu (NO3)2 (UNBALANCED EQUATION)
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) (UNBALANCED EQUATION)

4. Double replacement reactions or double displacement, exchange, or

metathesis reactions – the exchange of two ionic compounds forming
two new compounds.
AB + CD AD + CB
Example: BaCl2 + NaSO4 → BaSO4 + NaCl (Is it balanced? Why?)
Balancing Equation
The law of conservation of mass states that no atom can be created or
destroyed in a chemical equation, so the number of atoms that are present in the
reactants must balance the number of atoms in the products. Subscripts in a
chemical formula indicate how many of each atom is present. If there is a subscript
outside of a parenthesis, it should be multiplied by all the subscripts within the
parentheses:

Rules in Balancing Equations:

Here are the few steps in balancing a chemical equation
K + H2O KOH + H2
1. Identify all the elements in the reactants and the products. Put the
reactants on the left and the products on the right side with their
correct number of atoms
Reactants Products
K=1 K=1
H=2 H=3
O=1 O=1

2. Adding coefficient to balance the equation. Coefficients are whole

numbers that are placed in front of the element or compound in
the equation to indicate how many units of each substance
participate in the chemical reaction.
Note: You must multiply the coefficient with the subscript if the
chemicals have subscript.

2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
Reactants Products
K=1 x 2= 2 K=1 x 2= 2
H=2 x 2= 4 H=2 x 2=4
O=1 x 2= 2 O=1 x 2= 2

8 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 3. Check your balanced equation by inspection to be sure that you
have the same total number of each type of atoms on both side of
the equation.
Exercises: Balanced the following chemical equations
1. N2 + H2 → NH3 2. KNO3→KNO2 + O2
3. Zn + AgCl → ZnCl2 + Ag 4. Fe2O3 + C→Fe + CO2

KEEP PRACTICING!
The coefficients of a balance equation will tell the ratio of the reactants and the
products, and it is very important in studying the concept of Mole Ratio

Lesson Determining The Number of Atoms in

3.3 The Chemical Equation

Explore

Chemical reaction is very useful in predicting the product of the

given reactants. Let’s represent the chemical reactions by writing the
chemical formula. Then inspect the chemical formula if it is balanced
correctly. Going back to the question in the combination reaction, is the
chemical equation balanced? If your answer is NO, then you are correct!
How shall we balance it? Let’s explore!
H2 + O2→H2O
Determine the number of atoms on the reactant and on the product.
REACTANT PRODUCT
ELEMENT NUMBER OF ATOMS ELEMENT NUMBER OF ATOMS
H 2 H 2
O 2 O 1
Which element has different number of atoms?
In order to balance it, insert a coefficient at the left side of the H 2O. Do
not change any number on the subscript.
H2 + O2→H2O
Now, inspect if both sides of the reactant and the product have the
same number of atoms in each element.
REACTANT PRODUCT
ELEMENT NUMBER OF ATOMS ELEMENT NUMBER OF ATOMS
H 2 H 2
O 2 O 2

Do they have the same number of atoms on the reactant and on

the product?

9 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Chemical Equation REACTANT PRODUCT
ELEMENT NUMBER ELEMEN NUMBER
OF T OF
ATOMS ATOMS
1. HCl + O2 H2O + Cl2 H H
Reactant Product Cl Cl
O O
Write the balanced chemical ELEMENT NUMBER ELEMEN NUMBER
equation OF T OF
ATOMS ATOMS
H H
Cl Cl
O O
Exercise 1a: Determining the number of atoms and balancing the equation
Directions: Complete the table by filling in the correct number of atoms in the
elements given in the chemical equation. Copy this in a separate sheet of paper.

Exercise 1b: Determining the number of coefficients to balance the equation

Directions: For numbers 3 to 5, provide the missing coefficients to balance
the chemical equation. Copy this in a separate sheet of paper.
3. Al + O2→ __Al2O3
4. AgNO3 + Zn→ __Zn(NO3)2 + Ag
5. Cl2 + NaBr → ___Br2 + NaCl

Very good! Try to do the next exercise alone to check what you gained.
.
Take note, you can always go back and review the process of coming
out the correct answer. Are you ready? Just enjoy!

