CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINAL WORK

SELF ATTESTATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO WASTE WATER TREATMENT
1.1 PRIMARY TREATMENT
1.2 SECONDARY TREATMENT
CHAPTER 2
TREATMENT UNITS
2.1 SCREEN CHAMBER
2.2 GRIT CHAMBER
2.3 PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK (PST)
2.4 AERATION TANK
2.5 SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK (SST)
2.6 SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK
2.7 SLUDGE DRYING BED
2.8
CHAPTER 3
TREATMENT UNIT DETAILS
3.1 INLET CHAMBER
3.2 SCREEN CHAMBER
(A) MEDIUM SCREEN
(B) DISPOSAL OF SCREENING
3.3 GRIT CHAMBER
3.4 SEDIMENTATION TANK
3.4.1 PRINCIPAL OF SEDIMENTATION
3.4.2 THEORY OF SEDIMENTATION
3.4.3 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF SEDIMENTATION TANK
(A) INLET AND OUTLET ARRANGEMENT
(B) BAFFLES
(C) CLEANING AND SLUDGE REMOVAL
3.5 AERATION TANK
3.6 SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK
3.7 SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK
3.8 SLUDGE DIGESTION PROCESS
(A) DIGESTED SLUDGE
(B) SUPERNATANT LIQUOR
(C) GASES
3.9 FACTOR AFFECTING SLUDGE DIGESTION
3.10 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
3.11 DISPOSAL OF THE DIGESTED SLUDGE
3.12 SLUDGE DRYING BED
CHAPTER 4
4.1 PROCESS DESIGN CALCULATION
4.1 (A) POPULATION CALCULATIONS
4.1 (B) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEWGE
4.1 (B) i) INFLUENT SEWAGE
4.1 (B) ii) TREATED SEWAGE
4.2 DESIGN OF INLET CHAMBER/COLLECTION CHAMBER
4.3 DESIGN OF SCREEN CHAMBER
4.4 DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER
4.5 DESIGN OF PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK (PST)
4.6 DESIGN OF AERATION TANK
4.7 DESIGN OF SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK (SST)
4.8 DESIGN OF SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK
4.9 DESIGN OF SLUDGE DRYING BED
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
(A) DIAGRAMS OF UNITS
(B) FLOW DIGRAMS
REFRENCES
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

In ancient time, the waste products of a society including human excreta had been collected,

carried and disposed of manually to a safe point of disposal, by the sweepers was not health
concern and this system was known as old conservancy system. This primitive method of
collecting and disposing of the society’s wastes has now been modernized and replaced by a
system, in which these wastes are mixed with sufficient quantity of water and carried through
closed conduits under the conditions of gravity flow. This mixture of water and waste products
popularly called ''‘sewage”. This modem system of sewage carriage is known as “water carried
sewerage system”.

The advantage of this modem system over old system of sewerage system is:-

(i) This system is more hygienic, than old system.

(ii) Cause much more less pollution.

(iii) Sewers laid on the underground, hence do not occupy the floor area.

(iv) It allow the construction of water-closets for multistoried buildings.

This treatment plant is used to treat “Domestic waster water” and water from storm drain i.e.
system is combined. The average contribution is 120 liter/capita/day of waste water.

Wastewater is about 99% water by weight and is referred as influent, as it enters the wastewater
treatment facility. Treatment plant treats sewage in two steps:-

(i) Primary treatment and

(ii) Secondary treatment

 (1.1) Primary treatment:-

It involves physical removal of floatable and settleable solids. The different units involves are :-

Screening:- Remove large objects, such as clothes, plastic etc that could plug lines or block tank
inlets.

Grit chamber: Slows down the flow to allow grit to fall out.

Sedimentation tank: Also known as settling tank or clarifler, in this settleable solids settle out.

(1.2) Secondary Treatment: -

It involves biological treatment process, in which micro-organism convert non settleable solids
to settleable solids. It allowing the settleable solids to settle out. The process involved in
treatment plant is Activated sludge process.
Here the effluent from primary treatment is treated through biological decomposition of
organic matter carried out either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
Aerobic Biological Units:
 Filters (intermittent sand filters, trickling filters)
 Activated Sludge Plant (feed of active sludge, secondary settling tankand aeration tank)
 Oxidation ponds and Aerated lagoons.
Anaerobic Biological Units:
 Anaerobic lagoons
 Septic tanks
 Imhoff tanks.

The effluent from the secondary treatment contains a little BOD (5% to 10%of original) and
may contain several milligrams per litre of s DO.
 CHAPTER – 2

TREATMENT UNITS

2.1 Screen chamber

2.2 Grit chamber
2.3 Primary sedimentation tank (PST)
2.4 Aeration tank
2.5 Secondary sedimentation tank (SST)
2.6 Sludge Digestion tank
2.7 Sludge Drying bed
 CHAPTER - 3
TREATMENT UNIT DETAILS
3.1 Inlet chamber
The main purpose of this unit is to dampen the wastewater flow before it is applied to
subsequent treatment units so that wastewater flow remains as uniform as possible in the
following units. It is generally a simple rectangular open channel. The sewage from the inlet
chamber flows by gravity to the succeeding unit of the treatment plant.

3.2 Screen chamber

Screening is the first treatment unit at a sewage treatment plant and passing the sewage through
different types of screens, so as to trap and remove the floating matters, such as pieces of cloth
paper, wood, cork, hair, fiber, kitchen refuse, fecal solids, etc. present in sewage. There floating
materials, if not removed, will choke the pipe, or affect adversely the working of sewage pumps.
Thus, the main idea of providing screen is to protect the pumps and other equipments from the
possible damages due to the floating matter of the sewage. Screens should placed before the grit
chambers. We have used medium screens for the screening.

A) Medium Screen: In these types of screens of the spacing between bars is about 6 to 40 mm.
These screens will ordinarily collect 30 to 90 liters of material per million liter of sewage. The
screening usually contains some quantity of organic, material, which may putrefy and become
offensive, and must, therefore be disposed of by burial (not by dumping).
Rectangular shaped medium screen are used at sewage treatment plant. They are made of steel
bars, fixed parallel to one another at desired spacing on a rectangular steel frame, and are called
bar screens. The screens are set in masonry of R.C.C. Chamber, called the screen chamber.
Medium screens are generally kept inclined at about 30 to 60° to the direction of flow, so as to
increase the opening area, and to reduce the flow velocity: and thus making the screening more
effective. While designing the screen, clear openings should have sufficient total area so that the
velocity through them is not more than 0.8 to 1 m/s. This limit placed on velocity, limits the
head loss through the screens, and, thus reduces the opportunity for screenings to be pushed
through the screens.
The material collected on bar screens can be removed either manually or mechanically.
Manual cleaning is practiced at small plant with hand operated rakes. A rake is toothed
bar. The teeth of the rakes are design in such a way that they fit in between the spacing of
screen bar.

