A Senior Design Project Report on

“STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the 7th semester

Bachelors of Civil Engineering

Submitted by

Roll
Team No. SRN Team Members
No.
134 01FE20BCV035 Akhilesh Chinna
135 01FE20BCV036 Rahulsab Alamel
03
136 01FE20BCV038 Ujwal Kulkarni
141 01FE20BCV043 Srushti Jadav

Under the guidance of

Prof. Vinayak N.
School of Civil Engineering
KLE Technological University
Hubballi-580031

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi

 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the Senior Design Project conducted for “Title” is a Bonafede work
carried out by Team No. 03 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering degree in the Civil Engineering of the KLE
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Hubballi during the year 2022-2023. The report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of 7th semester
Senior Design Project prescribed for the said degree.

Guide HoS Registrar

Prof. Vinayak N Prof M.V.Chitawadagi

Examiners

Name of Signature with Date

Examiners

1. Mr./Dr/Prof

2. Mr./Dr/Prof

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi

 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

DECLARATION

I/we hereby declare that the project report has been produced by us as a part of teamactivity. The
present work is not copied/ plagiarized from any other source such as thesis, project reports and
consultancy reports. The work was not submitted in any other degree or professional qualification.
Wherever necessary relevant authors are cited and are acknowledged. We confirm that the work
submitted is our own.

Roll
Team No. SRN Team Members
No.
134 01FE20BCV035 Akhilesh Chinna
135 01FE20BCV036 Rahulsab Alamel
03
136 01FE20BCV038 Ujwal Kulkarni
141 01FE20BCV043 Srushti Jadav

3
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

INTRODUCTION:
A concrete gravity dam is a robust and massive structure constructed primarily from concrete that is
designed to control the flow of water in rivers, streams, or oth0er water bodies. It derives its name from the fact
that its stability is primarily achieved through its immense weight and the force of gravity. These dams are
commonly used in civil engineering for various purposes, such as water storage, flood control, hydroelectric power
generation, and irrigation.
Key characteristics of concrete gravity dams include their sturdy construction, which allows them to withstand the
hydraulic forces exerted by impounded water. Their design often incorporates a curved or straight profile to
efficiently distribute these forces. The dam's massive concrete blocks or monolithic structure counteract the
pressure from the water, preventing sliding or overturning.
Concrete gravity dams may feature spillways or overflow channels to manage excess water flow safely. Proper
foundation preparation is critical to ensure the dam sits on stable rock or soil, preventing seepage and ensuring
long-term structural integrity.
In summary, concrete gravity dams are essential components of water resource management infrastructure due to
their reliability and ability to withstand the forces of water through their sheer weight and gravitational stability.
They play a vital role in water storage, flood prevention, power generation, and irrigation projects.

Key features and characteristics of concrete gravity dams include:

1.Material Composition: Concrete gravity dams are predominantly constructed using a mixture of cement,
aggregates (such as sand and gravel), and water. The concrete is poured in layers, with each layer allowed to cure
and harden before the next layer is added.
2.Design: Their design typically includes a curved or straight profile that allows them to effectively resist the
hydraulic pressure exerted by the impounded water. The mass and density of the dam counteract the water's force.
3.Stability: The stability of a concrete gravity dam relies on its immense weight, which prevents it from sliding or
overturning due to the hydraulic forces. The dam's base is typically wider than its crest to enhance stability.
4.Spillways: To manage excess water flow and prevent overtopping, concrete gravity dams often incorporate
spillways or overflow channels. These are designed to safely route excess water downstream without damaging
the dam itself.
5.Foundation: Proper foundation preparation is crucial to ensure that the dam rests on stable rock or soil that can
support its weight and resist seepage.
6.Construction: Building a concrete gravity dam is a complex and time-consuming process. Construction usually
occurs in stages, with the concrete placed and cured incrementally.
7.Maintenance: Regular inspection and maintenance are essential to ensure the long-term structural integrity of the
dam. Any signs of deterioration, such as cracks or seepage, must be promptly addressed to prevent potential
failure.

Concrete gravity dams are often used for a variety of purposes, including water supply, flood control,
hydroelectric power generation, and irrigation. Their robust design and longevity make them a popular choice for
infrastructure projects where the containment and control of water are essential. However, their construction and
maintenance require careful planning and engineering expertise to ensure their safety and effectiveness in water
resource management.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

LITERATURE PAPERS :-

TITLE : “Stability analysis of concrete gravity dam on complicated foundation with

multiple slide planes”
Authors : Ren Xuhua, Shu Jiaqing, Ben Nenghui , Ren Hongyun
(College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, P. R. China.)
Published on : September, 2008
Summary:
1. The paper addresses the challenge of ensuring stability in gravity dam design, especially when dealing with
multiple weak structural planes in the foundation.
2. It presents a new method, the finite difference strength reserve method, which incorporates reliability-based
partial safety factors to assess anti-slide stability in complex foundations.
3. The research identifies potential sliding paths and analyzes stress distribution to understand the mechanisms of
sliding related to weak structural planes, providing valuable insights for anti-slide stability analysis in
geologically complex conditions for gravity dams
Objective:
a. Considering factors such as overload and material weakening.
b. Developing and applying a finite difference strength reserve method that incorporates partial safety factors
derived from the reliability method.
c. Investigating the anti-slide stability of a concrete gravity dam constructed on a complex foundation with
multiple potential sliding planes.
d. Identifying potential slide paths within the dam's foundation.
e. Evaluating the stability of the foundation, taking into account potential failure planes, through the analysis of
stress distribution characteristics.
Methodology:
1) Development and application of a finite difference strength reserve method.
2) Incorporation of partial safety factors based on the reliability method to account for overload and material
weakening.
3) Identification of possible slide paths within the dam's foundation.
4) Evaluation of the foundation's stability, considering potential failure planes.
5) Analysis of stress distribution characteristics to understand the mechanisms and processes of sliding related to
weak structural planes and their deformations.
Outcomes:
1. The study highlights the critical importance of ensuring the stability of gravity dams, especially when dealing
with the complexity of multiple weak structural planes within the foundation.
2. By introducing the finite difference strength reserve method with reliability-based partial safety factors, the
research presents a comprehensive approach to tackle the challenge of anti-slide stability in dam design.
3. The findings shed light on the mechanisms of sliding related to weak structural planes, providing valuable
insights for enhancing the safety and effectiveness of gravity dams situated in geologically complex conditions.
This research offers guidance for more secure dam designs and safety measures.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Sliding Stability Assessment of Concrete Dams Using a 3D Discontinuum

Hydromechanical Model Following a Discrete Crack Approach
Authors : Maria Luísa Braga Farinha , Nuno Monteiro Azevedo , Noemi Alejandra Schclar Leitão
(Concrete Dams Department, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Brasil 101, Lisboa, Portugal.)
Published on: 26 January , 2022
Summary:
1. The paper focuses on evaluating the sliding stability of concrete dams and emphasizes the need for accurate
numerical tools to account for dam foundations' unique features, including discontinuities.
2. The authors introduce a three-dimensional finite element model that utilizes interface elements to represent
foundation discontinuities. Hydraulic behavior is simulated through channels along triangular interface
elements.
3. The study applies this model to a large arch-gravity dam, conducting coupled hydromechanical analysis. It
concludes that analyzing stability through increased hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressures is preferable, as it
yields significantly lower safety factors compared to other methods.
Objective:
a. Evaluate the sliding stability of concrete dams.
b. Develop a three-dimensional finite element model with interface elements to account for foundation
discontinuities.
c. Assess the safety of a large arch-gravity dam against base sliding using various constitutive models and two
different analysis methods.
Methodology:
1) Development of a three-dimensional finite element model with interface elements to simulate foundation
discontinuities.
2) Simulation of hydraulic behavior, with water flow occurring along channels at the edges of triangular interface
elements representing discontinuities.
3) Application of the developed model to perform coupled hydromechanical analysis of a large arch-gravity dam.
4) Assessment of dam safety against base sliding using two different constitutive models at the dam/foundation
interface.
5) Employing two distinct approaches for analysis: the strength reduction method and the amplification of
hydrostatic pressure, with consideration of an increase in the reservoir level.
Outcomes:
1. The proposed numerical model consistently assesses the sliding stability of concrete dams, enhancing its
reliability.
2. The study recommends utilizing the methodology of increasing hydrostatic pressure and considering uplift
pressures from higher reservoir levels for more accurate stability analyses.
3. This approach results in notably lower safety factors, emphasizing the importance of including these factors in
dam stability assessments for improved safety considerations.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Application of Probabilistic Method of Stability Analysis of Gravity Dam

Foundationover Multiple Sliding Planes”
Authors : Gang wang and Zhenyue Ma
(School of Hydraulic Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian, China.)
Published on: 05 June , 2016
Summary:
1. The paper introduces the DPG method for probabilistic analysis in engineering, addressing the challenge of
handling non-normal and correlated variables.
2. It applies this method to assess instability probabilities in a concrete gravity dam foundation at multiple sliding
locations, demonstrating its feasibility, accuracy, and efficiency.
3. The study highlights the method's potential applicability in other fields like slopes, earth-rock dams, levees, and
embankments, based on similar analytical principles.
Objective:
a. Address the challenge of applying probabilistic methods in engineering practice.
b. Introduce and assess the effectiveness of the DPG method with the method of divided difference for calculating
instability probabilities.
c. Apply the methodology to evaluate the instability probability in a concrete gravity dam foundation at various
sliding locations and demonstrate its potential applicability in related fields like slopes, earth-rock dams, levees,
and embankments
Methodology:
1. Introduction and application of the Design Point Method in Generalized Random Space (DPG method).
2. Utilization of the method of divided difference to handle probability calculations involving implicit
performance functions with non-normal and correlated variables.
3. Application of the suggested methodology to assess the instability probability of a practical concrete gravity
dam, considering multiple sliding locations.
4. Evaluation of the method's feasibility, accuracy, and efficiency in addressing the probabilistic challenges.
5. Discussion of the broader applicability of the methodology in related fields, such as slopes, earth-rock dams,
levees, and embankments, based on similar analytical principles.
Outcomes:
1. The DPG method, when combined with the method of divided difference, is deemed a viable and effective
approach for addressing probabilistic analysis challenges in engineering practice.
2. Application of this method to assess the instability probability of a concrete gravity dam foundation across
multiple sliding locations yields consistent results with previous research findings.
3. The study underscores the versatility and practical utility of this methodology in addressing similar challenges
in various engineering fields like slopes, earth-rock dams, levees, and embankments, enhancing its potential for
broader application.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Evaluation of Sliding Stability in Concrete Gravity dams using Multiple

Wedge Analysis”
Authors : Hasan SESLI and Mehmet AKKOSE
(Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, TRABZON)
Published on: 17 November , 2015
Summary:
1. The paper addresses the seismic vulnerability of concrete gravity dams, emphasizing their potential for
significant harm during earthquakes due to their massive water storage capacity and the critical link between
stability and safety.
2. The study uses the Multiple Wedge Analysis method to evaluate the sliding stability of the Sarıyar concrete
gravity dam, exploring the influence of various parameters and highlighting the dominant role of seismic
acceleration, soil cohesion, internal friction angle, and uplift pressure on dam sliding stability. Changes in the
dam's base angle also impact stability.
Objective:
a. Evaluate the sliding stability of concrete gravity dams, emphasizing vulnerability to seismic events and their
potential impact on human lives.
b. Utilize the Multiple Wedge Analysis method to explore the effects of parameters such as dam base angle, soil
properties, uplift pressure, and earthquake loads on dam sliding stability, aiming to identify the key factors
influencing stability.
Methodology:
1. Application of the Multiple Wedge Analysis method based on the Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion to evaluate
the sliding stability of concrete gravity dams.
2. Selection of the Sariyar concrete gravity dam as a numerical application and subject of analysis.
3. Investigation of the effects of various parameters (dam base angle, soil cohesion, internal friction angle, uplift
pressure, and earthquake loads) on dam sliding stability under normal and unusual loading conditions.
4. Assessment of changes in safety factors resulting from the analysis.
5. Identification of the parameters with the most significant impact on dam sliding stability.
Outcomes:
1. Concrete gravity dams, given their large water storage capacity, present a significant risk to human life during
earthquakes, emphasizing the importance of their stability and safety.
2. The study, using the Multiple Wedge Analysis method, reveals that seismic acceleration, soil properties, uplift
pressure, and dam base angle are key factors influencing dam sliding stability. These findings underscore the
need for earthquake resilience and sound engineering practices to ensure the safety of such dams.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Comparision Of Design And Analysis Of Concrete Gravity Dam”

Authors : Md. Hazrat Ali, Md. Rabiul Alam, Md. Naimul Haque, Muhammad Jahangir Alam
(dept. CE ,Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh.)
Published on: 15 October , 2011
Summary:
1. The paper examines the design and evaluation of concrete gravity dams in seismic zone II of Bangladesh,
analyzing their stability and stress conditions under varying earthquake intensities.
2. The study suggests that higher earthquake intensities require larger dam sections to ensure safety against failure,
and constructing dams for intensities exceeding 0.30 g would necessitate significant alterations and drainage
galleries to reduce uplift pressure, making it less feasible.
Objective:
a. Designing high concrete gravity dams based on U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (U.S.B.R.) recommendations.
b. Analyzing the stability and stress conditions of these dams using both analytical 2D gravity methods and finite
element methods.
c. Investigating the impact of increasing horizontal earthquake intensity on stabilizing moments and stresses
within the dam structure.
d. Assessing the feasibility of constructing concrete gravity dams for earthquake intensities exceeding 0.30 g while
considering other design parameters and drainage gallery provisions
Methodology:
1) Dam Design
2) Stability and Stress Analysis
3) Impact of Earthquake Intensity
4) Feasibility Assessment
Outcomes:
1. Designing concrete gravity dams in seismic zone II of Bangladesh for earthquake intensities exceeding 0.30 g is
deemed unfeasible without substantial design modifications and the addition of drainage galleries to mitigate
uplift pressure.
2. The study highlights that as earthquake intensity increases, stabilizing moments decrease, demanding larger
dam sections to maintain safety against failure.
3. While finite element analysis may suggest smaller dam sections for stress analysis, achieving the necessary
factors of safety requires larger dam sections, and ensuring stability against sliding is identified as a crucial
factor in the analysis.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Computer Aided Stability Analysis Of Gravity Dams—Cadam”

Authors : Martin Leclerc, Pierre Le´ger*, Rene´ Tinawi
(dept. of CE , E´ cole Polytechnique de Montre´al, University of Montreal Campus, CANADA.)
Published on: 03 March , 2003
Summary:
1. CADAM is introduced as a computer program designed for the static and seismic stability analysis of concrete
gravity dams, using methods such as the gravity method, rigid body equilibrium, and beam theory.
2. CADAM also supports seismic analysis through pseudo-static or simplified response spectrum methods, making
it a versatile tool for structural stability assessments.
3. The program serves as an educational resource for learning gravity dam stability principles and offers various
modeling options, including crack analysis, drainage effects, and safety evaluations using different approaches,
as demonstrated in the paper's application to a 30-meter dam.
Objective:
1. Introduce CADAM's main features and organization.
2. Highlight its utility as a learning tool for understanding the principles of structural stability evaluation for
gravity dams.
3. Emphasize its potential for research and development in the field of gravity dam stability analysis.
4. Describe the wide range of modeling options available within CADAM.
5. Provide an illustrative example of CADAM's application in assessing the structural stability
Methodology:
1. CADAM Development
2. Gravity Method and Beam Theory
3. Seismic Analysis Options
4. Implementation of Guidelines
5. Illustrative Example
Outcomes:
1. CADAM is presented as a versatile computer program for static and seismic stability analysis of concrete
gravity dams, offering educational and research support in the field.
2. The paper illustrates CADAM's practical application by evaluating the structural stability of a 30-meter concrete
gravity dam, making it a valuable resource for engineers, researchers, and students engaged in gravity dam
analysis and design.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Design Of Gravity Dam By Using Seismic Coefficient Method In

- Different Zones”
Authors : : Chagantipati Tanooja1, V. Srinivasa Rao (M.Tech Student, Associate Professor)
(dept. of CE , USHARAMA College of Engineering & Technology, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.)
Published on: 04 December, 2016
Summary:
1. Dams are vital infrastructures for multiple purposes, necessitating the utmost safety in their design, especially in
earthquake-prone regions like India.
2. This paper presents a study on the design of a gravity dam, specifically focusing on Totladoh Dam in
Maharashtra, India, using the seismic coefficient method. It compares the results with other materials and
seismic zones across the country, emphasizing the importance of earthquake-resistant dam design.
Objective:
The main objective of this study is to design a gravity dam that can withstand seismic forces by using the seismic
coefficient method in different seismic zones across India. The specific case study of Totladoh Dam in Maharashtra
is employed to analyze and demonstrate the application of this method in accordance with IS: 1893-1984 criteria
for earthquake resistance design of structures (Part-V dams) of a concrete gravity dam
Methodology:
1. Selection of Study Area
2. Seismic Coefficient Method:
3. Data Collection
4. Structural Analysis
Outcomes:
1. The study of Totladoh Dam's design using the seismic coefficient method offers insights into the earthquake
resistance of gravity dams and ensures compliance with safety standards.
2. Comparisons with other materials and seismic zones contribute to the development of reliable and earthquake-
resistant dam structures, vital for the safety and sustainability of India's infrastructure.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Stability Analysis Of Concrete Gravity Dam Using FEM”

Authors : : MaDragan RAKIĆ, Milan BOJOVIĆ, Snežana VULOVIĆ, Miroslav ŽIVKOVIĆ , Dejan DIVAC
(Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , SERBIA.)
Published on: 12 May, 2017
Summary:
1. The paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of mechanical, thermal, and filtration processes within the
Djerdap 1 gravity dam and its surrounding rock mass, with a focus on stability assessment.
2. The study utilizes geological data for finite element modeling, considers operational loads, and employs a
coupled analysis approach to assess the interaction of these factors. It also compares analysis results with
measurements to calculate dam safety factors, without performing model calibration.
Objective:
1. Detect potential flaws or weaknesses in the dam system.
2. Assess the stability of the Djerdap 1 dam, including the potential failure of specific parts of the drainage system.
3. Incorporate geological data and material characteristics into the finite element model.
4. Consider the impact of all relevant operational loads on the dam.
5. Conduct coupled analyses to account for interactions between different processes.
6. Calculate dam safety factors based on adjusted input parameters.
Methodology:
1. Thorough Dam Modeling
2. Material Characterization
3. Load Application
4. Coupled Analysis
5. Validation and Adjustment
6. Dam Safety Assessment
Outcomes:
1. The research offers a thorough assessment of mechanical, thermal, and filtration processes in the Djerdap 1
gravity dam and its surrounding rock mass, revealing potential weaknesses in the infrastructure.
2. Despite not calibrating the model, the study highlights the significance of considering these multifaceted factors
in dam engineering, contributing to improved dam safety and stability analysis.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Uncertainty Analysis Of Stability Of Gravity Dams Using The Fuzzy Set
Theory”
Authors : : : A. Haghighi and A.H. Ayati
(dept. of CE , Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IRAN.)
Published on: 23 July, 2015
Summary:
1. The paper introduces a novel approach to address uncertainties in gravity dam stability analysis, combining
fuzzy set theory and Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization.
2. Using fuzzy numbers to represent uncertainties and GA to quantify their impact, the study demonstrates that
even modest ±10% uncertainties in design parameters can result in notable variations in dam safety factors,
emphasizing the importance of accounting for uncertainties in dam analysis.
Objective:
The main objective of this study is to develop and apply a methodology for incorporating uncertainties into the
stability analysis of gravity dams. Specifically, the study aims to use fuzzy set theory and Genetic Algorithm
optimization to assess the extent to which uncertainties in input parameters affect the safety factors of gravity
dams.
Methodology:
1. Conceptual Model Development
2. Uncertainty Representation
3. GA Optimization
4. Application to a Gravity Dam
Outcomes:
This research introduces an innovative methodology for addressing uncertainties in the stability analysis of gravity
dams. By combining fuzzy set theory and Genetic Algorithm optimization, it offers a means to account for
imprecise and variable data in dam safety assessments. The study's application to a gravity dam highlights the
substantial impact that small uncertainties in design parameters can have on safety factors, with potential variations
ranging from -346% to +146% in stability safety factors and -59% to +134% in stress safety factors. These findings
underscore the importance of considering uncertainties in dam engineering to enhance safety and reliability in dam
design and management.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Uncertainty analysis and risk identification of the gravity dam stability using
Fuzzy set theory”
Authors : : Fakhreddin Moradi Kia Hamid R. Ghafouri Mohammad Mehdi Riyahi
Published on: 03 March, 2022
Objective:
It aims to promote the exchange of knowledge and ideas among researchers, engineers, and professionals working
in the field. The journal focuses on topics related to the analysis, design, and management of hydraulic structures
such as dams, reservoirs, canals, and water distribution systems. It also covers areas like risk assessment,
uncertainty analysis, and innovative approaches in hydraulic engineering.
Methodology:
The methodology of the journal involves the use of fuzzy set theory in combination with numerical modeling of a
gravity dam. The Folsom gravity dam in the USA is modeled using ANSYS and CADAM software. Uncertainties
in the dam are analyzed using the fuzzy set theory method. The methodology includes sensitivity analysis based on
inputs to understand their impact on the outputs. The paper also introduces a new concept of risk identification
derived from fuzzy set theory to increase the stability awareness of the dam
Outcomes:
The paper focuses on the Folsom gravity dam in the USA and presents the analysis of uncertainties and risk areas.
The fuzzy outputs obtained from the analysis are used to identify the risk area of the dam. The paper also discusses
the sensitivity analysis of inputs and their impact on the outputs. Overall, the journal provides valuable insights into
the application of fuzzy set theory in assessing the stability and risk of gravity dams.

TITLE: “Seismic Fragility and uncertainty Analysis of Concrete Gravity Dams

under Near-Fault Ground Motions”
Authors : : Hebbouche Abdelhamid1 , Bensaibi Mahmoud2 and Mroueh Hussein3
Published on: 2013
Objective:
The journal focuses on the evaluation of seismic fragility curves for concrete gravity dams subjected to near-fault
earthquakes. It aims to assess the impact of various uncertain parameters on the structural response of dams and
identify the principal sources of uncertainties.
Methodology:
The study utilizes a numerical simulation procedure called Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) in combination with
nonlinear dynamic analysis to develop seismic fragility curves. The uncertain parameters, such as cohesion, young
modulus of concrete and soil, and compressive strength of concrete, are considered in the analysis . The sensitivity
analysis shows a high correlation between these parameters and the displacement at the top of the dam and the
compressive stresses at the heel of the dam.
Outcomes:
The study highlights the importance of considering uncertain parameters and their impact on the structural response
of dams under near-fault earthquakes. Further research is recommended to validate the findings and generalize the
fragility curves for different types of dams.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Methodology for estimating the probability of failure by sliding in concrete

gravity dams in the context of risk analysis”
Authors : panelLuis Altarejos-García a b, Ignacio Escuder-Bueno a b, Armando Serrano-Lombillo b,
Published on: 2012
Objective:
It aims to combine different methods of deterministic and probabilistic analysis to estimate the conditional
probability of failure in the context of risk analysis. The methodology developed in the journal includes the
allocation of probability distribution functions to random variables, determination of the contribution of each
random variable to the variance of the performance function, and the calculation of the probability of failure using
the Monte Carlo simulation method.
Methodology:
The methodology is divided into five phases, including defining the base and advanced models, analyzing
variables, and conducting reliability analysis. The methodology combines deterministic and probabilistic analysis
methods, such as the Monte Carlo simulation method, to improve the estimation of the conditional probability of
failure in the context of risk analysis. The methodology has been applied to a Spanish concrete gravity dam,
specifically for the failure mode of sliding along the rock-concrete interface.
Outcomes:
The document discusses a methodology for estimating the probability of failure in concrete gravity dams. The
research group is developing a new software for risk calculations. The results obtained from the analysis are
summarized which show the conditional probability of failure for different variables. It is recommended to gather
more information about the dam-foundation contact plane before taking any remedial actions.

TITLE: “Reliability Analysis of Concrete Gravity Dams Based on Least Squares Support
Vector Machines with an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm”
Authors: Shida Wang, Bo Xu , Zhenhao Zhu, Jing Li and Junyi Lu
Published on: 01 December, 2022
Objective:
The objective of the journal is to propose a reliability analysis method for concrete gravity dams using an improved
particle swarm optimization algorithm (IPSO) combined with least squares support vector machines (LSSVM). The
IPSO-LSSVM model aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of calculating the failure probability of concrete
gravity dams.
Methodology:
The methodology of the journal involves proposing a reliability analysis method based on least squares support
vector machines with an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (IPSO-LSSVM). This method utilizes
computer experiments to generate samples and establish a response surface to approximate the limit state function.
The response surface is then combined with the Monte Carlo method to estimate reliability. The methodology
focuses on improving calculation accuracy and efficiency for concrete gravity dams.
Outcomes:
The reliability analysis method proposed in this paper can provide an effective tool for solving the reliability of
other complex structures. The proposed method can also provide technical support for safety assessment,
monitoring and operation management of gravity dams. In future studies, more complex engineering problems will
be solved, such as considering the impact of environmental erosion and material aging on the dam safety.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “ANALYSIS OF FORCES AND STABILITY CHECKS OF GRAVITY

DAMS CASE STUDY : MIDDLE VAITARNA DAM”
Authors: Mr. Mate Tejas Chandrashekhar, Mr. Jain Shubham Sanjay,Ms. Patil Mansi Chandrakant
Published on: 2017
Methodology:
1. Forces Analysis and Gravity Dams Examination : The study begins by analyzing the various forces acting on
dams, with a specific emphasis on the role of topographical terrain conditions. It explores in detail the stability
mechanisms of gravity dams and how their self-weight counteracts external forces.
2. Failure Modes Assessment and Gravity Method Utilization : The methodology comprehensively assesses
potential failure modes and employs the gravity method for stability analysis, capitalizing on its strengths in
evaluating dam stability. The study concludes by evaluating the strengths and limitations of the gravity method,
offering insights into its applicability and effectiveness in dam stability assessments.
Outcomes:
1. Historical and Strategic Significance : The study underscores the historical and strategic importance of dams,
highlighting the need for meticulous design and construction due to their significant impact on resources and
properties.
2. Forces on Dams and Stability Criteria : The analysis outlines the forces acting on dams and the critical
importance of considering these forces in dam design. It establishes stability criteria for efficient and cost-
effective dam construction, focusing on leveraging topographical terrain conditions for optimal stability.
Additionally, the study explores potential failure modes and evaluates the gravity method's strengths and
limitations in dam analysis and design, offering insights into its applicability for assessing dam stability.

TITLE: “Reliability-based evaluation of concrete dams”

Authors: Westberg MarieChandrakant
Published on: 2007
Methodology:
1. Structural Reliability Analysis : The study employs structural reliability analysis to assess the safety of concrete
dams, particularly focusing on potential sliding and overturning failure modes.
2. Multiple Wedge Analysis : The analysis relies on the Multiple Wedge Analysis method, which is based on the
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion, as a key tool in evaluating dam safety.
3. Safety Index Determination and Uplift Phenomenon Investigation : The methodology calculates the safety index
(β) and compares it to a predefined target safety index (βT) for safety assessment. Special attention is given to
investigating the uplift phenomenon ,considering various factors like temperature, loads, foundation treatment,
and drainage. Additionally, geostatistical modeling is introduced to derive statistical distributions for uplift
forces and moments, enhancing the analysis's accuracy.
Outcomes:
Enhanced Dam Safety Assessment : Incorporating structural reliability analysis into dam safety risk management
processes enhances the accuracy and reliability of safety assessments, especially for aging dams facing evolving
safety demands.
Key Influencing Factors and Methodology Effectiveness : Cohesion, friction coefficient, ice load, uplift, and self-
weight are identified as critical factors influencing dam stability assessments, and the Multiple Wedge Analysis
method based on the Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion is effective in evaluating sliding and overturning failure
modes.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

TITLE: “Masonry gravity dams A numerical application for stability analysis.”

Authors: Bretas,E. M., Lemos, J. V, Lourenço, P. B
Published on: 8 th International Masonry Conference 2010 in Dresden.
Methodology:
1. Specialized Numerical Application : The study relies on a specialized numerical application as the primary tool
for stability analyses of masonry gravity dams.
2. Input Parameters : Various input parameters, including geometrical dimensions, material properties, hydrostatic
loads, and seismic loads, are considered for accurate stability assessments.
3. Automated Calculations : The application automatically calculates key outputs such as thrust lines, stress
diagrams, and safety factors for different loads, aiding in comprehensive stability analysis.
4. Safety Assessment : The methodology assesses safety factors related to potential dam-foundation contact failure
along horizontal planes, providing insights into structural integrity and vulnerabilities. Real-world validation is
performed on three historical Algerian masonry dams to demonstrate its practical utility.
Outcomes:
1. Efficiency and Automation: The numerical application streamlines stability assessments through automation,
improving efficiency and reducing manual efforts.
2. Precise Thrust Line Determination: The accurate identification of thrust lines for dead weight and combined
loads provides crucial insights for engineering decisions, ensuring dam safety.
3. Stress Visualization: The generation of stress diagrams aids in visualizing stress patterns within the dam,
enhancing understanding and facilitating targeted structural improvements.

TITLE: “Study on the Dam & Reservoir, and Analysis of Dam Failures: A Data Base
Approach.”
Authors: Mohit Kumar Bharti, Manish Sharma, Dr. Nazrul Islam.
Published on: 05 May 2020
Methodology:
1. Descriptive Approach: The study uses a descriptive approach to examine the roles of engineering geologists in
construction projects, with a specific focus on dams.
2. Types of Dams: It provides an overview of various dam types to establish foundational knowledge of their
characteristics and challenges.
3. Identification of Failure Causes: The methodology systematically outlines potential causes of dam failures,
encompassing natural disasters, design issues, maintenance deficiencies, and structural problems, and analyzes
critical factors contributing to such failures. The study emphasizes the significance of failure analysis in
uncovering the root causes and enabling preventive measures.
Outcomes:
1. Role of Engineering Geologists : The study underscores the critical role of engineering geologists in providing
essential geological and geotechnical recommendations for construction projects, especially in the context of
dams.
2. Understanding Dam Types : It enhances stakeholders' understanding of different dam types, shedding light on
the unique challenges and requirements associated with each.
3. Causes and Factors of Dam Failures : The research comprehensively explores various causes of dam failures,
encompassing natural disasters and human-induced issues, while also identifying specific failure factors such as
overtopping, seepage, and scouring. It emphasizes the significance of analyzing failed dam structures to prevent
future incidents and underscores the importance of safety in dam design and construction.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

Grey Areas Identified:

From the above literature it is observed that the stability analysis of the gravity dam has been carried out using
Staad pro, fem models and moreover the throws a light on structural stability analysis. The uncertainty is one of the
major concerns as stability of the structure is concerned. Hence as per the literature study it is observed that
uncertainty analysis was carried out by adopting fuzzy set models.

Problem Statement:
Stability analysis of the gravity dam using Python based approach for various loading combinations.

Objective:
1) Developing a deterministic model on stability analysis of the gravity dam using Python based approach for
various critical loading combinations
2) Analyze the uncertainty of the gravity dam using Python based approach.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi
 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT 2023-2024

REFERENCES

1. COMPUTER AIDED STABILITY ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAMS—CADAM

Martin Leclerc, Pierre Le ́ger*, Rene ́ Tinawi Department of Civil Engineering, E ́ cole Polytechnique de Montre ́al,
University of Montreal Campus, P.O. Box 6079,Station CV, Montreal, Que., Canada H3C 3A7
2. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM ON COMPLICATED FOUNDATION WITH
MULTIPLE SLIDE PLANES : Ren Xuhua*1, Shu Jiaqing1, Ben Nenghui2, Ren Hongyun1 1. College of Water
Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, P. R. China 2. Shanghai Harbor
Quality Control & Testing Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
3. SLIDING STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE DAMS USING A 3D DISCONTINUUM
HYDROMECHANICAL MODEL FOLLOWING A DISCRETE CRACK APPROACH : Maria Luísa Braga Farinha 1,*
, Nuno Monteiro Azevedo 1, Noemi Alejandra Schclar Leitão , João Rocha de Almeida 3 and Sérgio Oliveira
4. APPLICATION OF PROBABILISTIC METHOD TO STABILITY ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAM
FOUNDATION OVER MULTIPLE SLIDING PLANES : Gang Wang and Zhenyue Ma School of Hydraulic
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
5. COMPARISION OF DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM:
Md. Hazrat Ali, Md. Rabiul Alam, Md. Naimul Haque, Muhammad Jahangir Alam Department of Civil
Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
6. COMPUTER AIDED STABILITY ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAMS
M. Leclerc, P. Léger, R. Tinawi Department of Civil Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
7. EVALUATION OF SLIDING STABILITY IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS USING MULTIPLE WEDGE
ANALYSIS: Hasan SESLİ*, Mehmet AKKÖSE Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering,
TRABZON
8. MASONRY GRAVITY DAMS A NUMERICAL APPLICATION FOR STABILITY ANALYSIS : Bretas, E. M.1;
Lemos, J. V., Lourenço, P. B.3
9. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM USING FEM : Dragan
RAKIĆ1*, Milan BOJOVIĆ1, Snežana VULOVIĆ1, Miroslav ŽIVKOVIĆ1 ,Dejan DIVAC2, Nikola
MILIVOJEVIĆ2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjić 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
10. STUDY ON THE DAM & RESERVOIR, AND ANALYSIS OF DAM FAILURES: A DATA BASE APPROACH
Mohit Kumar Bharti1, Manish Sharma2, Dr. Nazrul Islam3Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering
College, Bijnor (U.P.), India
11. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF STABILITY OF GRAVITY DAMS USING THE FUZZY SET THEORY A.
Haghighi*, † and A.H. Ayati Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of
Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
12. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS AND RISK IDENTIFICATION OF THE GRAVITY DAM STABILITY USING
FUZZY SET THEORY: Fakhreddin Moradi Kia Hamid R. Ghafouri Mohammad Mehdi Riyahi
13. SEISMIC FRAGILITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS UNDER NEAR-
FAULT GROUND MOTIONS : Hebbouche Abdelhamid1 , Bensaibi Mahmoud2 and Mroueh Hussein3
14. METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE PROBABILITY OF FAILURE BY SLIDING IN CONCRETE
GRAVITY DAMS IN THE CONTEXT OF RISK ANALYSIS : panelLuis Altarejos-García a b, Ignacio Escuder-
Bueno a b, Armando Serrano-Lombillo b
15. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS BASED ON LEAST SQUARES SUPPORT
VECTOR MACHINES WITH AN IMPROVED PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM : Shida
Wang, Bo Xu * , Zhenhao Zhu, Jing Li and Junyi Lu
16. RELIABILITY-BASED EVALUATION OF CONCRETE DAMS : Westberg MarieChandrakant
17. ANALYSIS OF FORCES AND STABILITY CHECKS OF GRAVITY DAMS CASE STUDY : MIDDLE
VAITARNA DAM : Mr. Mate Tejas Chandrashekhar, Mr. Jain Shubham Sanjay,Ms. Patil Mansi Chandrakant
18. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM USING FEM : Dragan
RAKIĆ1*, Milan BOJOVIĆ1, Snežana VULOVIĆ1, Miroslav ŽIVKOVIĆ1 ,Dejan DIVAC2, Nikola
MILIVOJEVIĆ2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjić 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi