School of Engineering

& Applied Technology

BACHELOR of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (Civil)

SEMESTER 1, 2019 EXAMINATION

SUBJECT:
Water & Wastewater Engineering
CODE:
ENGG MG6109
SHEET: 1 of 8 SEMESTER: 1
DATE: Friday 28th June 2019 DURATION: 3 HOURS
Assessment breakdown: This examination 50% Other 50%
The total mark for this examination is 110.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

10 minutes reading time will be allowed before commencement of this

examination.

This is a closed book examination.

Answer ALL questions.

Non programmable electronic calculators are permitted.

The following texts are permitted: None

Start each question on a new page and write on one side of the paper only.

Upon completion of this examination, ensure that on the front page of your answer
book you have ticked the questions that you have completed, and also recorded
your student ID number, subject and subject code.

Before handing in your script, ensure that your student ID number is on the top of
any loose pages, and that all pages are attached and in the correct order.
WATER SUPPLY (Total 29 marks)

QUESTION 1 (5 marks)

Describe, in your own words, what are three requirements that the water supply
network has to meet in the Auckland Region?

QUESTION 2 (4 marks)

Describe, in your own words,

• What is the difference between a branched and a looped network?
• Which of these is the most resilient network, and why?

QUESTION 3 (8 marks)

Sketch, on the figure below (not to scale), the hydraulic grade line and the energy
grade line, and explain in a few sentences.

You can assume that:

• Both pipes have the same friction factor and length,
• There are no minor losses,
• The diameter of the first length of pipe is smaller than the second one.

Semester 1, 2019 Examination ENGG MG6109 Water & Waste Engineering Page 2 of 8
QUESTION 4 (8 marks)

Calculate what is the minimum head (in metre water column) that the pump needs
to deliver for the town to have, at least, 25 mwc (250kPa) of pressure in all
properties.

You know that the hydraulic gradient of all the pipes in place is S = 5 m/km

QUESTION 5 (4 marks)

Describe, in your own words, what is a rider main and its role in a water supply
network?

QUESTION 6 (2 marks)
What piece of equipment needs to be located just after and before every fire
hydrant?

STORMWATER (Total 46 marks)

QUESTION 1 (4 marks)

Describe, in your own words, the following terms:

• Runoff
• Peak flows

QUESTION 2 (4 marks)

Describe, in your own words, two types of rainfall abstraction mechanism?

Semester 1, 2019 Examination ENGG MG6109 Water & Waste Engineering Page 3 of 8
QUESTION 3 (2 marks)

What manual calculation methods can be used to estimate stormwater runoff

peak flows?

QUESTION 4 (2 marks)

What does SMAF area mean in the Auckland Unitary Plan?

QUESTION 5 (2 marks)

Describe, in your own words, what is the difference between retention and
detention?

QUESTION 6 (1 mark)

In the Auckland region, what is the required ARI for designing the stormwater
pipe network?

QUESTION 7 (3 marks)

Describe the meaning of ARI and AEP and what is the mathematical relationship
between them?

QUESTION 8 (4 marks)

Explain, in your own words;

• An overland flow path
• how an overland flow path, in a proposed residential/commercial
development, has to be managed?

QUESTION 9 (2 marks)

Describe, in your own words, what is soakage and what does it depend on?

Semester 1, 2019 Examination ENGG MG6109 Water & Waste Engineering Page 4 of 8
QUESTION 10 (8 marks)

Based on the figures below, and assuming that the overall catchments A, B
and C have the same area, sketch their individual hydrographs (flow vs time)
and justify?

QUESTION 11 (4 marks)

Based on hydrographs, explain why, in some instances, it is not desireable

to attenuate a sub catchment’s inflow?

QUESTION 12 (10 marks)

A stormwater network drains 3 subbasins.

• Use the rational method to determine the peak flow in each pipe
assuming that all runoff is capture by the catchpits/pipes.
• Size each pipe assuming that the pipes are flowing full

Choose realistic pipe sizes available (225, 300, 375, 450, 525, 600, 675,
750, 825, 900, 1050, 1200mm, etc.) and assumed they are made out of
concrete (n=0.013)

Semester 1, 2019 Examination ENGG MG6109 Water & Waste Engineering Page 5 of 8
QUESTION 12 - continued

IDF data Subbasin parameters Pipe parameters

Duration (min) Intensity (mm/hr) Name A (ha) C tc (min) Name Length (m) Slope (%)
5 213 A 2.5 0.6 20 1 150 1
10 178 B 1.5 0.8 10 2 120 1.2
15 151 C 2 0.8 15 3 150 0.9
20 134
30 112
60 75

Rational formula:
Q = (C*i*A)/360
With:
Q: flow [m3/s]
C: runoff coefficient
I: rainfall intensity [mm/hr]
A: catchment area [ha]

Mannings formula:
V = (1/n) * Rh^(2/3)*S^(0.5)
And
d = ((Q*n)/(0.312*S^(0.5)))^3/8

With:
V: velocity [m/s]
n: Mannings coefficient
Rh: Hydraulic Radius
Rh = A/P = Wetted area/wetted perimeter [m2/m]
S: Slope [m/m]

Conservation of the mass:

Q=V*A
QUESTION 12 – continued
Semester 1, 2019 Examination ENGG MG6109 Water & Waste Engineering Page 6 of 8
With:
Q: flow [m3/s]
V: velocity [m/s]
A: pipe cross sectional area [m2]

Composite runoff coefficient:

C = (C1*A1 + C2*A2 +…+ Ci*Ai)/ΣAi

WASTEWATER (Total 35 marks)

QUESTION 1 (2 marks)

Sketch/graph a typical residential wastewater curve over 24 hours. Make sure to

label important times and describe, at least, 3 sources of residential wastewater.

QUESTION 2 (5 marks)

Describe, at least, 5 constraints that will dictate the alignment and location of a
new gravity wastewater pipe network.

Semester 1, 2019 Examination ENGG MG6109 Water & Waste Engineering Page 7 of 8
QUESTION 3 (6 marks)

In the Auckland region, and according to Watercare code of practice, what are the
3 (three) wastewater hydraulic/flow design requirements that a new wastewater
network needs to satisfy?
Give a short description of each.

QUESTION 4 (2 marks)

What is a combined sewer overflow structure? Explain its purpose, operation and
associated issues.

QUESTION 5 (2 marks)

Describes 2 (two) benefits of replacing sections of wastewater concrete pipes with

PVC or PE pipes?

QUESTION 6 (2 marks)

What does RDII mean and describe its importance in the operation of a
wastewater network?

QUESTION 7 (4 marks)

Describe 2 (two) reasons why a negative pipe grade in a gravity network is not
desireable?

QUESTION 8 (2 marks)

Describe 4 (four) locations where manholes are required to be located in a

network.

QUESTION 9 (4 marks)

Give the name of any 2 (two) manual (non computer based) methods available to
calculate a pipe capacity?
And what are the main parameters to consider in each?

QUESTION 10 (6 marks)

Sketch a manhole long section with, at least, 6 characteritics that would need to
be specified on a detailed design drawing, label them on the sketch and describe
them in your own words?

Semester 1, 2019 Examination ENGG MG6109 Water & Waste Engineering Page 8 of 8