VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY
“JNANA SANGAM”, BELAGAVI – 590018

PROJECT REPORT
ON

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGE

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

For the academic year 2021-2022

Submitted by

NAME USN
ABHISHEK RAJ 1BI18CV005
ANURAG BHASKAR 1BI18CV014
SINGH
ANKIT KUMAR SINGH 1BI18CV013

Under the guidance of

GANGADHARA. S
(Assistant Professor)
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K R Road, V V Puram, Bangalore – 560 004

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work phase 1(18CVP78) entitled “DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGE”carried out by ABHISHEK
RAJ, ANKIT KUMAR SINGH, ANURAG BHASKAR SINGH bearing USN 1BI18CV005,
1BI18CV013 and 1BI18CV014 respectively, bonafide students of Bangalore
Institute of Technology, in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering Degree in CIVIL ENGINEERING from Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi, during the year 2021-2022. It is certified that all suggestions
indicated for assessments have been incorporated in the report.

Signature of the Guide Signature of HOD

GANGADHARA. S Dr. H.B.Balakrishna
Assistant Professor Professor and Head of Department,
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering,
Bangalore Institute of Technology Bangalore institute of technology.
 ACKNOWLED
GEMENT

We are deeply indebted to our project guides for his valuable and
constant guidance throughout the course of our project work. His
exhaustive scholarship has enabled us to find the solutions to the
problems we feed and which facilitated us to achieve our goal easily.

We express our Hearty gratitude to our Principal, Dr. M.U. ASWATH

and Dr. H.B. BALAKRISHNA, Professor and H.O.D Department of civil
engineering, has been providing their continuous support
throughout the project. We are thankful to them for the same.

We are thankful to GANGADHARA. S , Assistant Professor for his

enduring interest and endeavour in course of project work.
 ABSTRACT

A bridge is a structure built to span of a physical obstacles such

as a water body, valley or road to have accessibility for people
and vehicle. The aim is to design and observe the behaviour of
bridge under different IRC loading classe In India, till now Pre-
stressed concrete road bridges are designed and constructed
according to Indian road congress guidelines as per IRC: 18-
2000 code in which working stress method is adopted. Recently
Indian road congress has introduced another code IRC- 112:
2011 for design of pre-stress bridges using limit state method.
The study of bridge design using the limit state method is
discussed to enlighten the recently introduced IRC-112:
2011.We have also referred various research papers of
R.shreedhar and guidelines of MOT (Ministry of transport ). We
analyse the shear tension, deflection , bending moment of the
bridge by applying various IRC loading classes with the help of
software MIDAS CIVIL 2018.
 CONTENTS

SL NO. CHAPTER Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General 1
1.2. Classification of Bridges 2
1.3. Components of Bridges 3
1.4. Types of Concrete Bridges 3-8
1.5. Basic concept of Prestressing 9-10
1.6. Method of Prestressing 10-12
1.7. Application of Prestressing 12-13
1.8. MIDAS CIVIL 2018 13

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 14
3. M-ETHODOLOGY 15
4. OBJECTIVES 16
5. REFERENCES 17
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The main focus of this project is to get a detailed and basic
understanding of the fundamentals of how to design a
particular bridge- in this case a PSC Road Bridge. Bridges have
been an integral part of human life since the beginning of
civilization. The main function of a bridge is mainly to connect
to parts of a land which has a space in-between without closing
the gap. Although bridges are not cheap and easy to construct,
but they are an essential part of human civilization.
It is used both for railways and roadways, used to connect
important places through difficult terrains, which would
otherwise have remained secluded from human civilization.
Pre-stressed concrete bridges of beam form can be designed
using the working stress method and also by limit state
method. In the working stress method, service loads are used in
the whole design and the strength of material is not utilized to
the fullest extent. In this method of design, stresses acting on
structural members are calculated based on elastic method.
In fact, the whole structure during the life span may only
experience loading stresses far below the ultimate state. Under
such scenario, the most economical design can hardly obtain by
using working stress method.
The design process includes consideration of other important
factors, such as choice of bridge system, material, dimension,
foundation, aesthetics, and local landscape and environment.

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1.2 Classification of Bridges:
• Bridges are classified on the basis of different specifications as
follows:-
• If we consider the function of the bridge; aqueduct viaduct,
pedestrian, highway, railway, road-cum-rail or pipe line bridge.
• According to the material of construction of super structure: -
timber, masonry, reinforced concrete, prestress concrete, iron,
steel, and composite or aluminum bridge.
• According to form or type of super structure: - beam, truss slab,
arch and suspension bridge.
• If we consider inter span and support condition: - simple,
continuous and cantilever bridge. According to position of
bridge floor relative to superstructure: - deck, trough,
halftrough or suspension bridge.
• Based upon span length: - culvert (less than 9m), minor bridge
(6m to 30m) or long span bridge.