EXERCISE 2: PREDICTING THE PRODUCT

A. Directions: Study the given reactants in Column A. Write the product of the
chemical reactions in Column B disregarding whether it is balanced or not. Copy
this in a separate sheet of paper.

Remember: Gases like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, fluorine exists as

diatomic under normal conditions. Bromine (liquid) and iodine (solid) also exist
as diatomic under normal conditions. Therefore, they are written as H2, O2, N2.
Cl2, F2, Br2 and I2.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. C + O2 → __________________
2. KClO3 → ________________
3. PbCO3→ __________________
4. Cl2 + NaBr→ __________________
5. Al2(SO4)3 + CaCl2→ ___________________

Now, go back to your answers in Exercise 2A. Inspect each chemical

formula if you’ve balanced the equation correctly or not. If you are not
sure of your answer yet, continue studying the next examples and
exercises. Again, you may go back and review your previous answers if
you could already understand the concept.
10 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3
 Deepen

Balancing Chemical Equation

Imagine an unbalanced weighing scale. When the right side is heavier
than the left side, we need to add another mass on the left side until both
sides are balanced. In the same manner, a chemical equation should have
the same number of atoms in both reactants and products through trial-
and-error approach. The following symbols are used: (g) for gas, (l) for
liquid, (s) for solid, and (aq) for aqueous or water solution.
Study this example showing the unbalanced to balanced chemical
equation: STEP 1: Write the correct formula
Fe2O3 + C Fe + CO2 (Unbalanced)
STEP 2: Inspect the number of atoms in the reactants and compare with
the number of atoms in the products.
Elements Reactants Products
Fe 2 1
O 3 2
C 1 1
STEP 3: Adjust the coefficients to make the equation balance.

2Fe2O3 + 3C 4Fe + 3CO2

STEP 4: Re-inspect the number of atoms in the reactants and compare
with the number of atoms in the products until it is balanced.
Elements Reactants Products
Fe 2 atom x 2 coefficients = 4 1 atom x 4 coefficients = 4
O 3 atoms x 2 coefficients= 6 2 atoms x 3 coefficients= 6
C 1 atom x 3 coefficients = 3 1 atom x 3 coefficients = 3
2Fe2O3 + 3C 4Fe + 3CO2 (Balanced)

Exercise 3: Writing And Balancing Chemical Equation

A: Direction: Write the correct coefficients on the blanks before the compound to
balance the chemical equation. Use separate sheet.
1. KOH + __KBr → KBr + H2O
2. _Al + _S2 → _Al2S3
3. Al (SO4)3 + _CaCl2 → _AlCl3 + CaSO4
4. C3H8 + _O2 → _CO2 + H2O
5. _Ag2S → _Ag + S8

B: Directions: Read and understand the problem very well then answer
what is being asked. Copy this in a separate sheet of paper.
Problem 1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction between
aluminum sulfate and calcium chloride to produce aluminum chloride
and a white precipitate of calcium sulfate.
Al2(SO4)3 + CaCl2→

11 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Problem 2. Propane (C 3H8) is burned in the presence of oxygen to produce
water and carbon dioxide. Write the chemical equation correctly by
balancing the equation.

Problem 3. Write the balanced chemical reaction when an antacid

Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) is taken, it reacts with the acid (HCl) of our
body forming carbon dioxide which could be released from our body when
you burp.

CONGRATULATIONS for doing the exercises well!!! Let’s check how much you gained from the
different activities you’ve done by answering the questions on the next page. Goodluck and give
your best!

Lesson Chemical Reaction and Chemical

3.2 Equation

Discover

Let us recall the meaning of a mole for us to understand better the importance
of mole ratio. A mole is defined as the amount of substance containing the same
number of discrete entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) as the number of atoms in
a sample of pure 12 C weighing exactly 12 g.
By this definition, 1 mole of He atom is equal to 4 g of He. One mole of Cu is
63.55 g of Cu, One mole of any atomic substance contains 6.o2 x 10 23
atoms/molecules By definition, mole ratio is a conversion factor that relates the
amount of moles of any two substances in a chemical reaction.
The molar ratio is an important concept in solving stoichiometry problems.
The sources for these ratios are the coefficients of a balanced equation.

Mole Ratio
• The mole ratio compares the number of moles in a balanced equation.
• This is the comparison between the coefficients in front of the chemical
formulas.
• If a formula lacks a coefficient, it is the same as saying there is 1 mole of that
species.
• Mole ratios are used to predict how much product a reaction forms or to
determine how much reactant is needed to make a set amount of product.
Mole ratio units are either mole: mole or else it is a dimensionless number
because the units cancel out.

12 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Mole Ratio Example: Balanced Equation
For the reaction:
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)
The mole ratio between O2 and H2O is 1:2.
For every 1 mole of O2 used, 2 moles of H2O are formed.
The mole ratio between H2 and H2O is 1:1.
For every 2 moles of H2 used, 2 moles of H2O are formed. If
4 moles of hydrogen were used, then 4 moles of water would be
produced.
Note: You cannot calculate mole ratio for an unbalanced
equation.
ABREAST YOURSELF: Here comes the meat of the lesson…
How to calculate the number of moles of reactants or products in a
balance chemical reaction.
1) Check to see that the chemical reaction is balanced.
2) Find the relation between the given moles. Use the coefficients in front of
compounds to get molar ratios.
3) Check if you could cancel factors from denominators to numerators and
you arrived at the desired output
4) Check to make sure you use the appropriate number of significant figures

Mole Relations Problem # 1

From the equation ,what is the molar ratio between Al and H2?
2Al +6HCl ---> 2AlCl3 + 3 H2
Solution:
1. Check first if the equation is balanced.
2. If so, determine the relation between the number of moles of Al and H2
The ratio is:
2 moles of Al
3 moles of H2
Answer: 2 moles Al: 3 moles H2
Mole Relations Problem # 2
Determine the number of moles of N2O4 needed to react completely
with 5.50 mol of N2H4 for the reaction,
2 N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) → 3 N2(g) + 4 H2O(l).
What are the steps of the solution? This problem requires a specific
no. of moles of N2O4

Solution:
1) Check if the equation is balanced
2) Find the relation between moles N2O4 and N2H4
1 mol of N2O4
2 mol of N2H4
3) Since it requires a specific amount of moles, write the fraction this way
5.50 mol N2H4 x 1 mole N2O4
2 mol N2H4
4) Cancel out the common factors
Answer: 2.75 mol N2O4

13 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Mole Relations Problem # 3
How many grams of CO2 can be absorbed by 800.0 g LiOH ?
Note: This problem mass is involved.
2 LiOH(s) + CO2(g) Li2CO + H2O (l)
Ratio: 1 mole of CO2 : 2 moles of LiOH
What are the steps of the solution?
1) Check if the equation is balanced
2) Find the relation between moles CO2 and LiOH
3) Determine the molar mass of the given reactants/products
800.0 g LiOH x 1 mole LiOH x 1 mole CO2 x 44.01 g CO2
23.95 g LiOH 2 moles LiOH 1 mole CO2

4) Cancel out and Check if the unit needed is correct refer to the highlighted
text. Answer: 781.0 g of CO2

Explore
The

The following practice problem is prepared for you to polish and

enrich your skills in determining the number of reactants needed or
amount of products formed in terms of moles or mass. Show your
solutions and express answers in two (2) decimal places. Do this in a
separate sheet of paper.

Good Luck and Have Fun!

