A mini Project Report

ON

SURVEYING OF WEIR AND BUND

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY
Under the Esteemed guidance of
P.Vinay
Assistant Professor

B.kalyan 15641A0136
D.yakamma 15641A0118
G.usha rani 15641A0115
L.santhosh 15641A0132

Department of Civil Engineering

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UGC Autonomous, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Accredited by NBA, Permanent Affiliation to JNTU, Hyderabad
Bollikunta, Warangal Urban, Telangana-5006005
(2015-2019)

Department of Civil Engineering

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UGC Autonomous, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Accredited by NBA, Permanent Affiliation to JNTU, Hyderabad
Bollikunta, Warangal Urban, Telangana-5006005
(2015-2019)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled “Surveying of weir and bunds”
is being submitted by,
B.kalyan 15641A0136
D.yakamma 15641A0118
G.usha rani 15641A0115
L.santhosh 15641A0132

Under the supervision and guidance for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering from Vaagdevi College of Engineering Bollikunta Warangal
Urban during the academic year 2018-2019.
This project has not been submitted elsewhere.

Internal Guide External guide Head of the Department

(P.vinay) (Dr.R.Bharathi Murugan)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude and deep sense of
respect to our beloved Principal DR.K.prakash. Vaagdevi College of engineering,
Bollikunta for making us available all the required assistance and for his continuous
support and inspiration to carry out this work in the institute.

We owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Mr.BHARATHI MURGAN,

Asst.Professor & HOD (CIVIL). For guiding us from the beginning through the end of
the project with her intellectual advices and insight suggestions. We truly value his
consistent feedback on our progress, which was always constructive and
encouraging and ultimately drove us to the right direction.

Finally, we would like to thank our internal guide DR. P.vinay, Assistant
professer for guidance, constant encouragement and support in carring out our
project.

B.kalyan 15641A0136
D.yakamma 15641A0118
G.usha rani 15641A0115
L.santhosh 15641A0132
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that project titled “SURVEYING OF WEIR AND BUND”

is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of bachelor of
technology at VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING affiliated to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University. The report has not been submitted either in
part or full for degree earlier to this University.

B.kalyan 15641A0136
D.yakamma 15641A0118
G.usha rani 15641A0115
L.santhosh 15641A0132
 ABSTRACT

Lakes and reservoirs forms the essential infrastructure works to meet

the agricultural and drinking needs of a semi-arid society. Tank bunds are the
hydraulic structures used to encapsulate fresh water in lakes and reservoirs.
Most of these bunds are earthen structures formed using the natural soil around
the project, majorly collected from the catchment area.

The present study details the constructional aspects involved in weirs and bund present
around the Mallamma Lake situated in Ontimamidi village. The project is handled by IE &
CAD department under the prestigious Mission Kakatiya program take up Government
of telangana.

This report contains all the necessary practical and theoretical knowledge acquired
from the one-month technical visit of the tank bund construction around a
catchment of 180 acres. The activities learnt on the site are , auto leveling, how to
construct weir, silt deposition, desiltation tanks, embankment, Bund, sluice gates,
capacity restoration, and about the importance of mission Kakatiya.
 CONTENT
Pg. No

Chapter-1 ………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Introduction

Chapter-2……………………………………………………….........2-10
2.0 weirs
2.1 Re-construction of surplus weirs
2.2 Sluice
2.3 Repair and replacement of tanks sluice & gates

Chapter-3…………………………………………………………..11-12
3.0 Bund
3.1 Embankment

Chapter-4…………………………………………………............13-19
4.0 Mission kakatiya
4.1 restoration of tanks
4.2 chain of tanks
4.3 work proposed
4.4 construction methodology
4.5 Strengthening/repairing of earth dams/bunds
4.6 Jungle clearance
4.7 Surface preparation
4.8 Moisture content
4.9 Compaction
4.10 Revetment
4.11 Rock toe setting
Chapter-5…………………………………………………………20-28
5.0 CM/CD works\
5.0.1 Foundation
5.1 Backfilling
5.2 Cement-concrete
5.3 Water-Cement ration
5.4 Measuring devices
5.5 De-siltation
5.6 Silt

Chapter-6…………………………………………………………29-33
6.0Irrigation channels
6.0.1 Earth sections
6.0.2 Lined section-selective lining
6.0.3 Tests and frequency testing
 List of figures
Pg.
No

Fig.1……………………………………………………………………2
Fig.2……………………………………………………………………4
Fig.3……………………………………………………………………5
Fig.4……………………………………………………………………5
Fig.5……………………………………………………………………7
Fig.6……………………………………………………………………7
Fig.7……………………………………………………………………7
Fig.8……………………………………………………………………8
Fig.9……………………………………………………………………9
Fig.10…………………………………………………………………..10
Fig.11…………………………………………………………………..12
Fig.12…………………………………………………………………..12
Fig.13…………………………………………………………………..13
Fig.14…………………………………………………………………..14
Fig.15…………………………………………………………………..15
Fig.16…………………………………………………………………..16
Fig.17…………………………………………………………………..19
Fig.18…………………………………………………………………..23
Fig.19…………………………………………………………………..24
Fig.20…………………………………………………………………..25
Fig.21………………………………………………………………......25
Fig.22………………………………………………………………......27
Fig.23………………………………………………………………......28
Fig.24………………………………………………………………......30
Fig.25………………………………………………………………......32
Fig.26………………………………………………………………......33
 Chapter-1

1.0 Introduction

The Government has prioritized to take the restoration of minor irrigation tanks to
restore them to store their original capacity and to effectively utilize 255 TMC of
water allocated for Minor irrigation sector under Godavari & Krishna River basins..

 The reasons for this gap ayacut under Minor Irrigation tanks are due to.
 1) Loss of water storage capacity of tanks due to accumulation of silt in tank
beds over a long period.
 2) Due to dilapidated sluices, weirs and weak bunds
 3) Due to defunct of feeder channels.
 4) Due to dilapidated condition of Irrigation canals.