BAR SCREEN
B) Disposal of screening

The material separated by screens is called screenings. It contains 85 to 95 percent of moisture

and other floating matter. It may also content some organic load which may putrefy, causing bad
smells and nuisance. To avoid such possibilities, the screenings are disposed of by burial. This
process of burial is technically called composting. In this process the screenings are buried in 1
to 1.5 m deep trenches, and then covered with 0.3 to 0.45 m of Phosphorous earth. In due course
of time, oxidation reduction of screenings will take place and the contents can be used as
manure.

Function:
Protect pumps, valves and pipelines from damage or clogging by rags or large; object in
wastewater.

3.3 Grit Chamber

Grit chamber are intended to remove the inorganic particles (specific gravity about 2.65) such as
sand, gravel, grit, egg shells, bones etc of size 2 mm or larger to prevent the damage to pumps,
and to prevent their accumulation in sludge digesters. Grit chambers are, infact, nothing but like
sedimentation tanks, designed to separate the intended heavier inorganic materials by the
process of sedimentation due to gravitational forces, and to pass forward the lighter organic
materials.
Provide as Rectangular Horizontal flow type grit chamber, in this chamber the cross- section is
increased so as to reduce the flow velocity of sewage to such an extent that the heavy inorganic
material settle down by gravity and the lighter organic matter remain suspension and thus go out
along with the effluent of the grit basin. The important point in the design of the grit basins is
that the flow velocity should neither be too low as to cause the settling of lighter organic matter,
nor should it be so high as not to cause the settlement of the entire silt and grit present in
sewage. The flow velocity should also be enough to scour out the settled organic matter, and
reintroduce it into the flow stream. Such a critical scouring velocity is, infect, given by the
modified Shield’s formula which states that
Critical scour velocity, VH = 3 to 4.5 √ gd( G-1)
For grit particles of 0.2 mm (d), the above formula gives, critical velocity values of 0.11 to 0.25
m /sec. This fixes the limits for optimum flow velocity for design of grit basins. In practice a
flow velocity of about 0.25 to 0.3 m/sec is adopted for design of grit basins.
The grit chambers are cleaned mechanically, in this great is removed with the help of machines.
The removed grit may contain some organic matter, and can be washed prior to its disposal if
necessary by using certain patented machines. Washed grit contains about 1 to 5 % of
putrescible organic matter.
The silt and grit, etc removed by the grit chambers can be easily disposed off either by burial
and used for raising low lying areas by dumping.
3.4 Sedimentation Tanks
The screens and grit chambers do remove most of the floating materials (like paper, rags, cloth,
wood, tree branches, etc.) and the heavy inorganic settle able solids from the sewage. However,
a part of the suspended organic solids which are too heavy to be removed as floating matters,
and to light to be removed by grit chambers (designed to remove only the heavy inorganic solids
of size more than 0.2 mm, and of sp. Gravity 2.6), are generally removed by sedimentation
tanks. The sedimentation tanks are thus designed to removed the organic matter from the sewage
effluent coming out from the grit chambers. In a complete sewage treatment, the sedimentation
is, in fact, carried out twice; once before the biological treatment (i.e. primary sedimentation)
and one after the biological treatment (i.e. secondary sedimentation).

3.4.1 Principle of sedimentation

The fundamental principle under line the process of sedimentation is that: the organic matter
present in sewage is having a specific gravity greater than that of water (i.e. 1. sewage, these
particles will, therefore tend to settle down by gravity whereas, in sewage, they are kept in
suspension, because of the turbulence in water. Hence, a s turbulence is retarded by offering
storage to sewage, these impurities tend to settle the bottom of the tank offering such storage.
The basin in which the flow of sewage occurs is called the Settling Tank or Sedimentation Tank
or Sedimentation Basin, and the theoretical average time for which the water is detained is called
the Detention period

3.4.2 Theory of Sedimentation

The settlement of a particle by gravity in a liquid, when brought to rest, is opposed by the
following factors:

(A)The velocity of flow which carries the particle horizontally:

The greater the flow area, the lesser is the velocity, and hence more easily the particle will
settle down.
(B)The viscosity of water in which the particle is traveling:
The viscosity varies inversely with temperature. Warm water is less viscous and, therefore, offers
resistance to settlement. However this factor is generally ignored.
(C)The size, shape and specific gravity of the particle:
The greater is the specific gravity, more readily the particle will settle. The size and shape of
the particle also affect the settling rate.
Provide a continuous flow type of a sedimentation tank, which is generally used in modern days,
the flow velocity is only reduced, and the sewages not brought to complete rest, as is done in an
intermittent type. The working of such a tank is simple, as the water enters from one end, and
comes out from the other end. The velocity is sufficiently reduced by providing sufficient length
of travel. The velocity is so adjusted that the time taken by the particle to travel from one end to
another is slightly more than the time required for settlement of that particle. They are generally
made of reinforced concrete and may be rectangular or circular in plan.
The capacity and other dimension of the tank should be properly designed so as to effect a
fairly high percentage of removal of suspended organic material. A plain sedimentation tank
under normal conditions may remove about 60 to 65% of the suspended solids, and 30 to 35%
of BOD from the sewage.
3.4.3 Constructional details of secondary sedimentation tank:
(A) Inlet and Outlet Arrangement: - In order to reduce short circuiting, distribute the flow
uniformly, proper arrangement must be made for smooth entry of water.
(B) Baffles: - Baffles are required to prevent movement of organic matter and its escape along
with the effluent: and to distribute the sewage uniformly through: the cross- section of the tank,
and thus to avoid short circuiting. Both inlets and outlets are, therefore, protected by hanging
Baffles, 0 to 90 cm in front of them, and submerged 45 to 60 cm below the flow line.
(C)Cleaning and Sludge Removal: - The suspended organic solids contained in sewage, settle
down at the bottom of the sedimentation tank, and have to be removed periodically. The removal
of the deposited sludge before it becomes stale and septic is necessary not only because it
reduces the capacity of the tank and its detention period, but also because it leads to the
evolution of foul gases formed due to the anaerobic decomposition of the settled organic matter.
The sedimentation tanks are cleaned with mechanical arrangement. With mechanical cleaning
devices, the sludge is scraped, by scrapers and brought to the hopper at the bottom, and is
removed daily.

3.5 AERATION TANK

From the primary sedimentation tank, the sewage flows to the aeration tank, and is mixed with
the activated sludge. The aeration tanks are rectangular tanks, 3 to 4.5 m deep and about 4 to 6 m
wide. The length range between 20 to 200m. Air is continuously introduced into these tanks.

(A)Aeration facilities: Oxygen requirement for decomposing the organic matter by aerobic
bacteria, supplied by diffused air aeration method. This involves the introduction of compressed
air into the sewage through submerged diffusers. The aerators are fine bubble type. Compressed
air is released near the bottom of the aeration tank through porous tubes made of aluminum
oxide grains cemented together in a ceramic matrix.
3
Air supplied to porous diffusers should contain less than 0.02 mg of dust/m , troubles due to
clogging from the inside can be reduced by providing air filters and those due to clogging from
outside can be avoided by providing adequate air pressure below the diffusers at all times.
AERATION TANK
3.6 SECONDARY SETTLING TANK:
In this tank biological sludge settlement takes place and considerable importance in the
activated sludge process as the efficient separation of the biological sludge is necessary
not only for ensuring final effluent quality but also for return of adequate sludge to
maintain the MLSS level in the aeration tank.
A) Sludge Recycle:

The MLSS concentration in the aeration tank is controlled by the inflow sludge
recirculation rate and the sludge settleability and thickening in the secondary
3
sedimentation tank. Where, Qr = Sludge recirculation rate (m /d)
The sludge settleability is determined by sludge volume index (SVI). It is the volume
occupied in ml by one gram of solids in the mixed liquor after settling for 30 min.

(B)Excess sludge wasting:

The sludge generated in the aeration tank: has to be wasted to maintain a steady level of
MLSS in the system. The sludge quantity will increases with increasing F/M and
decreases with increasing temperature.

3.7 SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK:

The sludge, which is deposited in a primary sedimentation tank, is called raw sludge,
and the sludge which is deposited in a secondary clarifler called secondary sludge. Raw
Sludge 'inodorous' contains highly putrescible organic matter, and which is, thus, very
objectionable. Secondary sludge is also putrescible, through a little less objectionable.

The sludge withdrawn from the bottom of the sedimentation basins must, therefore, be
stabilized before its final disposal. In addition to its putrescibility, another problem posed
by sludge is its high moisture content. In case of raw sludge, the moisture content is about
95% and in case of secondary sludge from an activated sludge treatment plant, it is about
98% to over 99%. The sludge containing high moisture content becomes very bulky, and
difficult to handle. The moisture content of sludge is reduced, its volume will go on
decreasing. If moisture content is reduced to about 70 to 80%, the sludge becomes
viscous and at about 10% moisture content, it becomes dry, and assumes powder form.

3.8 SLUDGE DIGESTION PROCESS:

The sludge withdrawn from sedimentation basins contains a lot of putrescible organic
matter, and if disposed off without any treatment, the organic matter may decompose
producing tiring foul gases and a lot of nuisance, pollution, and health hazards. In order
to avoid such pollutions, the sludge is, first of all, stabilized by decomposing the organic
matter under controlled anaerobic conditions, and hence disposed of suitably after drying
on drying beds, etc. The process of stabilization is called sludge digestion and the tank
where the process is carried out is called sludge digestion tank. In activated sludge
digestion process, the sludge gets broken up into the following three forms:-

(A) Digested sludge: It is a humus like solid matter, tary black in colour, and with
reduced moisture content and is therefore, having reduced volume (about 1/3 times the
undigested sludge volume). Moreover, the quality of digested sludge is much better than
that of undigested sludge.

(B) Supernatant liquor: It includes the liquefied and finely divided solid matter, and is
having high BOD.

(C) Gases: Gases like methane (65% 70%) carbon dioxide (30%) and traces of other
inert gases like nitrogen. Hydrogen sulphide etc is evolved. They are used as fuel.
The digested sludge is dewatered, dried up and used as a fertilizer: while the gases
produced are also used for fuel.
3.9 FACTORS AFFECTING SLUDGE DIGESTION: The three important factors
which affect the process of sludge digestion are:-

1. Temperature
2. pH value
3. Seeding with digested sludge and
4. Mixing and stirring of the raw sludge with digested sludge.

3.10 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAIL: A low rate sludge digestion tank consists of a

circular R.C.C. tank with hoppered bottom, and having a fixed type of roof over its top.
The raw sludge is pumped into the tank; it is seeded with the digested sludge from
another tank. A screw pump with an arrangement for circulating the sludge from bottom
to top of the tank is commonly used, for stirring the sludge. The gases of decomposition
(chiefly CH4 and CO2 ) are collected in gas holders for subsequent use. The digested
sludge which settles down to the hoppered bottom of the tank removed under hydrostatic
pressure, periodically, once a week. The supernatant liquor lying between sludge and
scum is removed at suitable elevations. Through a number of withdrawl pipes. The
supernatant liquor higher in BOD and suspended solid contents, is sent back for treatment
along with the raw sewage. The scum foraged at the top surface of the supernatant liquor
is broken up through mechanical rakes called scum breakers.

3.11 DISPOSAL OF DIGESTED SLUDGE: Disposal of digested sludge:

The digested sludge from the digestion tank contains a lot of water and is therefore
first of all dewatered or dried up before further disposed by dumping. The water of
sludge is removed by drying the sludge on drying beds.

3.12 SLUDGE DRYING BED

Drying of the digested sludge on open beds of land is quite suitable , 30 to 60 cm deep
and consisting of about 30 to 45 cm thick graded layers of gravel varying in size from 15
1
cm of' bottom to 1.25 cm at top and overlain by 10 to 15 cm thick course sand layer.
Open jointed under drain pipes (15 cm in dia) @ 5 to 7 m c/c spacing are laid below the
gravel layer.
The sewage sludge from the digestion tank is brought beds through distribution troughs.
A portion of the while most of its is evaporated to the and spread over the top of drying
atmosphere. moisture, drains through the bed,

Sludge should never be applied to a bed until.the preceding dose has been removed.
Normally sludge is removed from the beds after a period of about 7-10 days: a within this
period, about 30% of the moisture goes away, and the surface of sludge gets cracked. The
sludge cakes are then removed by spades, and they are dumped into a pit for further
drying. The dried is used as manure as it contains 1.7% Nitrogen, 1.5% phosphoric acid
and 0.5% potash.

SLUDGE DRYING BED

 CHAPTER – 4

(4.1) PROCESS DESIGN CALCULATION

The sewage treatment of capacity 50 MLD.

First of all calculate the population served by the sewage treatment plant.

(4.1)A. Population calculation:

Assume water required/person = 150 lt/d

Sewage produce/person = 80% of 150

= 120 lt/d

50 x1000000
Total population =
120

= 4166667 heads

For that much of population take peak factor = 2.5

Average flow, av = 50 MLD

3
= 0.578 M /s

Peak flow, p = 2.5 x Qav

3
= 125 MLD = 1.446m /s
Minimum flow, = m = 0.4 X Qav
3
= 20 MLD=0.231 m /s
The design year for sewage treatment plant is 25 years.

(4.1)B Characteristics of sewage:-

(4.1)B(i) Influent sewage:-

0
Temp ( C) = 25

PH = 7-8


BOD5 @ 20 C = 200 mg/l

Total solids = 1150 mg/l

Suspended solids = 400 mg/l

Dissolved solids = 750 mg/l

Volatile suspended solids = 350 mg/l

(4.1)B(ii) Treated effluent:-

PH = 7-7.5


BOD5 @ 20 C  200 mg/l
Suspended solids  30 mg/l
(4.2) Inlet Chamber/Collection Chamber

Design criteria:

 Peak factor = 2.5

 Flow through velocity/Horizontal velocity = 0.3 m/s (at minimum flow)

= 0.75 m/s (at average flow)

= 1.5 m/s (at peak throw)

 Length of the channel = 3-4 m

 For rectangular section, the depth to width ratio, D:B = 1:1.5 to 1:2
 Design of collection chamber

Provide 2 chamber, one design for peak flow and one for average flow.

At peak flow:-

3
Peak flow, Qp = 125 MLD = 1.446 m /s

Assume maximum, horizontal velocity = 1.5 m/sec

1.446
Hence, the required cross sectional area   0.964 m2
1.5

Assume length of the chamber = 3.5 m

From manual take D:B = 1:2

We know that, Area (A) = DxB

 €

0.960 = Dx2D

0.96
D = 0  0.7m
2

Width of the chamber = 2x0.7 = 1.4 m

Total depth of the chamber = 0.7 + 0.3 = 1.0 m

Check for volume

3
Volume required = 3.5 x 0.96 = 3.36 m

Total volume = LxBxD

3
= 3.5x1.4x0.7 =3.43 m
3
Ok (3.43 > 3.36 m )

At average flow:-

3
Average flow, Qav = 0.578 m /s

Horizontal velocity, vh = 0.75 m/s

 0.578
Cross sectional area required   0.77m2
0.75

Assume length of channel, L = 3m

Depth to width ratio = 1: 1.5

Area, A = DxB

0.77
D = 1.5   0.7m
Width of chamber, B = 1.5 x 0.7 = 1.10m

Check for volume:-

3
Volume required V = A x L = 0.77 x 3 = 2.31 m

= L x B x D = 3 x 0.7 x 1.10

3
Total volume = 2.32 m

OK

Dimension of chamber, Length, L = 3m

Width B = 1.10m

Depth D = 0.7 + 0.3 = 1.0 m

Design Summary

 Type of channel = Rectangular

 No. of chamber = 2

 One chamber with length = 3.5 m

Width = 1.4m

Depth = 0.7m

 Second chamber with Length = 1.8 m

Width = 1.8m

Depth = 0.7m

Free board = 0.30m

(4.3) Screen chamber

3
 Design for Peak flow Qp = 1.446m /s

 Provide 2 mechaniclolly and one manually cleaned serene chamber, keep one
as stand by.

Design criteria:

 Head loss should less than 0.15m through rakes.

 Approach velocity of waste water, Vh= 3.75 cm/s

 Minimum velocity through the screens, V= 30cm/s(hand leaning)

= 75cm/s(Mechanical cleaning)

 Size of bars = 10mm x 50mm (50mm side parallel to the flow)

 Clean spacing of bars = 25 – 50 mm for hand cleaning

= 15-75 mm for mechanical cleaning.

= 15-75 mm for mechanical cleaning.

 0 0 0
 Inclination of bars,  = 30 – 60 (usually 45 with horizontal)
3
 Quantity of screenings= 0.0015 – 0.015 m /MLD for screen size of 10 cm to 25
cm respectively.

Design of mechanically screen chamber

No. of chamber =2

1.446
Peak flow for one chamber =  0.723m3 / s
2

Provide a chamber with same dimension as inlet chamber for average flow

i.e. L = 3m, B = 1.1m D = 0.7m

Q
p 0.723
horizontal velocity, vh =   0.93m / sec
BxD 1.10x0.7

acceptable velocity (vh = 37.5 cm/s)

No. of Bars:-

Provide bars of 10 mm x 50 mm with a clear spacing of 15 mm. Let n be the no. of

bars, then-

(n + 1) + Size of bars (n) = B (Total

width) 0.015(n + 1) + 0.01 x n = 1.10

0.015n + 0.015 + 0.01n = 1.10

0.025n = 1.10 – 0.015 = 1.085

hence,

n  0.025  43.4
n=43.4

n  43

hence, provide 43 bars of 10 mm x 50mm with 15 mm clear spacing.

Total width of the screen chamber = (43 x 0.01) + 44 x 0.05

= 1.09 m
Hence, the provided width is 1.10 m, acceptable.

Velocity of flow through screen bars:

The effective width of channel, Be = Total width – width of 43 bars

= 1.10 – (0.01 x 43)

= 0.67 m

We know that the waste water depth, D is 0.7m 0.67 x 0.7

2
Effective cross sectional area of the screen = 0.469 m

 Velocity of the flow through screen, V = Qpeak  0.723 1.5m/ s

Be 0.469

0.723
=
0.469

= 1.5

2 2
Head loss through the bar rack, hl = 0.0729 (v – v h)
2 2
= 0.0279 (1.5 – 0.93 )

= 0.109 m

Acceptable, Head loss (h1 < 0.15m)

Inclined length of bars:

D
Inclined length of bars =
Sin450

= 1.0 1.414m
1
2

1.5m
Hence, total length of the provided bars is 1.5 m

Length of the screen Chamber

0
Horizontal length is = total length x cos45

1
= 1.5 x
2

= 1.06  1.1 m

Design of manually screen chamber:

No. of chamber = 1
3
Peak flow for chamber = 0.723 m /s
Assume some dimension, L = 3m, B = 1.10m, D = 0.7M

Qp
Horizontal velocity, vh =  0.93m / sec
BxD

Acceptable, horizontal velocity for screen (vh = 37.5cm/s)

No. of bars:

Provide bars of 10 mm x 50 mm with a clear spacing of 25 mm. Let n be the no. of bars
then-

Opening (n + 1) + size of bars (n) = B (total width)

0.025 (n +1) + 0.01 x n = 1.10

0.025n + 0.025 + 0.01n = 1.10

0.033 n = 1.10 – 0.025 = 1.075

n  1.075  30.7  31
0.035

Hence, provide 31 bars of 10 mm x 50 mm with 25 mm clear spacing.

Total width of the screen chamber = (31 x 0.01) + 32 x 0.025)

= 1.11 m

Hence the provided width is acceptable.

Velocity of flow through screen bars:

The effective width of channel, Be = total width – width of 31 bars

= 1.10 – (0.01 x 31)

= 0.79m

We know that he wastewater depth, D is 0.7m

Effective cross-sectional area of screen = 0.79 x 0.7

2
= 0.553 m

0.723
Velocity of flow through serene bars, v =
0.553

= 1.30m/sec

Acceptable, velocity through screen bars.

Inclined length of bar:-

Inclined length of bar = 1.5m

Length of screen chamber Ls = 1.1m

Design summary:


No. of chamber = 3(1 standing)

Size of bars = 10mm x 50 mm
 0
Inclination of bars = 45

Mechanically cleaned screen chambers no. of bars n = 31

Clear opening between the bars = 25 mm

Length of chamber, L = 3m

Width of chamber, B = 1.1m

Depth of chamber, D = 0.7 + 0.3 = 1.0m
4.4 GRIT CHAMBER

 Provide Rectangular horizontal flow type grit chamber with 2 unit and
1 unit as standby.

 Design consideration

3
o Design for peak flow Qp = 1.446 m /s

o Detention time = 30-90 (usually 60s)

o Horizontal velocity of wastewater, Vh=0.2 – 0.4m/s (usually 0.3 m/s)

o Liquid depth, D = 1 – 1.5m

o Length, L = 3 – 25 m

o Settling velocity, Vs = 0.016 – 0.021m/s for particles 0.2

mm dia. and specific gravity 2.65

3 3
o Quantity of grit = 0.022 – 0.075 m /1000m of flow

3 2
o Overflow rate = 1200 – 1700 m /m –d

Design

1.446 3
Peak flow for one chamber = = 0.723 m /s
2


Cross – sectional area of one chamber, Ax =
vh

0.723
=
0.3

2
= 2.41m

Length of the channel, L = Vh x t = 0.3 x 60 = 18m

Providing additional length for the inlet and outlet of channels, the total length is

Ltotal = Net length + 10% net length for inlet and outlet provision.

= 18 + 1.80 = 19.80m  20m

Assume width of the chamber = 1.5 m

Depth of chamber, D = AB

2.41/1.5=1.6m


 1.2m

Assume, depth for grit collection Total depth = 0.1 m

of tank = 1.6 + 0.3 + 0.1

= 2.0 m
Net volume of each chamber = LxBxD

= 18 x 1.6 x 1.5

3
= 43.2 m
Check for volume of the tank l, V = Qxt

= 0.723 x 60

3
= 43.38 m
Acceptable, volume of Tank.

Check for surface loading rate, SLR:-

A
p 0.723  0.026 m/sec

B 18x1.5
SLR = 0.026 m/sec

Acceptable

for settling velocity, vs = Acceptable

(Range 0.016 – 0.021m/sec)

Design summary:-


Number of chamber = 3 (1 stand by)

Total length of chamber = 20m

Total width of chamber = 1.5 m

Total depth of chamber = 1.91 m

4.5 Primary settling Tank (PST)

When a treatment plant is designed to provide recording treatment of wastewater, the

function of the PST will mainly be to reduce the load on the following biological unit.

Design considerations

o Number of circular tank provided = 2

o Detention period = 2 hours

o Suspended solids in wastewater = 250mg/L

0
o BOD5 20 C of wastewater = 200 mg/L
o Surface loading rate for primary settling,

3 2
At peak flow = 80 – 120m /m -d
3 2
At average flow = 30 to 60 m /m -d
3
o Weir loading rate = 125 – 500 m /m.d
o Sp. Gravity of primary sludge = 1.03

o Sludge contains 6% of the solids, i.e. 94% moisture content

Design calculations:-

0.578
Qavg. for each tank =  0.289m3 / s
2
 1.446 3
Qpeak for each tank = = 0.723 m /s
2
Surface area of each tank for
Q
Qpeak is given by =
SL
R

0.72
= 3  449.14
0.00116

2
= 623m

Dia. of each tank, d = Ax4  623x4

 

= 28m

 Area provided, A =  (28)2  615m2

4

 Surface loading rate = Q  0.723

A 615.75
3 2
0.00117 = 101.08 m /m –
= d
Acceptable, surface loading rate for Peak flow,

Provided side water depth d =3.5m

3
Total volume of each clarifier V =615 x 3.5 = 2152m

Detention time for each unit = V  2152  0.82hrs

Q 0.723

At Average flow:-

A1x4
Dia. of each tank, d = =30 m

 
2 2
 Area provided, A2 = 4 (30) = 706.85 m

Q
 Surface loading rate =  0.289
av
A
2 706.85
3 2
= 35.32 m /m -d
Acceptable, at average flow.

Provided side water depth = 3.5 m

Total volume of each clarifier = 706 x 3.5

3
= 2400 m

V
Detention time for each clarifier = = 2.30hrs
Q
av

Detention time is acceptable (Range 2 to 2.5 hrs).

Weir loading rate:

We know that, WLR = (Flow/Length of the Weir)

0.289
=
x30

‘ 264.93M*M 9
=

3 2
Acceptable (Range 125-500 m / m d).
Design of Hopper Bottom:-

Computation of sludge production:-

(i) Mass of primary sludge generated, Ms1=60% of suspended solids in the

influent
3 3
= 0.6x264x20x10 x10
6
= 3168 x 10 mg/d
= 3168kg/d
 (ii) Volume of Primary Sludge Produced:-

3168 3 3
Vs1= = 40.68 m /d  1.69 m /h
998.2x1.3x0.06

(iii) Hopper Bottom Capacity:-

Provide trapezoidal type of hopper bottom. Assure provide trapezoidal type of

hopper bottom. Assume that after every four hours collected sludge pumped out
hence we calculate for capacity of hopper bottom for 4 hours.
3
Capacity of sludge packet, C = Vsl x 4 = 2.5 x 4 = 10m

Assume Hopper Bottom of Following Data:

A=2.5m, B=3.5m and Depth, H=1.25 m

Now; volume

3 3
= = 11.35 m  12 m

3
As this volume is greater than the compute capacity of 10m , providing the
3
hopper bottom of 12m , in capacity is Acceptable.
Overall tank depth, D= Liquid depth + F.B. + Depth for tank bottom slope + hopper

Bottom depth

= 3.5+0.3+1.125+1.25 = 6.17 m  6.25m

Depth for tank bottom slope is determined as follows:

Assuming 10% slope of bottom of the tank for sludge scraping the depth for bottom
slope is-

= 1.125m
Diameter of the Central Feed Pipe:-

Assume horizontal velocity in central feed pipe as 0.3 m/sec, the cross sectional area
of the feed pipe can be given by the equation

Ax =

2
= = 0.772  0.80 m

Dia of feed pipe, d= = 1.009 m  1000

Provide a central feed pipe of 1000 mm in

diameter. Diameter of Sludge Removed Pipe:-

Provide a minimum of 200 mm diameter for sludge removal pipe.

Design Summary:-

 No. of units = 3(2 working)

3
 Volume of each tank = 2400m (at Average flow)
 Dia. of each tank = 30 m

 Effective liquid depth = 3.5 m

 Total depth of each tank = 6.25 m

 Dia. of central feed pipe = 100 mm

 Dia. of sludge removal pipe = 200 mm

3
 Vol. of sludge produced = 1.69 m /h
(4.6) AERATION TANK

Provide continuous flow complete mix type aeration tank.

Design parameter:

The following are the design parameter for completely mix type process for efficiency
85-95%.

MLSS
MLVSS/MLSS

F/M kg BOD5/Kg MLSS

Hydraulic Retention time, HRT

Mean cell residence time,

Mean cell residence time, c = 5-8 d

Recirculation ratio, Qr/Q = 0.25-0.8

kgO2/kg BOD5 removed = 0.8-1.0

BOD5 = 68% of ultimate BOD (BODL) and BOD
rate constant

K = 0.1/d

BOD5 of influent = 200 mg/lt

BOD5 of influent = 30 mg/lt

Suspended solids for effluent  30 mg/lt

Horizontal velocity vh = 1.5 m/min

Provide total three aeration tanks; two is working with one stand by.

Average flow for each tank = 50/2 = 50/2 = 25MLD

Design calculation:-

Normally in the design of ASP it is assumed that

i) BOD5 in the influent, S0 is soluble biodegradable corbonaceous organic

matter.

ii) Oxygen demand due to nitrogenous organic content of wastewater is usually

neglected (i.e. zero).

iii) Effluent total BOD5, Stotal is assumed equal to soluble BOD 5 (Ssol) and BOD5 due
to suspended solids, SSS is neglected. However, here the BOD5 due to SS
in the effluent has also been considered.

Now, Total effluent BOD5 is given by

Stotal=Ssol+Sss

Where,

Stotal = Total effluents BOD, mg/L

Ssol = Influent soluble BOD5, not removed by treatment

and found in effluent mg/L

Sss = Effluent BOD5 due to biological suspended solids

mg/L
 Sss = 68% of ultimate BOD due to suspended solids

=0.68 [1.42x0.65x25] = 15.69  15.70 mg/L

Ssol = 30-15.70 = 14.30 mg/L

Conc. of suspended BOD5 in the effluent, Sss = 15.70 mg/L

Conc. of total effluent BOD5, Stotal = 30 mg/L

Treatment efficiency, E:-

S S
0 sol
Based on soluble BOD5, Esol= x100
S0

= 200 14.30 x100

200

= 92.85%
S S
0 total
Based on total effluent BOD5, Etotal = x100
S0

= 200  30 x100
200

= 85.0%

Normally, ASP is designed for the treatment efficiency based on soluble influent BOD 5.
Q
Volume of reactor, V =
av x Y x c S0  Ssol  x100
X (1  Kdc )
-1
Assume, Y = 0.5 and Kd=0.06 d

25x103 x 0.5x 10 x200 14.30

V =
3500(1  0.06 x 10)

3
V = 4145 m

Hydraulic Retention time, HRT = V = 4145 = 0.165 d

3

Q 25x10
 = 3.97h  4h

Hence, provide HRT = 4h

So, provide total volume, V = 25000 x 4

24
3
= 4167 m

Volume is Acceptable.

Sludge wasting rate:-

1) Sludge wasting from the recycle line,  ’w

VX
c =
Qw x X  Qe x X e 
4167x3500
10= Q x 3500 20000x 0.8x25
w

10xQwx3500+10x20000x0.8x25=33334x3500

35000Qw = 7669000
3
Qw = 250 m /d

Now, compute the mass of sludge wasted per day determined by using following relation:

Mass of sludge solids to be wasted=(Increase in mass of solids, MLSS in reactor)- (Mass

of suspended solids lost in effluent)

To compute increase in mass of solids (growth of biomass), first calculate observed yield,
using the following equation.
Y Y
obs 
1  K d c

0.5  0.3125
= 1  0.06x10
Then calculate increase in biomass (MLVSS) in the reactor Px(VSS) using the
following equation

Px(vss) = Yobs x Qav x (S0-Ssol)

Px(vss) = 0.3125 x 2000 x 200 14.30

103

 1160 kg/d

Increase in total suspended solids (MLSS) in the reactor, Px(ss)

Px 1160
Px(ss) =  1450 kg / d
0.8 0.8

So, the mass of sludge wasted each day = increase in MLSS-SS lost in effluent

= 1450-25000x 253
10

= 1450-625 = 950 kg/d

Check for mass of sludge to be wasted:

(i) From recycle line, mass of sludge (MLVSS) wasted/day

Qw’ x Xr 0.8 x10000

= 96 x =768 kg/d
1000

(ii) From reaction, the mass of sludge (MLSS) wasting/day

Qw x MLSS = 219 x 3500 = 766.5  768 kg/d

1000

Oxygen requirement for aeration:

Neglecting the oxygen require for nitrification, the oxygen needed to stabilize only
carbonaceous organic compounds is determined as under:
 Qav xS0  Ssol 
Mass of ultimate BOD utilized/day, BODL = 0.68

25000  200 14.36 

= x 
0.68  103 

= 6825 kg/d

Now, compute oxygen required per day from the following relation:-

= 6825-1.42 x 768

= 5734.44 = 5734 kg/d  238 kg/h

Quantity of air needed for aeration, Qair:

Massof O2 required
Volume of air required =
Air densityx % of O2 in air

2 0
Now, assume density of dry air equals to 1.185 kg/m of 25 C and 101.325
kPa pressure and 23.20% of oxygen in air,

4370
we get, Qair =
1.185x0.232
3 3
= 15895.53 m /d = 662.3 m /h
3
 11.0 m /min.

3
So, the theoretical quantity of air required is about 11 m /min
Air required for Diffuse Aeration system:-

Assuming 8% transfer efficiency of diffuse aeration system, the actual quantity of air
required

=11/0.08
3
=137.5  140 m /min
 3
= 201600 m /d
Also assume factor of safety as 2 for design of blower, quantity of air required
for blower
3
= 2x11 m /min
3
= 22 m /min

Check for air requirement:-

Actual air required  201600
Unit volumeof flow 25000
2 3
=8.08 m /m of wastewater flow.
3 3
Acceptable (Range 3.75-15 m air/m flow of wastewater flow) Actual air
required/kg of BOD5 removed is

= 201600  54.29m3 / kg of BOD

200 14.36x20 5

3
Acceptable (Range 30-55 m air/kg of BOD5 removed)

Recirculation ratio, R and flow to be recycled, Qr

We know, (Q+Qr)X = Qr+Xr
Qr X
R = 
Q X r  X 
3500
 0.8 x10000 3500  0.78
Acceptable (Range 0.25-0.8)
 Qr = 0.78 xQ
= 0.78 x 20
Qr = 15.55 MLD
Food to Microorganisms ratio, F/M:-
S
F 0  200 -1
  0.3 d
M X 0.17x3500
-1
Acceptable (Range 0.3-0.5 d )
Check for volumetric loading:-

QxS0
Volumetric loading is given by =
V

0.2x25000
=
4168
3
= 1.20 kg BOD5/m of reactor volume
3
Acceptable (Range 0.8-3.2 kg BOD5/m of reactor volume)

Dimension of the Aeration tank:-

3
Volume of each tank = 4168 m
Assume depth of tank = 4.5 m (Range 3-4.5m)

and W:D ratio = 1.2 to 2.2 (usually 2)

 Width of tank = 4.5 x 2 = 9 m

=115.6
Total length of each tank = V =4167 1
BXD 9X4

 93m (Range 30-100m) OK

Total depth = 4.5+F.B. (= 0.6) = 5.1m

Design summary

 Type of tank = Complex mix type

 No. of tank = 3(2 working, 1 standby)]

3
 Volume of each tank = 4168 m

 Length of each tank = 115 m

 Width of each tank =9m

 Total depth of each tank = 5.1 m

  Recirculation ratio, R = 0.78

-1
 F/M = 0.36 d

 Oxygen required for each tank== 182 kg/h

3
 Air required for each tank = =140 m /min

Sludge wasting rate for each tank

from
3
(i) Recycle line, Q’w = 96 m /d
3
(ii) Reactor, Qw = 219 m /d

(4.7) Secondary sedimentation tank

Secondary sedimentation tank is used to treat effluent from Aeration tank.

Design criteria:

 MLSS conc. in influent = 3500 mg/L

 Wier loading rate
 Surface loading rate or
Over flow rate
 Solids loading rate
3
= 250-400 m /m-d of maximum flow
3 2
= 15-32 m /m -d at Qav
2 2
= 40-50 m /m -d at Qpeak
2
= 90.148 Kg/m -d at Qpeak

 Slide water depth of the tank = 3.5-6.0 m

 Provide 2 tank, Qav for each tank = 25 MLD

Design calculation:
3 2
Adopting a surface loading rate of 20 m /m -d at average flow,

Q 25x1000 2
A1 = SLR =
Surface area required, 20 =1250 m
Check for surface loading rate at peak flow:-
Q
 25x2.5x1000
peak
Surface loading =
A1 1000

3 2
= 62.5 m /m -d
3 2
OK (Prescribed range 40-50 m /m -d)

2
Now, for a solid loading of 80 kg/m -d at average flow:-
Area required, A2 = (Qav/Solid loading rate)

= 25x1000x3000
80x1000
2
= 937.5 m
2
Area needed for peak flow at a solids loading of 937.5 kg/m -d
Q
peak
=
SLR

25x1000x2.5x3000
=
937.5x1000
2
= 200 m
2
The higher surface area of 200 m is to be adopted

200x4
Adopting circular tank, hence diameter of the tank, d=  = 16 m


Providng each tank of dia. 36 m, the surfaces of each tank = 4 x 162

2
= 201.06  200m
Assume side water depth of the tank = 4 m

Effective volume of each tank = 201 x 4

3
= 804 m
 Total depth of each tank = 4+0.3 = 4.3 m

 Total volume of each tank = 1018 x 4.3

3
= 4377.4  4380 m

Check for weir loading role at peak flow:

V
 2.25x20000 
max
WLR =
xd 3.14x36

3
= 398.08 m /m-d OK

Hydraulic retention time, HRT = (Effective vol. of tank /Flow of wastewater)

= 4072/2000 = 4.88 = 5hr

Design summary of Secondary Settling Tank:-

o Shape of tank = Circular

o No. of Tank = 2

3
o Total vol. of each tank = 4380 m
o Total depth of each tank = 4.3 m

o Dia. of each tank = 36 m

o Hydraulic retention time = 5hr

o Mass of sludge wasted each day from each tank = 950 Kg/d

4.8 Sludge Digestion tank

o Provide Low Rate Sludge Digestion Tank.

Sludge generated are as follows :-

Total solids (kg/d)

Primary treatment unit = 10800

 Activated Sludge Process = 1900

Total = 12700

At 4% consistency primary sludge volume = 10800/40=270m3/d

3
[ 1% consistency = 1000 mg/L = 10kg/m ]

At 1% consistency, the activated sludge volume = 1900/10=190m3/d

3
Total volume of raw mixed sludge, Vr = 270 + 190 = 460m /d

The approximate percentage of volatile matter (VM) in the mixed sludge =

70%

 Quantity of VM in the raw mixed sludge = 0.7 x 12700 = 8890

kg/d Quantity of Non-volatile matter or inorganic matter in the raw

mixed sludge

= 0.3 x 12700 = 3810 kg/d

Assume percentage destruction o VM = 50%

For achieving 50% VM destruction the HRT required = 40 days

Quantity of VM in the digested sludge = 0.5 x 8890 = 4445 kg/d

Quantity of non volatile matter in the digested sludge = 3810 kg/d

Total quantity of solids in the disgusted sludge = 8225 kg/d

Percentage of VM in the digested sludge =

4445  0.5385  54%

8255

3810
Percentage of inorganic matter in the digested sludge = 8255  0.4615  46.15%

Depending on the frequency of sludge withdrawl, the consistency of the

digested sludge withdrawn from the low rate digested is expected to be in the
range of 4 – 6%.

Check for Volatile Solids Loading Rate:-

SLR = 8890/10536

3
= 0.84 kg/d m
3
OK (Permissible range 0.6 to 1.6 kg/m –d)

Gas generation

3
Gas production /kg of VM destroyed Total = 0.9m /kg

gas generation per day (CO2 + CH4) = 0.9 x 44445

3
= 400.5  4001 m

Assume that two third of biogas produced is CH 4.

3
 CH4 produced = 2680.67 m /d

Size of digester:

No. of digester = 2
3
10536 = 5268 m
Required volume of each digester = 2

4001 3
Total gas production =  2000 m
9
 2000x2 2
 Optimum area of the digester = 9
= 444.44 m

Maximum permissible diameter = Ax4  444.44x4

 3.14

= 23.79  24m

Selecting the actual diameter less than the permissible hence provide:-

Diameter of proposed digester, c = 20m

Provide digester dome of diameter, d = 16m

Dome rise H will be calculated as follows:

Chord, C = 2 H (2d  H )

20 = 2 H (32  H )

2
100 = 32 H – H
2
H = 32H + 100 = 0
On solving, H = 3.5 m

 102 x3.33  2 2 x0.66

1
Volume of Hopper portion =
3
3
= 345.96  346 m
Volume of cylindrical Zone =Digester volume – Hopper Volume
3
= 5268 – 346= 4922 m
2
Side water depth = Volume/r

= 4922 = 15.6  16m

x102
Each Sludge digester dimension will be :

Diameter = 20m

Total dome rise = 3.5m

Side water depth = 16m

Hopper bottom diameter = 4m

Hopper slope = 1:3

Hopper Depth = 2.67 m

Total water depth = 18:67 m

Gas holder

Proposed = 1

3
Volume = 2680.67 m

Assume Depth = 8m

2680.67 2
Area required = = 335.1 m
8

Dia. of gas holder = 4xA  4x335.1

 

= 20.66m  21m

Hence, Dia. of gas holder = 21 m

4.9 Sludge Drying Beds

3
o Volume of digested sludge = 166m /d

Assume dewatering, drying and sludge removed Cycle = 10 d

Depth of Application of sludge drying = 166x10 = 5333.33

0.3

2
 5334 m

Provide no. of beds (assumed) = 30

 5534
Plan area of each bed =
30

2 2
= 184.46m  190m

Provide Rectangular shape of bed and assume, Length of each bed = 10 m

 Width of each bed = 9m

Design summary:-

Total no. of beds = 30 + 10(stand by)

Depth of sludge in each bed = 0.3 m

Length of each bed = 10 m

Width of each bed = 9m

2
Total plan area = 40 x 190 = 7600 m

Filtrate pumps

3
Total quantity of digested sludge = 166 m /d

Assuming 40% moisture is retained in the sludge over sludge drying bed.

3
 Total quantity of filtrate = 99.6 m /d

It is proposed to pump the filtrate within 12 hours in a day.

Vol. of supernatant from sludge digester

= (total volume or raw mixed sludge) – (Total volume of digested sludge)

3
= 460 - 166 = 294 m /d

Total flow = vol. of supernatant + Quantity of filtrate

3
= 294 + 99.6 = 393.6 m /d
3
Capacity of each pump = 393.6/24 = 16.4  16.5 m /h

Provide two working and one stand by pump.

 CONCLUSION

Safe water supply and hygienic sanitation facilities are the two basic essential amenities
the community needs on a top priodity for healthy living. While provision of safe
drinking water takes precedence in the order of hygienic sanitation facilities through low
cost on site sanitation. Conventional sevarage and sevarage treatment system can not
longer be allowed to log behind, as about 80% of water used by the community comes
out of house in form of waste water (domestic waste water) which unless properly
collected conveyed and safely disposed of that may eventually pollute our precious water
resource and caused environmental degradation and pollution.

As of now about 45% of the urban pollution has been provided with reasonable hygienic
sanitation facilities in our country. As such there is still much to accomplish so as to rich
100% coverage while it is necessary to adopt conventional sewage treatment methods in
our metros and mega cities. It is important and urgent for the concern of public health and
environmental aspect to reuse or recycle of water after necessary treatment for various
beneficial uses so as to reduce the ever-increasing demand for the fresh water.
 ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS
S.T.P. : Sewage Treatment Plant
M.L.D. : Million Liter Per Day
M : Meter
D : Day
H/hr : Hour/Hours
Min : Minute
Sec/s : Second
BOD5 : 5 days Biological Oxygen Demand
BOD : Days Biochemical Oxygen Demand
c
O : Degree Centigrade
HRT : Hydraulic Retention Time
AS : Activated Sludge
3
M : Cubic Meter
2
M : Square Meter
MLSS : Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
MLVSS : Mixed Liquor volatile Suspended Solids
SS : Suspended Solids
P.S.T. : Primary Sedimentation Tank
S.S.T. : Secondary Sedimentation Tank
A.T. : Aeration Tank
V.S. : Volatile Solids
V.S.S. : Volatile Suspended Solids
Ha : Hectare
L : Liter

PRIMARY CLARIFIER
 AERATION
TANK

SKIMMI STABILIZATION
NG TA
TANK N
K

SECONDAR
FIN Y
E CLARIFIER
SCRE
EN

GRIT SLUDGE
CHAMB DRYING
ER BED

COAR
SE
SCRE
EN

RECEIV
ING
CHAM
BER
FLOW DIAGRAM OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT