RURAL DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTION

UNDER
BLOCK DEVELOPMENT PLANNING SECTION
A Major project report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Civil Engineering

By

Priyanka Gurung (18CVLC28 )

Under the supervision of

Assistant Professor Mr. Akhilesh Pradhan

Faculty Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SIKKIM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(CHISOPANI, SOUTH SIKKIM)

AUGUST, 2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project work required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got all this all along my
project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I would
not forget to thank them, I respect and thank my external guides Tshering Wandi Sherpa
and Basanto Majhi, Block Development Planning Section, Government of India and my
internal guide Assistant Professor Akhilesh Pradhan for their consistent support and
guidance in carrying out the project work.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dean Ms. Ratika Pradhan and
Assistant Professor (HOD) Ms. Uden K Sherpa, Major project coordinator. Ms.Pemila
Bhutia all the faculty members, lab technicians and all non-teaching staffs of Civil
Engineering Department of Sikkim Institute of Science and Technology for providing us the
required facilities of the department during the course.

Further on, I want to thank Almighty God and our parents and friends who stood by us
during this demanding time of our project work.

Signature

Name of the student

 ABSTRACT
Rural development construction promotes access to economic and social services in
rural areas which improves the quality of life and economic well being of the people living in
relatively isolated areas. Rural development construction involves different types of
construction works such as roads, bridges or culverts, water tanks, retaining walls, houses,
etc. This present study covers all the data that I have collected during my internship program
at Block Development Planning Section, Sukhia Pokhari. This thesis shows different types of
construction works carried out in rural areas and the planning and procedure implemented for
the construction.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The impact of rural development construction are improvement in transportation
services, diversification of livelihood opportunities, improved services, better utilisation of
existing facilities. Rural development construction attempts to make villages self-sustaining
by constructing roads, retaining walls, buildings, culverts, water tanks and various other
facilities.

Mostly concrete roads are constructed in rural areas as it is more durable. They are
considerably less prone to wear and tear, defects like ruttering, cracking, stripping, loss of
texture, and potholes that can occur with flexible pavement surfaces. Low maintenance
requirement is one of the principal advantages of concrete road.

To avoid landslides and erosion of soil in landslide prone areas, retaining walls are
constructed. Rural development construction also includes small construction of one or two
storey buildings. Concrete culverts area the most common culverts that are constructed in
rural areas due to its high strength, less cost and quicker installation. Lastly, concrete water
tanks are a popular choice in rural areas for rain water harvesting. These are the construction
projects carried out in the rural areas. The primary concern of this project is to reduce the gap
between rural and urban people which would reduce unbalances and speed up the
development process.

Cement concrete roads- The roads having thin wearing surface consisting of cement
concrete (plane or reinforcement) are also known as cement concrete roads or concrete roads.
Thus concrete roads are also considered as all-weather roads because of their excellent hiding
surface, pleasing appearance and long life under most severe traffic conditions, cement
concrete roads are much preferred. Cement concrete roads are superior to most of the other
types of roads including bituminous road.

Advantages-

 Concrete roads have long life than any other roads.

 These roads are durable and are practically unaffected by weathering agencies.
 They provide an excellent riding surface under all weather conditions.
 They provide an impervious dustless and sanitary surface.
 They do not develop corrugations.
 Can be laid on many sub grades.
 Concrete roads are non-slippery and offer less active resistance.
 They provide good visibility for traffic during the night hours.
 Maintenance cost is low.
Retaining wall- All relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be
retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to
restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to. They are used to bound soils
between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possession undesirable slopes or in
areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific
purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the
backside and water on the front side is called a sea well or a bulkhead.

Advantages-

 Enhance overall property value.

 Durable and low maintenance.
 Extremely functional.
 Eco-friendly.
 Optimal utilisation of space.
 Prevent erosion.

Water tank- Reinforced concrete water tank are constructed for storing water. The tanks can
be made in different shapes usually circular and rectangular shapes are mostly used. The
tanks can be made of reinforced concrete or even of steel.

Basics of concrete water tank design- RCC water tank design should be based on sufficient
resistance to cracking to avoid leakage and adequate strength. For achieving these following
assumptions are made-

 Plain section before bonding remains plain after bonding.

 Both concrete and steel are perfectly elastic and modular ratio value given in IS 456-
Table 21.
 In calculation of stress both for flexural and direct tension or combination thereof
relating to resistance to cracking the entire section of concrete including the cover
together with reinforcement can be taken into consideration provided that tensile
stress in concrete limited to values provided in Table-2.
 Neglect concrete tensile strength during strength during strength calculation.

Bridge culvert- Bridges and culverts are important parts of the infrastructure of our
civilisation. Both provide passage for transportation usually over running water and it is
common to confuse them with each other. Various factors such as length, purpose the
complexity of design building components and structure are the distinguishing element
among bridges and culvert. Bridge culverts serve a dual purpose. It acts both as a bridge and
a culvert. Generally rectangular shape is constructed on rivers and canals. A foundation is
laid under the ground level and pavement surface is laid on top of the semis of culverts. We
can also term as multi-purpose culvert.

Advantages-

 Extension of the network by acting as a repeater.

 Very strong.
 Allows traffic to pass on it.
 Highly strong foundations.
 Most expensive river crossings.

IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete- Code of Practice is an Indian Standard code of
practice for general structural use of plain and reinforced concrete. The latest revision of this
standard was done in year 2000 and, reaffirmed 2005. So basically, IS stands for Indian
Standard, 456 stands for code of practice for general structural use of plain and reinforced
concrete, 2000 stands for revision.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
(2016) Yusuf Babangida Attahiru, Ruafa’i Allyu Yuari, Suleiman Abdulrahaman

“Design of Concrete pavement” The aim of this research article is to justify the use of
concrete pavement and to design a good concrete pavement that will be durable and serve the
community, for design life without any failure or problem. This has proved that on the overall
economic consideration, a concrete pavement is far more economical than the flexible
pavement. Recommendations such as; the concrete pavement should be adequately
roughened so as to provide skid resistance to vehicles plying the road, care must be taken in
order to ensure that the mix design of the concrete used is standard, care should be taken
when constructing, so that the chamber of the pavement will provide a free fall for water on
the pavement surface into the drainage provided, care must also taken to ensure that the sub-
base layer is graded and compacted to a smooth surface.

Neha Kolate, Molly Mathew, Snehal Mali (2014), considered the investigation and
plan of box extension and they have discovered the Box duct is anything but difficult to
include length in case of broadening of the street and Box is fundamentally exceptionally
solid, unbending and safe. Box needn’t bother with any detailed establishment and can
without much of a stretch be set over delicate established by expanding base piece projection
to hold base weight inside safe bearing limit.

J.Z. Chen and M.R. Kianoush (2004) studied the influence of different seismic zones
on response of concrete tanks. The responses of three different tanks subjected to three
different time history ground motions located in different seismic zones are studied. They
proposed a new procedure based on sequential analysis to determine hydrodynamic pressures
for rectangular tanks. The effect of wall flexibility on impulsive pressures is considered in
this method. The behaviour of three types of open tanks is studied under seismic ground
motions are studied. The tanks are for these studies are classified as shallow, medium, and
tall tanks. Three suites of time history representing low, moderate and high earthquake zones
are used for dynamic time history analysis. It is concluded that a lumped mass tank. The
sloshing effects of the fluid inside the tanks and soil structure interaction of the elevated tanks
located on six different soils were included in the analysis. The models were analysed for the
foundations with and any effect on the other response parameters such as sloshing
displacement.

Punde Gayatri V.1, Auti Akanksha S.2, Yendhe Rutuja R.3, Yende Aishwarya
A.4, Shelar Trijeta R.5 made Design of Retaining wall, Retaining walls are usually built to
hold back soil mass to retain soil which is unable to stand vertically by themselves. However,
retaining walls can also be constructed for aesthetic landscaping purposes. They are also
provided to maintain the grounds at two different levels. Retaining walls shall be designed to
withstand lateral earth and water pressures, the effects of surcharge loads, the self-weight of
the wall. All analysis and design are based on the ACI code. The existing shear stack was of
great help in designing the two models, both were set up as full scale model or prototype with
accordingly adapted dimension to avoid the breakage of reinforcements during the testing ,
the quantity of geogrids was a deliberately increase the way from the two limit state of
internal stability, only the pull out failure was allowed.

CHAPTER 3
 PROBLEM DEFINITION
The problems that I faced during this project construction are –

As all these projects were constructed in rural areas, earthwork in excavation was done by
manual labour so it took more time. The excavation of hard soil by manual means is difficult.
As the site was located in isolated area, the carriage of material was difficult. Extra labours
were required for carriage. Waterlogging was caused in excavation area due to rainfall which
affected the construction period. In some cases due to the poor workmanship of unskilled
labours, various problems were faced during the concrete work such as bleeding, segregation.
Bleeding is caused due to highly wet mix and badly proportioned concrete ingredients.
Segregation of concrete is the separation of cement paste and aggregates of concrete from
each other during handling and placement. During transportation of concrete by manual
means loss of concrete was caused. Above this, during shuttering timber was used as
framework as it is cheap. Due to the rainwater, warping, sulking and shrinkage of the timber
were caused. At that time of removal of the framework due to improper precaution, there was
shock or vibration which damaged the reinforced concrete in some places.

CHAPTER 4
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
 To study the method of construction of a concrete road.
 To study the method of construction of a dining hall.
 To prepare an architectural plan of a dining hall.
 To study the method of construction of a retaining wall.
 To study the construction procedure of a concrete water tank.
 To study the foundation work, shuttering, concrete work and reinforcement used in a
RCC culvert.
 Preparing estimation of the structures and rural community road.

CHAPTER 5
 METHODOLOGY

CONSTRUCTION OF A CONCRETE ROAD

The methods that I learned during construction of a concrete road are-

 Measurement of Road- The length of the road is 125m. The breadth and the thickness
of the road has been measured in every 10m length. An average breadth of the road is
2.6m and an average thickness is 0.126m. After that an average volume has been
calculated which is 40.93m3. Next, volume and quantity of cement, fine aggregates
and coarse aggregates is calculated.

JEEPABLE ROAD-I

LENGTH BREADTH THICKNESS

1. 10m 3m 0.1m
2. 20m 2.4m 0.1m
3. 30m 2.5m 0.1m
4. 40m 2.6m 0.2m
5. 50m 2.5m 0.1m
6. 60m 2.9m 0.1m
7. 70m 2.5m 0.1m
8. 80m 2.7m 0.15m
9. 90m 2.6m 0.3m
10. 100m 2.5m 0.1m
11. 110m 2.5m 0.1m
12. 120m 2.6m 0.1m
13. 130m 2.5m 0.1m
 Estimation- An estimate of different types of works carried out during construction
has been made which have showed in the report.

 Earthwork in excavation by manual means (lift up to1.5m) in loose and soft soil
including removing, spreading, or stacking. The soil within in the lead beyond 75
metre up to 100 metre including the sides of trenches, levelling, dressing, and
ramming the bottom, bailing out water, etc as required has been done.

 Earthwork in filling in foundation and plinth in layers not exceeding 15cm including
and ramming is done.

 Laying soling is proper camber, hand packing and spreading powdered earth in the
interstices with stones supplied at site is done. Stone boulders of 15-22.5cm thick are
used.

 Shuttering and centering and necessary staging up to 4m is done using approved props
and thick hard wood planks of approved thickness with repaired braising including
fitting, fining and striking out after completion of works.

 Batching and mining- After determining properties of ingredients for concrete mix
(1:3:6), the fine and coarse aggregates has been mixed in proportion. The materials
used are 10mm, 40mm, 20mm nominal size stone aggregate, Portland cement and
coarse sand. The ingredients of concrete are mixed in proper proportion in dry state.
The major quantity of water is added so that the desired water cement ratio is
obtained.

 Placing of concrete- After mining concrete is deposited rapidly in layer of thickness

not more than 50mm to 80mm. The concrete is placed over the entire width of bay in
successive batches as a continuous operation and top most layer is laid about 10mm
higher than actual profile for further tamping. While placing the concrete it has been
mixed with suitable tools to eliminate voids. Segregation of concrete is avoided
during placing.
 GRADES OF CONCRETE

Group Grade Description Specified characteristics

Compressive Strength of 150mm
Cube at 28 days in N/mm2

(1) (2) (3)

Ordinary M10 10

Concrete M20 15

M30 20

Standard
Concrete M25 25

M30 30

M35 35

M40 40

M45 45

M50 50

M55 55

60
High Strength M60

Concrete M65 65

M70 70

M75 75

M80 80

 Reinforcement- Reinforcement of concrete is then placed on top of compacted

concrete. Reinforcement for reinforced concrete work in all sorts of structure
including distribution bars, stirrups, benders, etc including initial straightening and
removal of loose rust, cutting to requisite length, hooking and bending to correct
shape, placing in proper position and bending with 16 gauge black annealed wire at
every intersection is done. Longer span reinforcement is 4m in length and 0.88m in
breadth. The member of longer span reinforcement used is 19. The shorter span
reinforcement is 1.8m in length and 0.888m in breadth. The number of shorter span
 reinforcement is 41. High yield strength deformed bars/ tor steel rods/ TMT bars are
used.

 Compaction of cement concrete road – After the concrete is placed in its position, it
has been brought in its proper position by tamper. After compaction the slab surface is
floated longitudinally with a wooden board.

 Lasting curing is done for 24 hours. By the time the concrete becomes hard enough to
work upon and then wedge mats are removed and final curing is done for 2 to 3
weeks.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A DINING HALL
The various methods that I went through during construction of a dining hall for capacity of
60 students.

 Construction planning- The first step when we are constructing a project it is vital to
lay out a plan for the project. The reason is that it helps to anticipate the features and
functions of different parts of construction process. So, I learned to prepare an
architectural plan for this dining hall using AutoCAD.

 Estimation- After planning was done, I learned to prepare a rough estimate of the
different types of works.

 Foundation – The type of an isolated footing is used in this structure. Earthwork in

excavation of foundation trenches or drains is done. The foundation length is 1.5m
and breadth is also 1.5m as it is a square footing. The height is 2m. The number of the
column foundation is 6.
 Laying soling- 150mm to 200mm size boulder soling was done in base of the column,
floor, and floor vharandha.

 Placing cement concrete- Ordinary cement concrete (mix 1:2:4) with graded stone
chips of 20mm nominal size is used in ground floor, column bar, floor, floor
vharandha as per relevant IS-code. Ordinary cement concrete (mix 1:1:8:3) with
graded stone chips of nominal size is used in column up to the tie beam, column up to
the beam, lintel, chajja door, chajja window, beam length wise, beam breadth wise,
slab.

 Shuttering- Timber shuttering is done to cast concrete members in different shapes

and sizes. Thick wooden planks of 20mm and 30mm thickness is used for concrete
slabs, beams, columns, lintels, up to the roof of ground floor as directed by the
engineer in- charge.

 Brickwork- The brick used in the brickwork construction is 1 st class with cement
mortar ratio of 1:4. The thickness of the brickwork is 125mm.

 RCC work- Cutting to requisite length, hooking and bending to correct shape of the
reinforcement including distribution bars, stirrups, binders, etc. Mild steel is used for
the foundation, basement and up to the roof. The bending is done with 16 gauge black
annealed wire.
 Correcting in slab- Concrete of grade M-20 has been used up to 6.65m length and
breadth 5.4m with the thickness of 0.10m.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A RETAINING WALL
The various methods that I studied during a construction of a retaining wall are-

 Earthwork in excavation for foundation- The length of excavation is 15m and breadth
is 2m with the height of 1.47m.

 Laying soling- Stone boulder of size 150mm is laid at the bottom of the wall.

 Concrete work- M10 grade of concrete (1:3:6) is used with 30mm down graded stone
in wall base, wall side, wall top, and wall topmost as directed.

 Shuttering- The thickness of wooden shuttering with centering and necessary staging
is 25mm to 30mm as directions. The length of shuttering is 15mm and breadth is
1.05m.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A RESERVE WATER TANK
The various methods that I learned during the construction of reserve water tank are-

 Earthwork in excavation- The soil is excavated to a depth that does not exceed
1500mm. The length of reserve tank is 1.5m and breadth is 1.5m and the height is
0.30m.

 Soling- A single brick flat soling of picked jhama bricks is done. The bed is rammed
and dressed to proper level and the joints are filled with local sand.

 Concrete work- M15 grade (1:2:4) of ordinary cement concrete is used with the
graded stone chips of 20mm nominal size graded stone is used in tank base, tank sides
and tank slab.

 Reinforcement- The reinforcement is put to requisite length, hooked and bent to

correct shape, placed in proper position and binded with 16 gauge black annealed wire
at centre-section.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A RCC CULVERT
The various methods that I learned during construction of a RCC culvert are-

 Earthwork in excavation- Earthwork in excavation of foundation trenches, roadway,

wall including removing, spreading or stacking of soil is done. The length of the
foundation is 2.5m, breadth is 3.05m, and height is 2.10m. The length of the roadway
is 15m, breadth is 3m, and height is 1.5m. The length of the wall is 6m and breadth is
1.32 and height is 0.45m.

 Concrete work- M20 (1:1:5:3) grade of cement with 20mm nominal size stone chips
is laid in RCC foundation, beam, hunch, slab, post. M15 grade of concrete with 20mm
stone chips is used in abutment and wall base.

 Shuttering- 25mm to 30mm thick wooden shuttering is done with required braising
for the concrete slabs, beams, columns, lintels curved. Shuttering is used for
foundation, beam, slab post, hunch, abutment, wall.

 RCC work- Reinforcement including distribution bars, stirrups, benders, is cut to

requisite length, hooked and bent to correct shape, placed in proper position and
binded with 16 gauge black annealed wire at intersection as per drawing and
direction. In foundation 16 mm diameter main bar and 16mm diameter distribution
bar is used.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
FOUNDATION

REINFORCEMENT NO. DIAMETER LENGTH BREADTH HEIGHT

BOTTOM MAIN BAR 34 0.016 2.20 1.54 1.00
BOTTOM 28 0.016 2.70 1.54 1.00
DISTRIBUTION BAR
TOP MAIN BAR 34 0.016 2.20 1.54 1.00
TOP DISTRIBUTION 28 0.016 2.70 1.54 1.00
BAR
 BEAM

REINFORCEMENT NO. DIAMETER LENGTH BREADTH HEIGHT

MAIN BAR 32 0.025 9 3.85 1.0

STIRRUPS OUTER 122 2.20 0.40 1.0
INTERMEDIATE
HORIZONTAL 122 1.36 0.40 1.0
STIRRUPS
INTERMEDIATE 122 1.56 0.40 1.0
HORIZONTAL
STIRRUPS
HUNCH 32 5.10 1.54 1.0
STIRRUPS 112 0.08 1.60 1.60 1.0

SLAB

REINFORCEMENT NO. DIAMETER LENGTH BREADTH HEIGHT

MAIN BAR 11 0.12 8.95 0.89 1.00

MAIN BAR 11 0.010 8.95 0.89 1.00
DISTRIBUTION 91 0.012 2.05 0.89 1.00
BAR
DISTRIBUTION 91 0.010 2.05 0.88 1.00
BAR
POST 80 1.15 0.62 1.00
STIRRUPS 100 0.90 0.22 1.00
BEAM 36 9.00 0.62 1.00
STIRRUPS 180 0.90 0.22 1.00
ABUTMENT (4X25) 100 3.05 0.89 1.00
ABUTMENT (4X20) 80 2.50 0.89 1.00
ABUTMENT (4X14) 56 3.05 0.89 1.00
ABUTMENT (4X20) 80 1.42 0.89 1.00

 Soling- Soling is done in abutment base, road way and wall within 150mm to 200mm
boulder. Rough dressing, hand packing and ramming is done. The length of the soling
done is abutment base is 2.5m and breadth is 2.10m. The roadway the length is 15m
and breadth is 3.5m. The soling done in wall is 6m long and 1.32m broad.
 CHAPTER 6

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

ESTIMATION FOR A DINING HALL

Estimation- Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the various quantities and the
expected expenditure to be incurred on a particular work project. In case the funds available are less than the
estimated cost the work is done in part or by reducing it or specifications are altered, the following requirements
necessary for preparing an estimate.
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF DINING HALL

If we had to define what AutoCAD is in a few words, we would say that it is CAD-type
software oriented to drawing and modelling in 2D and 3D. It allows the creation and
modification of geometric models with almost infinite capacity to develop all types of
structures and objects. This ability to work in different fields has made AutoCAD transcend
its traditional use in the world of architecture and engineering, to enter the world of graphic
and interior design. Currently, AutoCAD has a multitude of specialized auxiliary tools which
cover every kind of industrial fields related to 2D design and 3D modelling.
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
This project is a very good source of knowledge for me. The knowledge that I gained in
college helped me a lot when I went to sites for better understanding. I visited various
construction sites such as concrete road construction, building construction, retaining wall,
water tank and bridge culvert construction. I interacted with engineers appointed, sets of
workers and contractors and helped supervising the execution of different activities such as
measuring, planning, etc. There has been times when a mason or an unskilled labour has
provided me a better perspective of the situation and probably a solution too as they are into
their respective work from a long time. This project work taught me things from practical
point of view. I was given a respective task such as preparing an estimate, taking
measurements, planning, studying the construction procedures of different works. Although
this is the first time I am doing internship on rural development construction, it helped me to
understand the civil engineering concept practically which gives exposure of application of
civil engineering along with construction techniques. Overall, this project helped me to gain
tremendous amount of experience in shortest amount of time.
 CHAPTER 8

REFERENCES
 Neha Kolate, Molly Mathew, Snehal Mali, “Analysis and Design of RCC Box
culvert” International Journal of scientific and engineering research Volume 5, issue
12, December ISSN 2229-5518.

 IS 456:2000, “Plain reinforced concrete-code of practice”, Bureau of Indian

Standards, New Delhi, India.

 I-Z Chen and M.R. Kiamoush (2004) Volume:04 issue:04, 13th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering(2004) PN (1441)

 Punde Gayatri V.I, Auti Akansha S.2, Yendhe Rutuja R.3, Yendhu Aishwarya A.4,
Shelar Trijeta R.5, “ Design of Volume -8”, issue -6, August 2019