Problem:
Ammonia, NH3, is a leading industrial chemical used
in the production of agricultural fertilizers and synthetic
fibers. It is produced by the reaction of nitrogen and
hydrogen gases:

The balanced equation says that 3 moles H2 are

stoichiometrically equivalent to 1 mole N 2 and to 2 moles
NH3. The ratio of moles H2 to moles NH3 is 3:2; the ratio of
moles N to moles NH3 is 1:2.

a. How many moles of NH3 will be produced if 12.00 moles

H2 react completely with N2?
b. How many moles of N 2 are needed to produce 12.04
moles NH3?

14 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Deepen

Let as further apply the mole ratio concept. Show your

solutions on a separate sheet with the balanced equation. Do this
in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Let us look of the approach used by manufacturing
company in reducing pollutant in air The main decay
factor of carbonate-based stones like limestones and
marble in polluted environment is Sulfur dioxide with the
crust formation and solubilization of the stone being the
main component. Sulfur dioxides being an airborne
pollutant that is emitted by industrial plant can be
removed by making it react with Calcium carbonate and
Oxygen.
Supposing there are 1.50 x 10 6 grams of Sulfur dioxide
emitted by an industrial plant, how many moles of Calcium
carbonate and oxygen that are needed to remove the given
amount of pollutant?

2. Spacecrafts and submarines use LiOH to capture exhaled

CO2 in the reaction producing Lithium carbonate and
water vapor
If one person exhales about 1kg CO2 per day, how much
LiOH is required to absorb that amount?

3. Supposing you are now working in a manufacturing

company and is tasked to calculate how much nitrogen
gas be needed in the production of 35 million tons of

4. Ammonia as a source of Nitrogen in the manufacture of

fertilizer. What are you going to do?

5. Silver nitrate test is used in the laboratory to test for the

presence of chloride ions in water sample. The presence
of white precipitate is an indication of positive result.
Assuming the salt is Sodium chloride and there is a
complete reaction, what is mole ratio between silver nitrate
and Sodium chloride.

15 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Lesson
Percent Yield and Theoretical Yield
3.4

Discover

In any chemical reaction, if the reaction is complete and it is 100 % efficient,

the amount of product produced is called theoretical yield It is the maximum
amount of product that could be formed from the given amounts of reactants. While
the actual yield is the quantity of the desired product formed. It is amount of product
produced by the reaction given the starting conditions. It is what the amount you
produced in the chemical reaction. The percent yield is used if one would like to
compare theoretical yield and the actual yield. The ratio of actual to theoretical
yields is called relative yield. Relative yield multiplied by 100 is equal to the percent
yield.
Reactants may be impure, reactions may not go to completion, or given
reactions may have to compete with several smaller side reactions. In fact, in the
laboratory, if you get 60% of the expected amount of product, that is considered very
good.
• The calculated or expected amount of product is called the theoretical
yield.
• The amount of product produced is called the actual yield.
• When you divide actual yield by theoretical yield you get a decimal
percentage known as the percent yield of a reaction.
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Percent Yield = x 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

Sample Problem A
1. What is the percent yield of the following reaction if 60 grams
of CaCO3 is heated to give 15 grams of CaO?

NOTE: Review molar or mass ratio

Steps: 1) First verify the equation if balanced
CaCO3→CaO + CO2

2) Apply mole and mass ratio to calculate the theoretical

yield based on the stoichiometry.
60 grams of CaCO3 x 1 mol CaCO3 x 1 mol CaO
100 grams of CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3

= 0.6 mol CaO

How many grams is this?

0.6 mol CaO x 56 grams CaO

1 mol CaO

= 33.6 grams CaO (Theoretical Yield)

16 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 = 15 grams (Actual Yield)

3) Solve for Percent Yield

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Percent Yield = x 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

15 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑂
Percent Yield = = 0.446 x 100 = 44.6%
33.6 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑂

Sample Problem B
2. Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in the
presence of a MnO2 as a catalyst according to the reaction below:
In a certain experiment, 50.0 grams of KClO3 is heated until it
completely decomposes. What is the theoretical yield of oxygen
gas? The experiment is performed, and the oxygen gas is collected,
and its mass is found to be 16.1 g. What is the percent yield for
the reaction?
2KCIO3 MnO2
2KCI + 3O2
Step 1: Verify the equation if balanced

Step 2: Apply mole and mass ratio to calculate the theoretical

yield based on the stoichiometry.
1 mol KClO3 3 mol O2 32.0 g O2
50.0 g KClO3 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
122.5 g KClO3 2 mol KClO3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 O2
= 19.6 g of O2 (Theoretical yield)
= 16.1 g of O2 (Actual Yield)
Step 3: Solve for Percent Yield
16.1 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2
Percent Yield = = 0.82 x 100 = 82%
19.6 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2

Explore

The following practice problems are prepared for you to polish and enrich
your understanding in calculating the amount percent yield and theoretical yield of
a reaction.

Good Luck and Have Fun!

17 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

Practice Problems:
1) How many grams of Ag2S will be formed when 4.93 g of AgNO3 and Na2S are
reacted together? If the actual yield 1.56 g, what is the percent yield? Do you
think the chemical reaction/method used is efficient?
Na2S(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → Ag2S(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)
2) Aspirin is prepared from the reaction of salicylic acid (C7H6O3) and acetic
anhydride (C4H6O3) to produce aspirin (C9H8O4) and acetic acid (HC2H3O2).
How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to make 1,000 gram tablets of
aspirin? Calculate for the actual yield if it was 75 % percent yield
C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 → C9H8O4 + HC2H3O2

Deepen

`This portion of the module, you are required to perform an activity.

Title : Mass Relationship in Chemical Reactions .
I. Objective: to determine the effects of the amount of reactants used in
the amount of products produced in the reaction
II. II. Materials:
baking soda 3 balloons, if possible same size, if none may use
gloves in replacement of the balloon teaspoon any measuring cup
vinegar pc of paper 3 identical bottle clear marking pen for
masking tape labeling

III. Procedure:
1) Measure 3 portions of baking soda. 1 tsp,1/2 tsp,1/4 tsp
2) Label the balloons A,B and C. Fill the balloon with the measured baking
soda.( You may use a funnel or any rolled paper to easily place the baking
soda inside the balloon)
3) Put 50.0 mL of vinegar to each of the 3 bottles
4) Place each balloon over each of the bottles opening. Be sure that will not
be removed from the opening
5) Turn each balloon over so that all the baking soda drops into the bottle.
Shake the mixture then observe
IV. Data and Results
Answer the following questions:
1) Is there a relationship between the mass of baking soda and the volume
of the balloon? If yes, describe the relationship.
2) Which of the two reactants is left in each of the three bottles after the
reaction stops
3) If your going to vary the amount of the vinegar but not the amount of
baking soda, will the result be the same ?
V. Remarks and Conclusion

18 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Gauge

Part I: Direction: Carefully read each item. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. What is the first step in calculating the molecular formula of a compound?
A. Calculate the molar mass
B. Find the empirical formula
C. Divide the given molar mass by the empirical molar mass
D. Multiply the subscript of the symbols in the empirical formula

2. Which among the followings statements about molecular formula is FALSE?

A. Molecular formula that describes the exact number and type of atoms in
a single molecule of a compound.
B. Molecular formula indicates the simplest whole number ratio of all the
atoms in a molecule.
C. A molecular formula consists of the chemical symbols for the constituent
elements followed by numeric subscripts describing the number of atoms
of each element present in the molecule.
D. Molecular formulas are compact and easy to communicate; however, they
lack the information about bonding and atomic arrangement that is
provided in a structural formula.
3. What kind/s of data are needed to determine the molecular formula of a
compound?
I: percentage composition II: molar mass
II: volume of compound IV: empirical formula
A. I only B. I and II C. I, II and III D. I, II and IV

4. How important is empirical formula in calculating the molecular formula of a

given compound?
A. In the calculation of empirical formula mass
B. In finding the ratio of empirical formula mass and molecular formula
mass
C. In computing the percentage composition of each element in the
compound
D. In determining what value will be multiplied to the number of atoms in
the compound.
5. Which of the following shows molecular formula?
A. Na2SO4 B. C3H3 C. N2O4 D. Al3(SO4)2
6. The molar mass of nicotine is 162.1 g/mol. It contains 764.0% carbon, 8.7%
hydrogen and 17.3 % nitrogen. What is the molecular formula of nicotine?
A. C10H14N2 B. C5H14N2 C. C10H10N2 D. C10H14N

7. The empirical formula of hexane is C 3H7. Its molar mass is 86.2 g/mol. What
is the molecular formula of hexane?
A. C4H14 B. C5H14 C. C6H14 D. C7H14

19 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

8. The empirical formula of a compound is CH 3O with 62.07 g as the molar
mass of the compound. What is the molecular formula?
A. C2H6O B. C2HO2 C. CH6O2 D. C2H6O2

9. Which of the following shows a correct way to balance the chemical

equation:
Al + S3 → Al2S3
A. 4Al + S3 → 2Al2S3 C. 2Al + S3 → 2Al2S3
B. 4Al + 2S3 → 2Al2S3 D. 2Al + S3 → Al2S3

10. How do you write the correct product of 2Fe2O3 + 3C

A. Fe + CO2 C. 2Fe + 3CO2
B. 4Fe + 3CO2 D. 4Fe + 2CO2

11. What law was applied in writing a balanced equation?

A. Law of Conservation of Mass C. Law of Definite Proportion
B. Law of Multiple Proportion D. Both A and B are applied
12. Which of the following DOES NOT indicate the phase of the products or
reactants in a chemical reaction?
A. (ag) B. (g) C. (l) D. (s)
13. How do you write the balanced equation of Propane (C3H8) burnt in the
presence of oxygen producing water and carbon dioxide?
A. C3H8 + O2 →H2O + CO2 C. C3H8 + 5O2→ 4H2O + 3CO2
B. C3H8 + O2→4H2O + 3CO2 D. C3H8 + 3O2→ 2H2O + 3CO2
14. Which of the following is NOT allowed in balancing chemical equation?
A. Add the coefficients C. Multiply the number of atoms with molecules
B. Change subscripts D. None of the above
15. Which of the following compounds is an example of antacid that reacts with
hydrochloric acid in the stomach that forms carbon dioxide which is released
by burping?
A. C B. CO2 C. CaCO3 D. H2O
16. What is the mole ratio in the combustion of Methane gas?

CH4(l) + 2O2 → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

A. 2:4:2:4 B. 1:2:1:2 C. 2:1:2:1 D. 2:3:2:2
17. How many moles of Nitrogen are needed to produce 18.5 moles of NH 3?
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3
A. 9.25 B. 37 C. 6.17 D. 18.5
18. For the balance equation :
3 Zn + Fe2O3 → 3ZnO + 2 Fe
What is the ratio of moles of ZnO to moles Fe
A. 3 moles Fe : 3moles ZnO
B. 3 moles ZnO : 2 moles Fe
C. 2 moles Fe : 1 mole moles ZnO
D. 3 moles Zn : 3 moles ZnO
19. Given the reaction 4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3
How many grams of Fe2O3 will be formed from 4.86 moles Fe reacting with
sufficient oxygen gas?
A. 388 g Fe2O3 C. 300 g Fe2O3
B. 6.43 x 103 g Fe2O3 D. 450 g Fe2O3

20 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 20. When Na metal is dropped into water, aqueous NaOH is formed and
Hydrogen gas is liberated. Assuming complete reaction, what is the mole
ratio between Sodium metal and Hydrogen gas ?
A. 2mol Na/1 mol H2 C. 2mol NaOH /1 mol H2
B. 2mol Na/2 mol H2 D. 1mol NaOH/1 mol H2

Part II: Problem Solving. Calculate what is being asked by the following problems.
Use separate sheet. Show your solutions. (10 points per item)
2 points for balanced equation
3 points for correct solution, that is, correct mole /mass ratio
4 points for correct answer
1 point following direction
1. Sixteen grams (16.0 g) of Methanol (CH3OH) reacts completely and
13.5 g of formaldehyde (CH2O) is produced. What is the percent yield
of this reaction?
CH3OH(g) CH2O(g) + H2(g

Congratulations! You made it.

Always remember in every difficulty in life can be conquered with a determined
heart!

21 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

References
Printed Materials:
Cervantes, Charry Vida R. et al. (2016). General Chemistry For Senior High School.
Quezon City: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc
Mendoza, Estrella E. ( 2003). Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc.
Ilao, Luciana V. et al. (2016). General Chemistry 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex
Bookstore Inc.
Santos, Nonato C. et al. (2003). E-Chemistry with Laboratory Activities. Manila,
Philippines: Rex Bookstore Inc.
Brown, Theodore L. Chemistry the Cental Science. (Person Education Asia. Pte. Ltd,
2002), 67-74. Caiquet, Rolando I. et.al. Chemistry III. (Sampaloc, Manila. St.
Augustine Publications, Inc., 2005), 48-54.
Dorin, Henry (1982). Chemistry the Study of Matter. (Newton, Massachusetts.
CEBCO, A Division of Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1982), 268-289. Mapa, Amelia
P. et. al. Chemistry Textbook Science and Technology. (Sta. Mesa Heights
Quezon City: SD Publications, Inc., 2001), 161-170.
Reyes, Armida B.( 2019). General Inorganic and Organic Chemistry:Laboratory
Manual for Health –related Programs. Dagupan, Philippines: SLA Publishing
House
Commission on Higher Education.(2015). K to 12 Transition Program Management
Unit -Senior High School Support Team. Teaching Guide for Senior High
SchoolGeneral Chemistry 1.Quezon City, Philippines.
Website:
Empirical and Molecular Formula(n.d.) Welcome to the Chem Team. A Tutorial for
High School Chemistry Website. Retrieved July 25, 2020 from
https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045/empirical.html
MolarRatioExamples:“Stoichiometry.”AccessedJuly24,2020https://
www.chemteam.inf o/Stoichiometry/Molar-Ratio.html.

“ Mass Ratio Calculations.Lumen Learning for Non Chemistry

Major.” Accessed July 22,2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/
mass-
Ratiocalculation/#:~:text=Apply%20the%20law%20of%20multip
le,value%20by
%20th e%20smaller%20val.

Miguel Angel Bello-Lopez. “Modelimg Sulfur dioxide Deposition on

Calcium carbonate.”
AccessedJuly3,2020.http://researchgate.net/publication/
231370602_Modeling
_Sulfur_Dioxide_Deposition_on_Calcium_Carbonate

22 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

 Helmenstine, Anne Marie,Ph.D.”What is a Mole Ratio?Chemistry
Definition and Example.” Accessed July 23,2020.
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition- of- mole-ratio-and-
examples-605365By

The Science Teacher.” Balancing and writing chemical equations teaching

resources” Accessed
August,2021.https://thescienceteacher.co.uk/balancing-chemical-
equations/

“Balanced Chemical Equation: Definition and Examples.” Accessed August 6,2021.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/balanced-chemical-equation-
definition-examples.html

“Single-Displacement Reaction.” Accessed August 6,2021.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/balanced-chemical-equation-
definition-examples.html

“Double replacement Reaction”.Accessed August 5,2021.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-
stoichiome/types-of-chemical-reactions/a/double-replacement-reactions

Helmenstine, Todd. "Theoretical Yield Worked Problem." Accessed July 24, 2020.
ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/theoretical-yield-workedproblem-609533
Keeney

23 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

Key Answer

24 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3

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25 LU_General Chemistry 1_Module3