A reconciliation survey was conducted to identify the exact number of all types of
Minor irrigation sources in Telangana State. As 46,531 No of M.I, Small tanks,
Percolation tanks, Private Kuntas and Small tanks (constructed by Forest Department)
were identified for restoration.
The massive program for Restoration of tanks is named as
"ChinnaNeetiVanarulaPunaruddarana" and it is renamed as "Mission Kakatiya".
The Government is planned to restore 9,306 Tanks every year (20% of total tanks)
with an eventual target of restoring all 46,531 tanks in 5 years, in a phased manner
The present program of "MISSION KAKATIYA" is to bring this gap ayauct of 10L
acres in to command which requires no further allocation of water and also land
acquisition.
The gap of 10L acres under Minor Irrigation tanks can be brought to Irrigation.

 1) By de-silting the tank beds to restore original water storage capacity of tanks.
 2) By repairing dilapidated sluices, weirs etc.,
 3) By strengthening the tank bunds to its original standards.
 4) By repairing the feeder channels to standards for getting water freely into
tanks.( Part of chain of tanks).

Objective : The objective of Mission Kakatiya is to enhance the development of

agriculture based income for small and marginal farmers, by accelerating the
development of minor irrigation infrastructure, strengthening community based
irrigation management and adopting a comprehensive program for restoration of
tanks.
 Chapter-2

2.0 weirs
A weir is a barrier across the horizontal width of a river that alters the flow
characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level.
There are many designs of weir, but commonly water flows freely over the top of the
weir crest before cascading down to a lower level.

Functions of weir
Weirs are commonly used to prevent flooding, measure water discharge, and help
render rivers more navigable by boat. In some locations, the terms dam and weir are
synonymous, but normally there is a clear distinction made between the structures. A
dam is usually specifically designed to impound water behind a wall, whilst a weir is
designed to alter the river flow characteristics.

A common distinction between dams and weirs is that water flows over the top (crest)
of a weir or underneath it for at least some of its length. Accordingly, the crest of an
overflow spillway on a large dam may therefore be referred to as a weir. Weirs can
vary in size both horizontally and vertically, with the smallest being only a few inches
in height whilst the largest may be hundreds of meters long and many meters tall.
Some common weir purposes are outlined below

1. Flow management : Weirs allow hydrologists and engineers a simple method of

measuring the volumetric flow rate in small to medium-sized streams/rivers or in
industrial discharge locations. Since the geometry of the top of the weir is known and
all water flows over the weir, the depth of water behind the weir can be converted to a
rate of flow. However, this can only be achieved in locations where all water flows
over the top of the weir crest (as opposed to around the sides or through
conduits/sluices) and at locations where the water that flows over the crest is carried
away from the structure. If these conditions are not met, it can make flow
measurement complicated, inaccurate or even impossible.

2. Control of invasive species

As weirs are a physical barrier they can impede the longitudinal movement of fish and
other animals up and down a river. This can have a negative effect on fish species that
migrate as part of their breeding cycle (e.g., salmonids), but can also be useful as a
method of preventing invasive species moving upstream. For example, weirs in the
Great Lakes region have helped to prevent invasive sea lamprey from colonising
further upstream.

3. Watermills

Mill ponds are created by a weir that impounds water that then flows over the
structure. The energy created by the change in height of the water can then be used to
power waterwheels and power sawmills, grinding wheels and other equipment.

4. Flood control and altering river conditions

The primary weir at Bray Lock on the River Thames, facing downstream. In the
background is the smaller secondary 'overspill' weir. Two small boats are also visible
held against the overspill weir, having been washed against it during a particularly
high discharge as a result of melt water from the 2018 winter cold wave.

Weirs are commonly used to control the flow rates of rivers during periods of high
discharge. Sluice gates (or in some cases the height of the weir crest) can be altered to
increase or decrease the volume of water flowing downstream. Weirs for this purpose
are commonly found upstream of towns and villages and can either be automated or
manually operated. By slowing the rate at which water moves downstream even
slightly a disproportionate effect can be had on the likelihood of flooding. On larger
rivers, a weir can also alter the flow characteristics of the waterway to the point that
vessels are able to navigate areas previously inaccessible due to extreme currents or
eddies. Many larger weirs will have features built in that allow boats and river users to
"shoot the weir" and navigate by passing up or down stream without having to exit the
river. Weirs constructed for this purpose are especially common on the River Thames,
and most are situated near each of the river's 45 locks.

Types of weirs

There are many different types of weirs and they can vary from a simple stone
structure that are barely noticeable, to elaborate and very large structures that require
extensive management and maintenance.

Weirs are classified according to :

1. Types of weirs based on shape of the opening

 Rectangular weir
 Triangular weir
 Trapezoidal weir
2. Types of weirs based on shape of the crest

 Sharp crested weir

 Broad crested weir
 Narrow crested weir
 Ogee shaped weir

Rectangular weir :

1. It is a standard shape of weir.the top edge of

weir may be sharp crested or narrow crested.
2. it is generally suitable for larger flowing channels.
3. The rectangle weir is most commonly used thin plate weir.
4. Weirs are typically installed in open channels such as streams to determine
discharge.
5. The basic principle is that discharge is directly related to the water depth.
Triangular weir :

1. The shape of the weir is actually reverse triangular like v. so, it is also called V-
notch weir.
2. This type of wells are well suitable for measuring discharge over small flow with
greater accuracy.
3. Triangular cross section for a distance at least 20h upstreams of the drop off.
4. Flow should be sub critical upstreams of the drop off.
5. The drop d, should greater than h.
6. The channel width T should be greater than 0.3m.
7. Thew end depth h should be greater than 0.05m
8. The apex angle a, should be between 50 and 90 degrees.
Trapezoidal weir :
1. Trapezoidal weir also called as cipolletti weir. This is trapezoidal in shape and is
the modification of rectangular weir with slightly higher capacity for same crest
strength.
2. This slides are inclined outwards with a slope 1:4
3. The weir opening the flat bottom and sides that have a particular slope.
4. The water before the weir should be held in a relatively calm and smooth pool.
5. The length is found by measuring the bottom width of cipolletti weir.
6. The height is measured from the water height above the water height above the
bottom of the weir.
Classification according to shape of the crest :

Sharp crested weir :

 The crest of the weir is very sharp such that the water will springs clear of the
crest.
 The weir plate is bevelled at the crest edges to obtain necessary thickness. And
weir plate should be made of smooth metal which is free from rust and nicks.