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1.4 TYPES OF CONCRETE BRIDGES

• ARCH BRIDGE: In arch bridges, vertical loads on the arch

generate compressive forces in the arch ring, which is
constructed of materials well able to withstand these forces
and giving strength to the bridge erected. The compressive
forces in the arch result in thrusts at the abutments, and it is
essential that arch abutments are well founded to resist the
vertical and horizontal components of these thrusts. If the
supports spread apart the arch falls down. Hence proper
reinforcement is given.

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 Fig: Arch bridge
• REINFORCED SLAB BRIDGE.: Cast in-situ is the simplest design
for short spans, solid reinforced concrete slab, rather than
precast, It is cost-effective, since the flat, level soffit means that
false work and formwork are also simple. Reinforcement, too,
is uncomplicated. With larger spans, the reinforced slab has to
be thicker to carry the extra stresses under load. This over
weight of the slab then becomes a problem, which can be
solved in two ways. The first is to use prestressing techniques
and the second is by including 'voids' to reduce the deadweight
of the slab, often expanded polystyrene cylinders. Up to about
25m span, such voided slabs are more economical.

4
 Fig: Reinforced slab bridge

• BEAM AND SLAB BRIDGE: Beam and slab bridges are the most
common form of concrete bridge in the world today, because
of the precast prestressed concrete beams developed originally
by the Prestressed Concrete Development Group (Cement &
Concrete Association) supplemented by alternative designs by
others, culminating in the Y-beam introduced by the
Prestressed Concrete Association in the late 1980s.

Fig: Beam and slab bridge

• BOX GIRDER BRIDGE: For spans greater than 45 m, prestressed

concrete box girders are the most common method of concrete
bridge construction. The main spans are hollow and the shape

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 of the 'box' will vary from bridge to bridge and along the span,
being deeper in cross-section at the abutments and piers and
shallower at midspan.

Fig: Box girder bridge

• BALANCED CANTILEVER BRIDGE: Balanced cantilever is one of

the most useful ways of building a bridge for in-situ or precast
segments,. Work starts with the construction of the abutments
and piers. From each pier, the bridge is constructed in both
directions simultaneously. Therefore each pier remains stable
and 'balanced' – until finally the individual structural elements
meet and connected together. In every case, the segments are
progressively tied back to the piers by prestressing tendons or
bars threaded through each unit.

Fig: Balanced cantilever bridge

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• CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE: For large spans, cable-stayed bridges
are used. As typified by the Dee Crossing where all elements
are concrete, the design consists of supporting towers carrying
cables which support the bridge from both sides of the tower.
Most cable-stayed bridges are built using cantilever
construction which can be either in-situ or precast.

Fig : Cable -stayed bridge

• SUSPENSION BRIDGE: Concrete plays a crucial role in the

construction of a suspension bridge. There will be large
foundations, embedded in the ground, that support the weight
and cable anchorages. There will be the abutments, in mass
concrete, providing the vital strength and ability to resist the
enormous forces, and, the slender superstructures carrying the
upper ends of the supporting cables are also generally made
from reinforced concrete.

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 Fig: Suspension bridge
• I-GIRDER BRIDGE: A simple beam bridge is commonly used for
moderate spans. Variations of the precast I-girder include the
PCI bulb-tee or bulb-tee sections developed by various states. I
girder composite bridge is the most popular type of bridge
India. It is well-suited for spans up to 160 feet. Common depths
of a typical I girder type bridge is 20 in., 36 in., 45 in., 54 in. and
72 in.

Fig: I Girder bridge

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1.5 Basic Concept of Prestressing:

• Pre-stressing is a way to overcome concrete weakness in

tension. Generally, the concrete undergoes compression on top
flange and tension at bottom flange. In pre-stressing the
tendons are stretched along the axis and cement is poured
When the tendons are released the compression is generated
at the bottom which counter-balances the compression due to
loading at the top part of the beam.
• To summarize, Prestressing is the initial application of a load on
a structure to counteract the stresses and deformation arising
from the loads during its service period. In reinforced concrete
members, the prestress is commonly the steel reinforcement

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Prestressed Concrete:
Prestressed concrete is concrete in which internal stresses of high
magnitude and evenly distributed are introduced so that the
stresses developed from external loads are counteracted to
adequate degree. In reinforced concrete members, the prestressed is
primarily introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement.
The tensile strength of plain concrete is only a fraction of its
compressive strength and the problem of it lacking in tensile
strength has been overcome by introducing steel bars or mesh in it,
thus making a composite material which is known as Reinforced
Concrete. But in reinforced concrete, early cracks were developing
due to incompatibility in the strains of steel and concrete and hence
need for development of the a new material like Prestressed
concrete was felt.
The application of permanent compressive stress to a material like
concrete, which is strong in compression but weak in tension,
increases the apparent tensile strength of that material, because the
subsequent application of tensile stress must first overcome the
compressive prestress.
1.6 Methods of Prestressing:
Pre tensioning
 In pre tensioned members, the tendons are tensioned before
casting the concrete. One end of the reinforcement is fastened
to an abutment while the other end of the reinforcement is
pulled by using a jack and this end is then fixed to another end.
The concrete is then poured. After the concrete has cured and
hardened the ends of the reinforcement are released from the
abutment. The reinforcement which tends to resume its
original length will compress the concrete surrounding it by

10
 bond action. The prestress is thus transmitted to concrete
entirely by the action of bond between reinforcement and
surrounding concrete.

Post tensioning:
• In post-tensioned member, cables are tensioned after the
concrete has fully hardened. The beam is first cast leaving ducts
for placing the tendons. When concrete has hardened and
developed its strength, the tendon is passed through it. One
end is provided with an anchor and is fixed to the other end of
the member. Now other end of the tendon is pulled by a jack
that is attached against the end of the member. The jack
simultaneously pulls the tendon and compresses the concrete.
After the tendon is subjected to the required stresses, the end
of the tendon is also properly anchored to the concrete.

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1.7 Application of Prestressing
Method of prestressing is adopted in construction due to high-
strength steel, pre-stretched to allow its full strength to be
acchieved; and modern concrete, pre-compressed to minimize
cracking under tensile forces.
• Prestressed concrete is used in construction of short span
bridges in the form of precast pre-tensioned girders or planks
whereas for medium-length structures, precast-segmental form
is used. For the long span bridges, prestressed concrete
structures are being used.
• Prestressing method is being used over a period of time in
concrete dams to counter uplift and increase their overall
stability
• Prestressing method is adopted in high-pressure bearing
structures such as nuclear reactor vessels and containment
buildings, and petrochemical tank blast-containment walls

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 • Circular storage structures such as silos and tanks can use
prestressing forces to directly resist the outward pressures
generated by stored liquids or bulk-solids.

1.8 MIDAS CIVIL 2018

General
• Midas Civil is an integrated Solution System for Bridge and Civil
Engineering combining with structural analysis capabilities with
civil engineering specific stage analysis, pushover analysis and
nonlinear time history features, Midas Civil provides the
necessary tools for advanced modelling, analysis and design for
the bridge engineer. Features include RC, steel, PSC bridge
design, suspension and cable-stayed bridge analysis,
construction analysis and heat of hydration analysis

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

 R. SHREEDHAR(2016): A bridge is a structure built to span of a

physical obstacles like water body, valley or road to have
accessibility for people and vehicle. The design and
construction of road bridges requires in-depth and thorough
knowledge of the science & tech involved with sufficient
experience of bridge engineering. The present study is
performed to know the differences in design using IRC-
112:2011 and IRC-18:2000 and attempt is made to study
undefined parameters of IRC: 112-2011 such as span is to depth
(L/D) ratio. The present study is based on the design of PSC Box
girder by working stress method using IRC- 18-2000 and limit
state method using IRC- 112: 2011 code specifications. It is
observed that for Box girder, L/D ratios - 33 and 26 respectively
for LSD and WSM. In Box girder bridge quantity of concrete can
be minimized in LSD. The present study may help in LSD of Box
Girder Bridge design for defining Length/Depth ratio .
 KYONG JU KIM(2009): The accuracy of early cost estimates in
engineering and construction projects is utterly important to
both- feasibility study as well as evaluation of design
alternatives. In particular, to evaluate alternatives at the design
phase, fast and correct decision-making is required under a
limited definition of scope and constraints in available time and
information. This study helps to suggest an approximate cost
estimation model for PSC Beam bridges based on the quantity
of standard work. For model development, this study analyzes
cost structure and proportion of cost items through bill of
materials and quantities, identified eight representative work
items (Manufacturing PSC Beams, material, rebar
fabrication/placing, supporting post/scaffolding, form works,
slab waterproofing etc

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 OBJECTIVES

1. To study the different IRC loading classes for PSC road bridge.
2. To study various research papers associated with PSC bridges .
3. To study MOT(Ministry of Transport) guidelines for the
required dimensions and span of the bridge.
4. To apply the loads on the bridges to observe the behaviour of
bridge by using the help of MIDAS CIVIL 2018.
5. With the help of the software we analyse displacement,
deflection data for various load cases.
6. We will also check for axial, shear torsion and bending
moments of the bridge.

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 METHODOLOGY

ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE DESIGN STUDY OF IRC LOADING CLASS

REFERRED RESEARCH PAPERS USE OF MIDAS CIVIL 2018

BRIDGE OBSERVATION UNDER

DIFFERENT LOADS

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 R
EFERENCES

1. N. Krishna Raju, 1981, Prestressed Concrete, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India.
2. Dr V.K .Raina., “Concrete bridge practice: Analysis, Design &
Economics”, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company ltd. New Delhi,
1994
3. Referred R. SREEDHAR research journals and research magazines.

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