Board crested weir :

A broad-crested weir is a flat-crested structure, where the water passes over a crest
that covers much or all of the channel width. This is one of the most common types
of weirs found world wide.

 These are constructed only in rectangular shape and suitable for the larger
flows.Head loss will be small in case of broad crested weir.
Narrow crested weir :
 It is similar to rectangular weir with narrow shaped crest at the top.
 The discharge over narrow crested weir is similar to discharge over rectangular
weir.

Ogee shaped weir :

 Generally ogee shaped weirs are provided for the spillway of a storage dam.
The crest of the ogee weir is slightly rises and the falls into parabolic form.

2.1 Reconstruction of surplus weirs

The common damages may be one or many in the following
1. Damage to pointing of walls in the body wall

2. Leakages through the bottom of weir and through the body wall of weirs.
3. Pot holes in the solid apron
4. Damage to the talus portion

Re-Construction of apron completed and pepairs to body wall to be taken.

Damaged abutment to be repaired simultaneously with body wall.

Repairs to surplus weir in progress.

2.2 sluice
A sluice gate is a movable gate which allows water to flow under it.
 A sluice gate is a traditionally a wood or metal barrier sliding in grooves that are
set in the sides of water way.

Types of sluice gates

1. Flap sluice gate

A fully automatic type, controlled by the pressure head across it; operation is similar
to that of a check valve. It is a gate hinged at the top. When pressure is from one side,
the gate is kept closed; a pressure from the other side opens the sluice when a
threshold pressure is surpassed.

2.Vertical rising sluice gate

A plate sliding in the vertical direction, which may be controlled by machinery.

3.Radial sluice gate

A structure, where a small part of a cylindrical surface serves as the gate, supported
by radial constructions going through the cylinder's radius. On occasion, a
counterweight is provided.

4.Rising sector sluice gate

Also a part of a cylindrical surface, which rests at the bottom of the channel and rises
by rotating around its centre.
5.Needle sluice
A sluice formed by a number of thin needles held against a solid frame through water
Pressure.

A Fan sluice.

 Types of materials used in sluice gate

Cast iron
Cast iron has been popular when constructing sluice gates for years. This material is
great at keeping the strength needed when dealing with powerful water levels

Wood
Traditionally wood was the material of choice for sluice gates.
Stain less steel
In most cases, stain less steel is lighter than the older cast iron material.

Fiber-reinforced plastic(FRP)
In modern times, newer materials such as fiber-reinforced plastic are being used to
build sluices. These modern technologies have many of the attributes of the older
materials, while introducing advantages such as corrosion resistance and much lighter
weights.

2.3 Repair and replacement of tank sluice & gates

 Damaged part of the masonry in the sluice shall be reconstructed in
accordance with clause 9.1, 9.2 of IS 1597 – Part 1.
 Repairs to the damaged irrigation sluices and their improvements shall be
accorded the top priority.
 If necessary, replacement of existing plugs with screw-gear operated steel
shutters shall be done.
 If necessary, approach R.C.C platforms or structures for operation of sluices
shall be constructed.
 Designs of proposed gangways/ RCC platform or structures to facilitate easy
approach for operation of sluices shall be prepared and got approved from
CDO or the special design circle. Mechanical components shall be got
reviewed and approved from the mechanical wing of CDO.

 In case the situation is such that repairs to the whole of sluice barrel is
contemplated, it shall require ‘open cut’ of embankment/ earthen dam on
either side of the barrel in order to expose the entire length of barrel (See fig
below). Cutting shall be taken up for filling with approved soil. Layers of soil
not more than 15cm thickness shall be laid, and compacted with either ‘fuel-
operated bed compactors’ or ‘pneumatic tampers’ to the specified density of
95% at OMC. High-quality job is to be done in such situations.
Re-constructed sluice gate with screw rod and gate
 Chapter-3

3.0 Bund
 Bund is the structure constructed covering a water body made up of earth, which
can be natural water retaining storage like lakes, ponds or artificially constructed
water storage structures like dams.
 The bund will run around the entire perimeter of the lake.
 Bund can be said as a low embankment with minimum height of 20 cm and
maximum height of 1m, will control runoff from an irrigated land.
 Bunds are basically the opposite of field trenches,where slots and trenches
are excavated to stop, store and infiltrate floodwater and surface run off.there
exist two main types of bunds. contour bunds and semi circular bunds.the choice
of the type of bund depends on the local ground conditions.

Types of bund
1. contour bund
2. side bund
3. lateral bund
4. supplemental bund
5. marginal bund
6. shoulder bund
1. Contour bund
the bunds constructed exactly on contour or with permissible deviation from the
contour,are called contour bunds.
2. Side bund
These bunds are formed at the extreme ends if the contour bund,running along the
land slope.
3. Lateral bund
lateral bunds are constructed between two side bunds along the slope for
preventing the concentration of water at one side,and also to break the length of
contour bund into convenient bits.
4. Supplemental bunds
The bunds constructed between two contour bunds to limit the horizontal spacing
by its maximum extent,are nomenclatured as supplemental bunds.
5. Marginal bunds
these bunds are formed at are margin of the field,road,river,etc.to demarcate their
boundary.
6. Shoulder bund
such type of bunds are formed at the outer edge of the bench terraces,to hold the
run off over the top of the terrace,and also to provide stability to terrace.

3.1 Embankment
1. A wall or bank of earth or stone built to prevent a river flooding an area.
or
A Bank of earth or stone built to carry a road or railway.
 Chapter-4

4.0 Mission kakatiya

1. Mission Kakatiya is a program of restoring all minor irrigation tanks and lakes in
Telangana state.

2. Mission Kakatiya program was inaugurated on 12th march 2015 by the chief
minister of Telangana, K.Chandrashekar Rao.

3. Govt of Telangana is the founder of Mission Kakatiya.

4. There were over 80,000 tanks constructed by Kakatiya’s. but, of them nearly
40,000 tanks got vanished. to protect remaining tanks our govt of Telangana has
started this program.

5. It is expected to be completed in the end of 2018.

AFTER AN AWARD OF CONTRACT :

1. The agreement and technical specifications shall be thoroughly familiarized and
strategic issues noted for scrupulous following during execution.
2. The date of agreement is the date of contract and completion period shall be
reckoned from that date.
3. Mile stone wise programme/construction programme shall be examined for
feasibility of execution.revised mile stone programme .if necessary may be
drawn in consultation within the agency with in one month of date of award of
the work for execution with in the time frame.
4. Construction machinery men material be in place right from the date of
agreement .
5. Ensure that borrow areas are identified by the contractor and soils got tested
for suitability in departmental labs or authorized labs for the purpose.
6. Ensure process of payment of mobilization advance as per agreement
conditions.
7. Complete set of drawings shall be ready for reference to facilitate execution.

LOGO OF MISSION KAKATIYA :

PHASES OF MISSION KAKATIYA :

•This project was taken up in 4 phases

1. Phase-1 : 8003 tanks

2. Phase-2 : 8927 tanks
3. Phase-3 : 5886 tanks
4. Phase-4 : 6000 tanks

•By march 2018, 27,713 lakes work was completed, spending 8700 crore’s, stabilizing
and providing water for 20 Lakh acres.
4.1 Restoration of tanks
1. The government of Telangana has initiated rehabilitation of minor irrigation
tanks.
2. Which has been the life line of Telangana people, since ages and are now
becoming extinct slowly and slowly mainly due to neglect of their maintenance
and partly due to rapid urbanization.
3. Restoration helps small and marginal farmer to irrigate their lands.
4. Increasing the ground water level and initiating capacity building among
farmers are the main objectives of programme.
5. Mission Kakatiya also aims at income generation through crop
intensification and expansion of fisheries and livestock.
4.2 Chain of tanks
1. Tanks have been the life line of Telangana owing to the states geographical
positioning.
2. The people of the state are highly dependent on the tanks which are spread
across all the 10 districts.
3. The topography and rainfall pattern in Telangana have made tank irrigation and
ideal type of irrigation by storing and regulating water flow for agricultural use.
4. construction of tanks in Telangana has been an age old activity since, pre
sat avahana era during the Kakatiya era, the construction of tanks was carried out
with at most technical expertise.

4.3 Works proposed

(i) Jungle clearance
(ii) Restoring the tank bund to design standards with revetment as per standards.
(iii) Repairs and replacement of tank sluices and gates.
(iv) Repairs and Re-construction of surplus weirs
(v) Restoring chain tanks
(vi) Re-sectioning of canal and feeder channels including de-silting.
(vii) CM/CD works on canal system
(viii) Construction of measuring devices
(ix) De-silting of tank and restoring to full capacity.

4.4 Construction methodology

4.5 Strengthening/repair of earth dams/bunds
4.6 Jungle clearance
All bushes, vegetation, roots, trees etc., are to be removed. This helps in ensuring
proper bondage of the freshly laid soil with the old embankment.

4.7 Surface preparation

 ii. The base shall be stripped to a depth of 150mm below existing level.
 iii. The requisite slopes of existing embankment shall be benched in steps of
0.3m x 0.6m on the front and the rear slope of the embankment such that there
is a little slope towards the inside of the benching as shown in figure below

4.8 Moisture content

a. The initial moisture content of the material including that of borrow areas shall be
determined at the source of supply.
b. The embankment shall have Optimum Moisture Content fairly uniform throughout
the layer, prior to and during the compaction, as per clause 6 of IS 4701 – 1982.
c. Moistening shall be done by sprinkling either through a proper sprinkler tanker or
using proper spray nozzles.
d. Flooding or sprinkling straight from the water hose shall n o t be allowed.
e. After adding the required quantity of water, the soil shall be processed by means of
harrows, rotary mixers or as specified, till the layer is uniform with OMC. This gives
good grip to the embankment soil with the sub grade.
f. Necessary watering shall be done for receiving the freshly laid soil.
4.9 Compaction
 Bank section shall be brought to design standard duly compacting to
98%Proctor’sDensity.
 The following machinery shall be utilized:
a. Soil Compaction Equipment
b. Vibratory Roller
c. Pneumatic Compaction Device
d. Slope Compaction Machine
e. Other Equipment as specified
 Each earth-fill shall be laid in suitable layers not exceeding 25cm before
compaction and should be spread over full width of embankment.
 The layer shall be compacted by passing the roller in strips overlapping not
less than 0.3m.
 Rolling shall commence at edges and progress towards centre longitudinally,
in a direction parallel to the axis.
 Each layer shall be prepared to have uniformly distributed moisture content.
 The thickness of horizontal layer after compaction shall not be more than
16.5cm.
 At least, one field density test shall be taken for each layer.
 After rolling, density test shall be made (minimum 3 tests) to ensure 98%
maximum Dry Density.
 The no. of passes required for each layer to attain specified density shall be
determined by actual field tests (not less than 8 passes).
 Embankment shall not be widened by dumping earth from top.
 The top of each layer shall be kept slightly depressed in the centre after
rolling.
 Extra width of 600mm thickness perpendicular to the slope shall be provided
on either side, so that the lines of finished embankment slope shall have
required specified density after compaction.
 The trimmed extra width shall be re-used for higher elevation.
 No fresh layer shall be laid until the previous layer is properly watered and
compacted as per requirement.
 All large clods are to be broken and no clod bigger than 8cm rock are buried in
the bank.
 The soils used for the embankment shall be as determined by Engineer In-
Charge and shall be obtained from required excavation or from approved
borrow areas and shall conform to clause 6.4 of IS 4701.
 Settlement Allowance: Towards shrinkage, the embankment shall be
constructed to a higher elevation than that shown in the drawing at the rate of
2.5cm/ every one meter height of the bank – if power driven equipment is used
2.0cm/ every one meter height of the bank - if other than power driven
equipment is used.
  If the embankment covers the barrels of cross drainage or any structures, the
first 45cm shall be compacted with pneumatic hand tampers in layers. This
avoids damage of structures.
 Separate tests shall be conducted for each zone of embankment, for every
500cm compacted earth work.
 Homogeneous Section: The available coarser and more pervious material
shall be placed near the outer slopes to have increasing permeability from
inner to outer side. This allows line to be followed for escape of seepage.
 Zonal Embankment: All zones shall be tackled simultaneously. The difference
in level between zone to zone shall not be more than 150mm.
 Moisture Content:
a. If the earth delivered is too wet, it shall be dried by aeration, exposure to sun, disc
harrowing till OMC is attained.
b. If weather does not permit for drying of material, the work shall be suspended till
OMC is attained.
c. Rolling shall be commenced only when the layer attains uniform moisture content.
d. Moisture Content for each layer shall be checked in accordance with
IS 2720 (Part II) – 1973.
e. Unless otherwise mentioned, the moisture content shall be adjusted making due
allowance for evaporation loss at any time of compaction:
f. up to -1% to +2% than the OMC for Casing Zone.
g. up to -1% to +1% than the OMC for Hearting Zone.
h. OMC shall be determined in accordance with IS 2720 (Part VII) – 1973.
i. The compaction shall be ensured that 98% of the maximum dry density at OMC is
obtained. j. Chute drains shall be provided at suitable intervals on downstream
connected to toe drain all along the bund.
 compaction with vibro max roller

4.10 Revetment
i. Remove the disturbed revetment.
ii. Take pre-measurements and record.
iii. Repairs to revetment/ new revetment shall be formed and well compacted to the
profile duly re-using the old revetment stones.
iv. Revetment shall be done up to TBL.
v. Revetment should be properly anchored into the sub grade both at its
commencement as well as its termination by providing “keys” 60 X 60 cm’s on the
slope and embedding stones therein.
vi. Existing big gaps between the individual stone should be filled by hammer
wedging angular stones pieces such that revetment becomes dense.

4.11 Rock toe setting

Arrangement of stones at the toe of outer slope of the tank bund to ensure free flow
of seepage water without disturbing the embankment is called rock toe The disturbed
rock toe may be removed and reset as per drawing/ design standards duly re-using the
old disturbed rock toe stones.
 Test frequency
Standard Proctor Test One test per day for individual borrow
area

Field Density & Moisture Content One test for every 1500cum of earth
work and at least one test in each layer
laid on embankment

Table.1
 Chapter-5

5.0 CM/CD Works

5.0.1 foundation
 Excavation for the foundation of structure shall be to the elevation shown in
the drawing or as directed.
 As far as practicable, the material removed in excavation for structures shall
be used for back fill embankments or wasted. The bottom and side slopes of
common excavation shall be finished to the prescribed dimensions and the
surfaces so prepared shall be moistened and tamped with suitable tools to form
firm foundation upon or against which to place the structure.
 The natural foundation material beneath the required excavation shall be
moistened and compacted in base.
 Whenever unsuitable material is encountered in the foundation for a structure,
additional excavation will be directed to remove the unsuitable material.
 The additional excavation shall be refilled as follows:
 In excavation in soils - by selected bedding material and compacted.
 In excavation in rock - by M10 grade cement concrete. Excavation in
expansive BC Soil:
 The excavation and removal of BC clayey soils shall be up to a depth of
1000mm for a discharge of 1.5 cumecs and above 600mm for a discharge of
below 1.5 cumecs.
 Filling shall be with suitable soils and compact for balancing swell.

Foundation
S. No. Do’s Do not’s
1. Verify dimensions and foundation Do not forget to compare bearing
capacity of
levels as per drawing
actual soils met with design
strength

Wet the foundation surface to a Do not lay foundation concrete

without wet-
2. depth of 150mm or to impermeable
ting the surface
material
3. Ensure the rock surface free from Do not lay the concrete under
water and over
oil, objectionable coating unsound
slush
fragments

4. Check-up concrete batching of ingredients The minimum mixing time should

not be less

than 2 min

5. Check the batch of cements and Do not forget to keep stand-by

vibrator and
its make
needles

6. Check up water-cement ratio and Do not place concrete in raw

insufficiently
slump test
heavy to wash mortar from
concrete

7. Ensure uniform mixing Do not forget to cast the cubes

8. Ensure proper compaction with vibrators and keep stand-by Do not allow segregation of
vibrator and needle concrete

9. Operate immersion type vibrators Do not use unsatisfactory mix

nearly in vertical position to vertical drain

10. Cure with water for 28 days Don’t allow admixtures which
will harm the

strength of concrete

11. Compact with suitable bedding Don't allow admixtures which

will harm the
materials in case of over excavations and with M-5 grade
concrete strength of concrete

in case of rock

12. Allow admixtures as per IS: 9103 -

1979
Table.3

Super structures
S. No. Do’s Do not’s
1. Check the form work Avoid abrupt surface irregularities
2. Apply cement slurry after cleaning the Do not deviate from specified
vertical joints dimensions of cross section of -6mm
to +12mm
3. Clean and cover the layer of 10 to 15 Do not allow concrete until all form
mm thick mortar of same proportion work installation of items to be
of concrete mix for horizontal joints embedded and preparation of surface
involved are approved
4. Place the concrete at temperature b/w
15-30

5. The concrete will be discharged

within 30min of the mix water and
cement
Table.4

5.2 Back filling

 As far as practicable, backfill material shall be obtained from the excavation for
structures or from adjacent canal excavation or from excavation of other ancillary
works. Back filling shall be done with approved material after the concrete or
masonry is fully set.
 Backfill material shall not contain stone larger than 7.5cm size.
 Backfill shall not be placed against retaining walls until the retaining wall is cured
adequately and is strong enough to take lateral pressure of the back fill.

5.3 Cement-concrete
Nominal maximum Size of Aggregates:
 Nominal maximum size of aggregate for concrete in structures shall be as
indicated in the .
Mix proportion
 proportioning concrete, the quantity of both cement and aggregate should be
determined by mass as per clause 9.2 of I.S. 456 – 2000.
 water shall be either measured by volume in calibrated tanks or weight. The
acceptance or rejection of concrete shall be as per the acceptance criteria laid
down in clause – 15 of I.S. 456 – 2000.
 The mix design and average concrete strength shall be adjusted according to the
cube strength test results conforming to clauses 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, of I.S. 456
– 2000.
 By weight
-Called Design Mix-
-Specified as M10, M15, M20, M25 etc
- M20 – Its 28 days compressive strength is 20 N/mm2 or 200 kg/ cm2
 Not more than 5% of standard test cubes, when tested for 28 days compressive
strength, shall fall below 20 N/mm2
 All ingredients (Coarse and fine aggregates, cement, water and admixtures) to
con- form relevant Indian Standards
 Aggregates to be free from impurities viz., silt, clay and dirt as they affect their
adhesion of cement paste
 Coarse aggregate to be tested for grading, soundness, abrasion and impact
 Fine aggregates to be tested for grading, fineness modulus, silt content and
organic impurities
 Graded aggregates get closely packed in cement-sand matrix and make the
concrete mix fully workable
 Cement to be tested for fineness, setting time, soundness and compressive strength
 Ensure proper storage for cement
 Storage go-downs to have weather proof walls, roof and floor
 20 to 25% of cement strength is lost when stored up to 6 months.

Durability of concrete : Ability of concrete to resist harmful effects of

environment exposure during operational/ service life without undue deterioration
and with minimum maintenance
 Requirement of durability as per IS 456:2000
 Principal Factors influencing strength & durability
 Water-Cement Ratio (W/C)
 Air Entrainment
 Compaction and Curing
 Reinforcement.

Mobile Concrete Mixer : Mobile Self Loading, Weigh-Batching & Mixing,

Transporting Concrete Mixer.
 It is a sort of moving Batching & Mixing Plant
 Indigenously available in concrete output
 Capacities – 4 m3; 2 m3; 1 m3
 It incorporates electronic batching of mix ingredients and water
 A versatile concrete production and transporting equipment for feeding concrete
pavers
 Can supply concrete to any placement site(s) with a sustained progress of about 6
to 8 m3 per hour
 Aggregate and sand can be piled at convenient locations and this mixer feeds them
into its drum through its bucket
 Has the mechanism to add calibrated quantity of water in the drum
 “On the fly” microprocessor based, high accuracy electronic weigh batching
system with different aggregate weighing facility is available.

Self-loading mobile concrete mixture.

5.4 Water-Cement ratio : Single most critical factor with maximum bearing on
strength of concrete in general and on durability in particular.

Significance of W-C ratio

 Excessive W/C is undesirable for both the strength and durability of concrete.
Capillary pores in concrete can be as large as 5 microns in dia.
 No. and size of pores depend mostly on W/C used in making the concrete mix
 Relation between the age of concrete at which capillary pores get almost
blocked(viz concrete becomes almost impermeable) and W/C is illustrated in
table.
 Thus, as W/C ratio increases, the concrete remains permeable for a longer
period thereby, permitting ingress of chemicals & moisture to penetrate it,
leading to corrosion of reinforcement.
  Concrete with W/C ratio of 0.70 remains vulnerable to chemical and moisture
ingress for over ‘ONE YEAR’ whereas concrete with W/C ratio 0.40 becomes
almost impermeable within 3 days of casting and shall be durable.

W/C ratio Age at which capillary pores

become almost 'blocked'

0.40. 3 days
0.45 7 days
0.50 14 days
0.55 90 days
0.60 150 days
0.70 Over 365 days
Table.5
There are 4 main aspects of ‘Durability of Concrete’
 Impermeability
 Resistance to chemical attack
 Resistance to weathering
 Resistance to corrosion of embedded metal.

Compaction of CC using vibrators.

5.5 Measuring devices
In order to strengthen effective functioning of MI Tanks through optimum usage of
water,
it is necessary that water measuring devices are provided at the off-take points. The
commonly
used measuring devices are Stage – Discharge curve method calibrated scale and or
Fiber
Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Cut Throat Flume as shown in figures below which will
help in equitable distribution of water.
 Line the channel in the reach where the flume is proposed.
 Choose straight reaches on the upstream and downstream of the flume.
 Avoid fall/ drop locations.
 Avoid curves.

Calibrated scale on cut-throat flume.

5.6 De-siltation
De-silting is an important option for improving tank irrigation system. This process
aims at
removing accumulated silt in the tank bed, clearing foreshore encroachments and
bringing the
tanks to their original capacity. The process of de-silting is done by means of heavy
earth
moving machinery.
 De-siltation.

The silt removed from the tank bed can be:

a. Transported by the needy farmers into their lands.
b. Deposited on the submergible lands on the foreshore of the tank which can thus be
reclaimed and brought under cultivation. These newly cultivable areas become more
productive.
c. Excess silt than that has been usefully transported may be deposited on the down-
stream side of the toe of the tank bund.
To take up the de-siltation of tanks and decide upon the quantum of silt that can be
Removed.

The following procedure has to be adopted:

1. Preliminary investigation including collection of statistics regarding tank bed level
and
other aspects need to be done.
2. Net levels at every 15m interval has to be taken in the tank bed area to decide the
The Dry bed of a small water harvesting structure being cleared.
quantum of silt that can be objectively taken.
3. Trial pits up to impermeable layer of the tank bed may be taken at suitable intervals
so
as to help the measurable quantity of de-siltation. This will be a check against
meddling
the impermeable layer leading to the tank becoming percolation tank.
4. The silt removed may be got tested for acidic impurities which may be harmful for
agricultural growth.

Advantages of De-siltation:
1. Increased availability of fresh water, eliminates fluoride risks through improvement
of
ground water levels.
2. Usage of silt in the farms improves soil fertility thus reducing fertilizer usage,
reduction
in the subsidy on fertilizers by the government which can be effectively diverted for
farm mechanism
3. There will be increase in food productivity due to silt usage as an effective manure.
4. The soil moisture content in the farm fields also increases.
5. This will rejuvenate the flood channels taking off from rivers and augment
supplies to
irrigation tanks.
6. In effect, there will be increase in storage.

Ok card system
An OK Card is a condensed form of specifications and essential requirements for
achieving requisite workmanship and quality level of output. Shall be maintained in
duplicate in two colors.
 The green colored card shall form a part of the record of Q.C/Q.A .Wing and
the red colored card remains in the custody of construction Wing.
 Entries in the OK Card shall be in English as well as in the local language
(Telugu).
 First column in the OK Card against the various activities shall be filled by
Work Inspector (WI). The second column shall be initiated by Assistant
Engineer/ Assistant Executive Engineer with dated signature against all the
items. In case of absence of WI, the first column shall be left blank, but AE/
AEE shall fill the second column.
  Authorization of commencement of any activity and/ or OK of any activity
shall be governed by the OK recorded by AE/ AEE in the OK card.
 Deputy Executive Engineer shall record his observations/ comments in OK
Card during his visits to the work.
Executive Engineers/ Superintending Engineers during their inspection of
works shall check these cards and record their comments, if any, on them.
 OK Card for each component shall be in duplicate. After the particular part of
the work is completed, the OK Card related thereof, shall be filed in the Office
of Executive Engineer, as a permanent record.

5.7 Silt
Silt is granular material of a size between san and clay, whose mineral origin
is quartz[1] and feldspar. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or
as sediment mixed in suspension with water (also known as a suspended load) and
soil in a body of water such as a river. It may also exist as soil deposited at the bottom
of a water body, like mud flows from landslides. Silt has a moderate specific
area with a typically non-sticky, plastic feel. Silt usually has a floury feel when dry,
and a slippery feel when wet. Silt can be visually observed with a hand lens,
exhibiting a sparkly appearance. It also can be felt by the tongue as granular when
placed on the front teeth (even when mixed with clay particles).

silt
Sources of silt
Silt is created by a variety of physical processes capable of splitting the generally
sand-sized quartz crystals of primary rocks by exploiting deficiencies in
their lattice. These involve chemical weathering of rock and regolith, and a number of
physical weathering processes such as frost shattering and . Silt is sometimes known
as "rock flour" or "stone dust", especially when produced by glacial action. Mineral ,
silt is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar. Sedimentary rock composed mainly of
silt is known as siltstone. Liquefaction created by a strong earthquake is silt
suspended in water that is hydro dynamically forced up from below ground level.

Grain-size criteria
Silt particles range between 0.0039 and 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller
than sand particles. ISO 14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm (sub-
divided up into three grades fine, medium and coarse 0.002 mm to 0.006 mm to
0.020 mm to 0.063 mm). In actuality, silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike
clay, grains of silt are approximately the same size in all dimensions; furthermore,
their size ranges overlap. Clays are formed from thin plate-shaped particles held
together by electrostatic forces, so present a cohesion. Pure silts are not cohesive.
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Classification system,
the sand–silt distinction is made at the 0.05 mm particle size.[8] The USDA system has
been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In the Unified Soil
Classification System(USCS) and the AASHTO Soil Classification system, the sand–
silt distinction is made at the 0.075 mm particle size (i.e., material passing the
#200 sieve). Silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity.

Environmental impacts
Silt is easily transported in water or other liquid and is fine enough to be carried long
distances by air in the form of dust. Thick deposits of silt material resulting from
deposition are often called loess. Silt and clay contribute to turbidity in water. Silt is
transported by streams or by water currents in the ocean. When silt appears as a
pollutant in water the phenomenon is known as siltation.
Silt, deposited by annual floods along the Nile River, created the rich, fertile soil that
sustained the Ancient Egyptian civilization. Silt deposited by the Mississippi
River throughout the 20th century has decreased due to a system of levees,
contributing to the disappearance of protective wetlands and barrier islands in
the delta region surrounding New Orleans.
In southeast Bangladesh, cross dams were built in the 1960s whereby silt gradually
started forming new land called "chars, it has gained more than 73 square kilometers
(28 sq mi) of land in the past 50 years.
With Dutch funding, the Bangladeshi government began to help develop older chars
in the late 1970s, and the effort has since become a multi-agency operation building
roads, culverts, embankments, cyclone shelters, toilets and ponds, as well as
distributing land to settlers. By fall 2010, the program will have allotted some 100
square kilometers (20,000 acres) to 21,000 families.
A main source of silt in urban rivers is disturbance of soil by construction activity. A
main source in rural rivers is erosion from plowing of farm fields, clea
rcutting or slash and burn treatment of forests.

silted lake.
 Chapter-6

6.0 Irrigation channels

6.0.1 Earth sections:

 Channels shall be restored to the designed earthen sections in optimum

possible reaches.

 Where banking is involved, the earth fill be appropriately compacted by ‘fuel

operated bed compactor’ to impart stability and durability to the banks.
Alternately, ‘pneumatic tamper’ be used for compaction.

 It shall be appropriate to construct Model Sections in RR stone masonry

(±60m width) at suitable intervals, say, one at every curve and at 50 to 75m
intervals in straight reaches. This shall be highly useful in maintaining the
profile of the earthen channels.

6.0.2 Lined sections-selective lining

Channels shall be lined only in such locations/ reaches where it becomes absolutely
essential as dictated by the site conditions. Such selective lining shall be taken up
only with the concurrence of the concerned Superintending Engineer who shall also
approve the hydraulic design as well as the type and design of lining.

(i) Plain Cement Concrete Lining

 Thickness of Lining
Channel discharge Thickness of
discharge
Less than 1.5cum/sec 65cm
 1.5 cum/sec up to 15 75cm
cum/sec

15cum/sec and more 100cm

Table.2

 Cement Level – From durability consideration, cement level shall be 250kg/

cum of concrete, viz the mix design shall be higher than M10 concrete
(between M10 and M15) Sub grade for lining – The sub-grade shall be duly
compacted and moistened before placement of lining
 Side Slopes – In the locations where unlimited reaches are proposed to be
converted into lined ones (for selective lining), the side slopes be preferably
kept as 1.5:1 but not less than 1.25:1.
 Coping – Horizontal concrete coping or key shall invariably be provided at the
top of lining.
 Concrete Placement – Conventional concrete placement (viz. Manual
placement) shall be in alternate panels of up to 3m in length. Maximum size of
graded coarse aggregate shall be restricted to 20mm. Detail of lining joint is
outlined in the enclosed sketch.

Joint in CC lining.

 Sand – It shall be clean and free of silt, clay etc. It should not have injurious
quantities of organic impurities. Fineness modulus shall not be less than about
2.2. Recognizing that sand is a very important constituent of concrete mix, as
well as of cement mortar, field staff (Work Inspector/ Assistant Engineer/
Assistant Executive Engineer) shall do the following test to determine
suitability of sand.
Quick ‘Color Test’ to be conducted by field engineers at site to determine the
suitability of sand in respect of any injurious (harmful) quantities of organic
impurities:
Sand shall be tested with 3% solution of caustic soda, called Color Test.
 A colorless liquid shall indicate clean and sand free from organic matter.
 A straw colored liquid indicates presence of some organic matter but not
enough to be objectionable.
 A dark color means that the sand contains injurious quantities and accordingly,
it is not to be used unless it is washed and a re-test shows that it is satisfactory.
 Curing of Lining – Utmost importance shall be given to water curing of lining.
Bed lining be cured through pond of water by providing small earth bunds. For
curing of side lining, gunny bags be placed on slopes and kept wet. 28 days
curing is desirable but the first 14 days of curing is very critical and must be
ensured without any interruption whatsoever.

Note: Porous concrete plugs of 100mm dia may be provided in each panel of 3m
width, as
under drainage, wherever considered necessary.

6.0.3 Tests and frequency testing

S. No. Test frequency
1 Sand
a Sieve analysis for One test for every 150cum (or
less) sand
fineness modulus
to be used in concrete mix
and gradation

b Bulk age of Sand Once in a shift or for every

consignment
 c Organic impurities in Once in a shift or for every
consignment.
sand

2 Coarse Aggregate One test for every 150cum (or

less) aggregate to be used in
Screen analysis for concrete mix
gradation

3 Water for suitability One test from each source of

water in a
of use in concrete
working season

Table.3

Register to be maintained
A register shall be maintained to list the above tests and their results.

(ii) R.R. Masonry Lining (20cm/ 22.5cm) in cement mortar.

Stones
 Stones to be used for lining shall have a reasonably uniform sizes with the
designed dimensions and shall conform to specifications. Stones shall be
brought from the quarries approved by the Engineer.
 Individual stones shall be sound, hard, and durable and capable of sustaining
weathering and water action. Those shall be free from laminations, soft spots,
seams and other defects. When immersed in water for 24hrs., the stones shall
not absorb water more than about 5% of their dry weight. Laying of Stone
Lining
 Both bed and slopes of the channel shall be divided into panels for laying
stone masonry. The panels shall have dimensions of, preferably, not more than
10m along and across the centre line of channels (minors/ distributaries). This
may be in- creased to 15m for bigger capacity channels.
 While laying the stones, care shall be taken to lay binder stones of size 20cm
X 20cm X 60cm or 22.5cm X 22.5cm X 60cm on either side expansion joint at
10m/15.0 centre.
 To guard the lining from building up of pore-pressure that may cause damage
to the lining in gravelly soils, porous no-fine concrete slabs (of size 20cm X
20cm X 20cm) be provided in stone masonry. In small channels, such a slab
be provided at half the full supply depth at 5m centers. No-fine concrete shall
 consist of 1 part of cement and 4 parts of coarse aggregate of maximum size
not exceeding 20mm. No sand shall be used. To guard the lining from any
pore pressure in cohesive soils, perforated pipes of 75mm dia be provided with
a filter (of sand, gravel) backing. (CDO be consulted for specific provision of
above under-drainage arrangement).
 Cement-Sand mortar shall be used within 30 minutes of the preparation of
mortar.
 Hand mixing of mortar shall be done on a smooth water-tight platform, (if
mechanical mixer cannot be deployed).
 Field color test of sand shall be done for presence of any organic impurities.
Maintain good line and grade, viz. Workmanship, while laying the masonry.
 Horizontal coping (or key) shall be laid at the top of lining.
 Water curing shall be done for at least 7 days.

(iii) Masonry Guide Walls

 Stone masonry guide walls in CM 1:5 over the lean concrete foundation shall
be considered for construction only in specific locations where there seems to
be no alternative due to peculiar site conditions .To achieve the objective of
minimum rehabilitation of Irrigation Channels conforming to acceptable
engineering principles, careful decision shall need to be taken on the adoption
of a particular type of lining or a combination of types of lining from amongst
the three types of outlined above depending upon the site situations. The type
and extent of such “Selective Lining”, shall be decided by the respective
Superintending Engineer of the region taking into account all the relevant
factors. It shall be appropriate to restore the channels to the designed earthen
sections to the optimum extent possible.

Note: In case of expansive soils associated with swelling pressures, full CNS soil
treatment
shall be done as per Indian Standard IS: 9451 – 1994.
Damaged guide walls to be repaired/re-constructed.