“INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FIBERS IN BIO INSPIRED

CONCRETE.”

A project report submitted to

VELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
In fulfilment of the Requirement for the award of Degree for
MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGY IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:
SWETHA MALLAMPATI- 218W1D8716

Under the Guidance of

Dr.ANUJA U.CHARPE
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

V.R.SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
(AFFLIATED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
KAKINADA)
APPROVED BY AICTE – ACCREDITED BY
NBAVIJAYAWADA-520007
2021-2023

“INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FIBERS IN BIO INSPIRED

CONCRETE.”
A project report submitted to
VELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
In fulfilment of the Requirement for the award of Degree for
MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGY IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
SWETHA MALLAMPATI- 218W1D8716

Under the Guidance of

Dr.ANUJA U.CHARPE
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

V.R.SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FIBERS
IN BIO INSPIRED CONCRETE.” Submitted by SWETHA MALLAMPATI in partial
fulfilment for the award of a Master’s Degree in Structural Engineering to the
V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada is a record of the
bona fide work carried out under my guidance and supervision. The results presented in
this project report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for the
award of any degree.

Project Guide Program Coordinator Signature of HOD

Dr.Anuja Dr.Lakshmi Keshav Dr.Chava Srinivas
U.Charpe
Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor & HOD,CE

Signature of the External Examiner

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project titled “INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FIBERS IN BIO
INSPIRED CONCRETE.” is a bona fide work duly completed by me. It does not contain any
part of other projects or the thesis of other candidates to this orany institute or university.

All such materials that have been obtained from other sources have been duly
acknowledged.

SWETHA MALLAMPATI 218W1D8716

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It gives me great pleasure to thank Dr.ANUJA U.CHARPE (ASSISTANT

PROFESSOR), Department of Civil Engineering, for the constant support and guidance
given to me through out the course of this project. She has been a constant source of
inspiration for me.
I take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor and Head,
Department of Civil Engineering, for his support during the development of the project.
I take the opportunity to acknowledge the contributions of all faculty members of
the department for their assistance and co-operation during the development to for
project. I thank all the Non-Teaching Staff of the Department who helped me in the
course for the project. Last but not the least, I acknowledge my classmates for their
support in seeing the project through to completion.

SWETHA MALLAMPATI 218W1D8716

 “INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FIBERS IN BIO INSPIRED
CONCRETE”

ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the process bio-cementation is widely used in field of Civil
Engineering. It is acknowledged as a green choice to use bio-cementation as a bonding
agent in building materials. Calcium carbonate for use in construction is produced by the
bio-cementation process using microorganisms. The bio-cementation technique creates a
binding in building materials based on a process called Microbial Induced CaCO 3
Precipitation (MICCP). MICCP is catalysed through cementation and hydrolysis urea. By
using urease enzyme, ureolytic bacteria produce precipitated CaCO3. Calcium ions and
carbon dioxide from urea combine to generate calcium carbonate. Bio-cementation
process will also help to enhance the compressive strength by reducing water
permeability. Bio-cementation is proved to be an eco-friendly technology in the various
fields of engineering. An attempt was made to use the coconut shells (CS) as coarse
aggregate (CA) in concrete. In this study, treated sand is used with replacing the fine
aggregate. And also with the combination of sugarcane bagasse fiber replacing with
cement. The effect of bio-cementation process on bio inspired light weight concrete was
observed. The considerable increment in the mechanical properties were found when
compared to normal concrete.

Key words: Bio-cementation, MICCP technique, Urea hydrolysis, Coconut shells,

Microbial solution, Light weight concrete, Sugarcane bagasse fiber.
 CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
Utilization of concrete is increasingly at high rate due to infrastructure developments.
Sustainable construction aims to reduce the industry’s impact on the nature. Compared to
traditional materials, bacterial material is smarter. Therefore, it can be used in a various types of
building projects to enhance performance, including concrete self-healing. Bio-concrete is an
innovative building material that can heal itself when cracks occur. The bio-concrete is stronger,
has less permeability, and provides greater corrosion resistance than conventional concrete. The
use of sustainable materials will also decrease in the building's long-term maintenance
expenditures. Calcium carbonate is continuously precipitated throughout this process, which is
known as MICCP (Microbiologically induced calcium calcite precipitation). The procedure for
producing calcium carbonate that has been studied through MICCP. Numerous ureolytic
bacterial species have the tendency to generate calcium carbonate as a part of their metabolism.
MICCP process helps to gain significant strength and improvement in durability parameters of
construction materials.
The employment of bio-cementation as a bonding agent in construction materials is becoming
increasingly acknowledged as a green option. Bio-cementation is a method for producing
calcium carbonate for construction needs by using microorganisms. Its manufacture is the
formation of a CaCO3deposit as a result of the action of microorganisms in a calcium-rich
environment. Urea hydrolysis process in Bacillus pasteurii.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

 To study the effect of bio-cementation process on concrete.
 To evaluate the effect of sugarcane bagasse fiber on bio-cemented concrete.
 To study the effect of coconut shells as aggregate in bio-concrete.
 To evaluate the engineering properties of coconut shell aggregates.
 Crack healing and surface treatment using microbial solution.

1.3 BIO-CEMENTATION:
Calcium carbonate is continuously precipitated throughout this process, which is known as
MICCP (Microbiologically induced calcium calcite precipitation). Concrete that has been bio-
engineered to create calcium carbonate crystals naturally to patch surface fissures in the concrete
constructions. Concrete’s comparatively low tensile strength is the cause of cracks in the
material. The bio-concrete is a substance that, when exposed to microorganisms, will
biologically manufacture minerals like limestone, which will seal fractures in the concrete
surfaces. Self-healing concrete is a remedy for the issue of concrete structure durability and is
also gaining popularity as a smart material with intriguing future uses in civil infrastructure. All
bridges and road construction employ self-healing concrete because they frequently develop tiny
cracks from large loads and require ongoing maintenance. Concrete’s weak tensile strength is the
cause of its cracks. Materials that have the ability to spontaneously repair damage to themselves
without endangering humans are known as self- healing materials. The spores of the bacteria
Initiate microbial activities on contact with the water and oxygen when fractures start to emerge
in a concrete structure and water begins to seep in. Additionally, this study will look into how
bacteria affect concrete specimens’ compressive strength and strength return, increases the
durability of concrete and decreases permeability of concrete. Reduces corrosion of steel owing
to crack development.

1.3.1 Mechanism of Bio-cementation by urea hydrolysis:

Bio–cementation takes about 24 hours to complete the nutrition prepare incubation for 37°C.
Bio-cement undergoes two steps: Step I- bacteria ingest nutrients such as sugar, nitrogen &
proteins for the growth of the bacterial and enzymes produced from the bacterial species they
hydrolyse urea components in the presence of water to form ammonium and carbonate ions
which leads to Calcium carbonate and Step II- again the additional of nutrients such as calcium
chloride, in the presence of calcium ions on the soil particles, the carbonate ions react
spontaneously with the calcium ions to form calcium carbonate and the calcite precipitates/the
cementing agent used to bind the soil particles together to increase strength and stiffness. This is
a very complex process which consists of the following reactions (1) to (7):
Urea is initially digested by urease to produce carbamate and ammonia.
CO(NH2)2 +H2O → NH2COOH + NH3............(1)
Additional one mole of carbonic acid and ammonia are created as a result of the carbamate's
hydrolysis.
NH2COOH + H2O → NH3 + H2CO3............(2)
Following that, these substances create 2 moles of ammonium and hydroxyl ions and 1 mole of
bicarbonate, respectively.
H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-............(3)
2NH3 + 2H2O → 2NH4+ + 2OH-............(4)
Therefore, mentioned reactions promotes pH value, which causes a shift in the bicarbonate
equilibrium and the formation of carbonate ions.
HCO3- + H+ + 2NH4+ +2OH- → CO32- + 2NH4+ + 2H2O............(5)
The ability of bacteria to remove cations from their environment, such Ca2+, and deposit them on
their cell surfaces is facilitated by the presence of negatively charged cell walls in many bacteria.
As a result, the Ca2+ions and CO32−ions interact to create the precipitation of CaCO3the location
where nucleation takes place, which is the cell surface.
Ca2+ + Bacterial Cell → Bacterial Cell- Ca2+...........(6)
BacterialCell- Ca2+ +CO32- → Bacterial Cell- CaCO3 ↓................(7)

1.3.2 Advantages of Bio-cementation:

1. Desaturation
 2. Remediate cracks in building materials.
3. Improvement in compressive strength of concrete.
4. Improvement of the durability.
5. Reduction in permeability of concrete.
6. Eco-friendly
7. Soil strengthening and sealing.
1.3.3 Limitations of Bio-cementation:
1. Calcite precipitation process is time taken process.
2. Proper conditions are required for the growth of bacteria.
3. No standards and codes are available for Bio-concrete.
1.3.4 Applications of Bio-cementation:
• For reservoir, dams, retaining walls and embankments can increase the stability.
• Stabilization of soil will improve the under ground Construction works.
• Erosion control
• Seepage of waste water ponds and storage tanks can be controlled.
• Construction pavement will be stronger.
• The process of binding particles will reduces dust on the surface.
• Soil bearing capacity of foundation can increases.

1.4 COCONUT SHELL:

India is the third-largest producer of coconuts in the world. Generally, lot of coconut shells waste
is generated daily. Coconut shell is a waste, generated by industrial and agricultural processes.
Coconut shells are a non-biodegradable waste of the coconut business that is utilised for a variety
of advantageous tasks, including the creation of charcoal-activated carbon and other things.
Considering that coconut shells have acceptable qualities that are comparable to those of
traditional coarse aggregates, using coconut shells as aggregate in concrete offers a possible
solution to the problems associated with managing coconut shells. It is fastest depleting natural
resources but also provide the solution for the disposal of coconut shell waste in India. It is used
for the high production of high strength light weight concrete.
The coconut shells were collected from local oil mill. Coconut shells was broken manually by
hammer. This project deals with the partial replacement of coconut shells with coarse aggregate
at 10%. The coconut shells are broken into smaller pieces upto 20mm. The coconut shell
aggregate is passed through 20mm size sieve and retain on 16mm size sieve.

1.4.1 Properties of coconut shell:

 Coconut shell has high potential material due to its high strength and modulus properties.
 Coconut shell has low cellulose content due to which it absorbs less moisture
  Coconut shells exhibits admirable properties compared to other materials such as high
specific strength and low density

1.4.2 Advantages of coconut shell:

 Coconut shell aggregate concrete can be classified as light-weight concrete.
 Producing economic concrete by reducing the cost of material.
 Coconut shell is a renewable resource and it is environmental friendly.
 Coconut shell is a waste material generated by agricultural waste.

1.5 SUGARCANE BAGASSE FIBER:

Sugarcane bagasse is the fibrous residue of juice removed in sugarcane industry. The waste
obtained from sugarcane during the process of producing sugar is known as bagasse. Bagasse is
known as sugarcane pulp. Bagasse is a by-product of the sugarcane industry. Sugarcane bagasse
fiber is a kind of waste material that comes from the sugar industry. The structure of sugarcane is
a bit different than other cellulosic fibers. It has a stalk part, which is quite strong, but the stalk
part contains of segment called joints and each joint has a node and inter node is weaker.

1.5.1 Properties of sugarcane bagasse fiber:

 Bagasse consists of three components namely, pith, fibre and rind mixed in different
proportions.
 Bagasse fiber can increase crack control.
 The extracted fiber can show quite good mechanical properties.

1.5.2 Advantages of sugarcane bagasse fiber:

 The bagasse is pure waste material.
 Bagasse can be utilized in any application even after a few simple pre-treatments, the
process still produces a very economical product.
 The product is a biodegradable.
 Usage of sugarcane bagasse in construction can reduce of environmental pollution.

1.6 NEED OF THE PRESENT STUDY:

The major quantity of agricultural waste are sugarcane bagasse , paddy and wheat straw and jute
fibers, groundnut shells , coconut husk etc.
Experiment has been conducted by waste materials like sugarcane bagasse fiber, coconut shells,
kitchen waste water etc. So we can use in the mix of concrete. The use of waste materials saves
the natural resources and dumping ground and helps to maintain a clean environment. The
current concrete construction is sustainable. In the present research work, using coconut shells as
aggregates, it conserves granite but also provide the solution for the disposal of coconut shell
waste.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Charpe AU, et al. (2019): The bio-cementation can replace chemical admixtures and other
harmful materials for the environment, it will be a sustainable option. Soil as source of bacteria
for Bio-cementation. It improves the mechanical properties of concrete. The cost reduced by
using lentil seed powder as protein source for bacterial growth instead of peptone and sugar as
carbon source for bacterial growth instead of glucose. Compressive strength of the concrete mix
after 28 days of curing is 30-35 N /mm². The term bio-concrete refers to concrete that has been
enhanced with the ability of microorganisms to precipitate calcium carbonate (MICCP), which
aids in sealing the concrete's fissures and gives it a self-healing quality.

2.2 Achal V and Mukherjee. A. (2015): Concrete's mechanical and durability characteristics,
such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability, influence the production of
micro-cracks and shorten the material's usable life. As a result, bio-concrete is regarded as an
environmentally beneficial construction material because it emits less CO2 and reduces the need
for maintenance and repairs. Three components make up bio-concrete: calcium ions, bacteria
with MICCP capabilities, and nutrients that produce cementitious materials.

2.3 Anuja U. Charpe, et al. (2017): When compared to the control specimen, the compressive
strength of bio-OPC increased by about 23%, with a water-cement ratio of 0.35 and a 15%
reduction in water absorption. Sugar, lentil seeds, and materials for bacterial solutions are
nutrients that are very cost-effective. The price of lentil seed powder is around 53 times less than
that of peptone. Compared to glucose, sugar is 12 times more affordable.

2.4 Amarnath Yerramala, Ramachandrudu. C (2012): Coconut shells were used in place
of certain aggregate in concrete, and their properties were investigated. Coconut shells were
used to replace 10–20% of the coarse aggregate used in control concrete, which also contained
normal aggregate. The strength of concrete made with coconut shells is reduced when they are
added, whereas it is increased when fly ash is added, either as a replacement for cement or as
an aggregate. Lower concrete densities were achieved with an increase in the percentage of
coconut shells. As the percentage of coconut shells increased so did the growth in 7-days
strength and the strength of the 28-days curing.

2.5 Mandal Bharat, et al. (2018): The physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete
reinforced with coconut fibre and coarse aggregates, some of the coarser aggregate particles
having been replaced with coconut shells, are the primary subject of this work. Coconut shells
(CS) were substituted for coarse aggregates (CA) by volumes of 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14%
while designing M20 concrete using the American Concrete Institute (ACI) method.Coconut
fibres were added at levels of 3%, 4%, and 5% of cement content for each substitution of CA
for CS. Concrete manufacturing was justified in employing substitutes when it was found that
the compressive strength of particular mixes compared to the characteristic strength. The
mixture that focused on tensile strength, which was really the one with 10% of CA replaced
by CS in terms of volume and 3% of coconut fibre added, would therefore be the ideal one for
the final concrete. The study unequivocally shows a reduction in the total density of the
concrete.

2.6 Tomas Ucol Ganiron, et al. (2017): By creating products from agricultural waste and
providing an alternative building material, this initiative aims to lessen social and
environmental issues.Additionally, this made it possible to substitute coconut fibre and shells
for conventional aggregates for making concrete hollow blocks. This study provides a
summary of the findings regarding the workability and compressive strength of concrete made
with various percentages of coconut shell in place of a specific aggregate. There were tests for
compressive strength and workability. The results demonstrate that workable concrete with
enough strength may be produced when suitable coconut shell content is replaced. When
compared to the traditional concrete mixture, the strength of the concrete was increased by
using coconut shell, making it the strongest.

2.7 Shrikanth M.Harle (2017): Coconut shell is very durable, possess high resistance to
abrasion, and doesn’t degenerate easily. Also mentioned was the possibility of using coconut
shells as a lightweight aggregate while creating lightweight concrete (LWC). This report also
says about the primary treatment of coconutshells and also observed the absorption percentage
by coconut shells andanalysis of SEM images .This paper reviews that the use of coconut
shells in cement concrete can help inwastereduction.Itanalysisthepercentageincreasein
strengthwiththecorresponding28 days curingstrength.

2.8 Cerqueira D.A. (2007): Sugarcane is cultivated in considerable quantities in tropical

countries. It is used in sugar mills and alcohol mills. But it cannot be consumed entirely by
those mills as about 30% pulpy fibrous residue is produced after being utilized in those mills.
These residues are called bagasse.

2.9 Loh Y.R. (2013): It is generally a kind of waste, which may have some particular uses.
Since it contains quite a fair amount of cellulose, this cellulose can be extracted, and that
cellulose can have different applications. The fibrous materials may also be used as fiber in
the textile and civil engineering sector, too though they may need some unique treatments
before being used. More specifically, this bagasse can be used to reinforce composite
materials for creating a totally new type of material. The bagasse is used in various
applications, including paper industries, as feedstock, as biofuel, etc.

2.10 Faisal Sheikh Khalid, et al. (2017): Compressive strength of the concrete were
decreased when the amount of sugarcane fiber increased. The optimum percentage that give
the higher compressive strength is 0.5% either for normal concrete or lightweight concrete
and this is not far from the strength of concrete control.Tensile strength of the concrete were
increased when the amount of sugarcane fiber increase especially for normal concrete since
1.5% volume of sugarcane is the highest compared with the tensile strength of concrete
control. However, optimum tensile strength of the lightweight with sugarcane fibre is
0.5% .However, the incrementof sugarcane fibre in the lightweight concrete reduce the tensile
strength of the lightweightconcrete. Overall, volume fiber content of 0.5% of sugarcane
bagasse was the significantlyfor mix design for normal concrete and lightweight concrete
containing sugarcane.

2.11 Himanshu Madhwani, et al. (2020): Natural fibers, Sugarcane bagasse fibre which is a
by-product of the sugar industry. In this study is to ascertain the mechanical strength and
durabilityof the sugarcane fibre reinforced foam concrete. In this study, foam concrete was
prepared with inclusionof bagasse fibre in different percentages of 0% (CS or controlled
specimen), 1%, 3% and 5% with respect tocement by weight. The experimental results
indicate improvement of the strength properties with theuse of bagasse fibers. Effects of fibers
on water absorption rate, drying shrinkage were also studied.Development of micro-cracks is
well restricted by a low fiber content (1%) sample than 3% and 5% in foam concrete which is
why 1% samples have shown improved strength than the other blends (3% and 5%) as the
higher content of fibers creates more air voids and results in decrease of the strength.

2.12 U.K. Gollapudi, et al. (1995): From the literature demonstrated that there was no calcite
formation when microorganisms were absent, indicating that CaCO 3 deposition was accelerated
by microbial activity rather than chemical action.

2.13 Shannon Stocks-Fischer, et al. (1999): In porous media, microbial mineral plugging is a
typical natural process. They investigated the physical and biochemical properties of CaCO3
precipitation carried on by the alkalophilic soil microorganism Bacillus pasteurii.Stocks-Fischer
S et. Al.(1999)We investigated the physical and biochemical characteristics of CaCO3
prepipitation brought on by the alkalophilic soil baccterium Bacillus pasteurii. The mineral
deposit in the sand was quantified using X-ray diffraction examination, and the CaCO3 crystal
was recognized as calcite. SEM analysis 37 yealed the presence of bacteria acting as nucleation
sites in the midst of the calcite crystals. The rate of microbiological CaCO3 precipitation was
substantially higher than that of chemical precipitation and linked with cell development. To
comprehend the kinetics of the microbiological process, the biochemical characteristics of urease
(urea amidohydrolase, E.C. 2.1.5) from B. pasteurii that was indirectly engaged in CaCO3
precipitation were studied. With a Km of 41.6 mM and a Vmax of 3.55mM min-1 mg-1 protein,
B. pasteurii urease has a comparatively low affinity for urea at pH 7.0 and improved affinity with
a Km of 26.2 mg, and a Vmax of 1.72 mM min1 mg1 protein at pH 7.7. The results of kinetic
tests show that at the pH where calcite precipitation is ad2ntageous, urease activity and its
affinity to urea are notably high. Our research also raises the possibility of using the microbial
calcite precipitation mechanism to clean up porous media’s surface and subsurface.

2.14 P. Ghosh, et al. (2005): In this review, a method for strengthening cement-sand mortar
using microbiologically induced mineral precipitation is described. With the water used for
mixing, a thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms is added at various cell concentrations.
According to the study, adding around 105 cells/ml of mixing water increased the compressive
strength of cement mortar by 25% after 28 days.

2.15 V Achal, et al. (2009): The mutant (Bp M-3) shown increased urease activity, calcite
precipitation, and survival at higher pH, which could be exploited in the repair of cracks in
building materials.

2.16 Kim Van Tittelboom, et al. (2010): Water permeability decreased as a result of the
biological treatment used to seal cracks. However, it was shown that using autoclaved bacteria in
place of actual bacteria also caused the water flow to decrease. Bacteria were able to precipitate
CaCO3 crystals inside the fissures, according to thermogravimetric measurements. Pure bacteria
cultures were found to be unable to fill the gaps. However, fractures were entirely filled when
bacteria were protected in silica gel.

2.17 Marien P. Harkes, et al. (2010): The potential of microbially induced carbonate
precipitation as a ground reinforcement approach in fine-grained sand has been improved by the
development of a procedure to improve fixation and distribution of bacterial cells and their
enzyme activity in sand.

2.18 K. Kawaai, et al.(2022): This study investigated fracture and patch repair techniques for
concrete using Bacillus subtilis (natto). In-situ encapsulation, a newly discovered self-healing
material based on alginate, is used in this work to enhance the watertightness of cracked mortar
specimens. This is shown by the decreased water absorption measured in accordance with ASTM
C 1585. The use of Bacillus subtilis (natto) is extremely beneficial in preventing re-deterioration
due to macrocell corrosion taking place between the patch repair region and surrounding
chloride-containing concrete.

2.19 Anuja U. Charpe, M. V. Latkar (2020): In this research, the effect of MICCP using soil
as a source of bacteria on cement and concrete was observed. With the use of bacterial solution
prepared from soil, improvement of compressive strength by around 24% in cement and concrete
specimens for 28 days curing was observed as compared to control specimens. Use of lentil seed
powder as a protein source and sugar as a carbon source for bacterial growth were proved to be
cost effective when compared to commercially available peptone and glucose respectively.
MICCP or bio-cementation has been proved to be most promising and novel technique and also
maintains sustainability in an ecofriendly manner. Various studies have been going on in the
field of bio-cementation as it is a cost effective technique to strengthen structures. Further
research in this direction would help to strengthen the practicability of bio-cementation to
improve wide range of construction materials.

2.20 Abbas M. Sharaky, Naglaa S. Mohamed (2018): This research studied the effect of
different biocemented methods on sandy soil. A series of laboratory physiochemical and
mechanical experiments were conducted to quantify improvements in strength and stiffness of
siliceous sandy testing methods. The results indicated that bacteria; S. pasteurii, plays a
significant role in increasing the compressive strength of biocemented samples due to the
precipitation of calcium carbonate by the bacterial activity. The results also suggested that
deposition of calcite by bacteria activity led to the cohesion of sand grains, this increased the
resistance of sand to deterioration. Also, results of the studied properties revealed that the
biocemented are improved. The results also indicated that using a growth media without
centrifuge processes and bacteria incubation at 12 h is preferable, where this technique has many
advantages such as saving of effort, time and tools and ease the large area in the site for
improvement. Also, use non sterilization media has no negative effect on bacterial activity or
amount of calcite precipitated. Results of microstructure and mineralogical analysis using XRD
and SEM confirmed that calcite is present and increased in quantity and connect the grains.
Finally the used S. pasteurii can be used successfully commercially for the sand bio-cementation
process.

2.21 K.S.Satyanarayanan, et al. (2021): This paper is about the importance of solid waste
(coconut shells) and also explains its effective use of it. This report shows that coconut shell is
very durable, possess high resistance to abrasion, and doesn’t degenerate easily. Also stated that
coconut shells could be used as a lightweight aggregate in making lightweight concrete (LWC).
If it is crushed. This report mentioned about the primary treatment of coconut shells and also
observed the absorption percentage by coconut shells and analysis of SEM images.

2.22 Parampreet Kaur, Varinder Singh and Amit Arora (2021): This article is about
microbial concrete a sustainable solution for concrete construction. This includes an
environmentally friendly strategy that has been employed to manufacture bio-concrete usage of
microorganisms in traditional concrete and enhances its durability and compressive strength.
This article mainly studies the role of microbes in influencing the various properties of concrete
such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength by reducing the concrete
porosity and diminishing water absorption. This article highlights the impact of the usage
of microbes in conventional concrete to produce novel and eco-friendly, bio- concrete in
construction technology.

2.23 Sanjay Kumar Verma and Sagar (2019): This paper reviews that the compressive
strength of coconut shell concrete has been determined by partial replacement of natural coarse
aggregate with waste coconut shell by replacing 5% to 30% of coarse aggregate with coconut
shell.
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS
 3. MATERIALS

3.1 INTRODUCTION:
In this research work, the mechanical properties of coconut shells as aggregates in concrete were
investigated by 10% of partial replacement of the coarse aggregate, replacing the cement with
0.5% sugarcane bagasse fiber and replacing the fine aggregate with treated sand with the
cementitious material and replacing water with microbial solution mix in cementitious material
i.e., bacterial concrete specimens.

3.2 MATERIAL CHARACTERISATION:

The experimental materials are cement (OPC-53 grade), coarse aggregate (20 mm, 10 mm), fine
aggregate, coconut shell aggregates, microbial solution and water. These have been test in lab.
The specifics are shown below.

3.3 CEMENT:
Cement is a binding material used for construction that sets the other material to bind with them
together. It is mainly used as binder in concrete. Cement is a fine material and it produces from
clay and limestone mixture. Ordinary Portland cement 53 grade was used. Ordinary Portland
cement refers from IS 12269.

Figure 1: KCP cement bag of 53 grade

Table 1: Properties of cement

Properties Value
Fineness 3%
Consistency 29.5%
Initial and final setting time 96 and 240 min

Specific gravity 3.12

3.4 FINE AGGREGATE:

In this study, and locally available river sand refers from IS 383-1970 of zone III were used. The
specific gravity of sand is 2.61.

Figure 2: Sand

3.5 COARSE AGGREGATE:

According to IS 383-1970, coarse aggregates are those that are mostly retained on a 4.75 mm IS
sieve and include no more fine material than is necessary for the different types of aggregates
covered by this standard 10 mm and 20 mm coarse aggregates were employed. The aggregate's
impact value and specific gravity are 21.03% and 2.68 respectively.

Figure 3: Coarse aggregate 10mm size Figure 4: Coarse aggregate 20mm size

3.6 WATER:
Throughout the study, normal tap water as per IS 456:2000 was used in the preparation of
concrete, for preparation of microbial solution and curing.

3.7 COCONUT SHELLS:

Coconut shells a natural waste, generated commercially and domestically. It is used for the high
production of high strength light weight concrete. The size was limited to a maximum of 16 mm,
and the shell edges were rough. Concave and convex faces of the shell's exterior had relatively
smooth and rough surfaces, respectively. In this project, 10% of the coconut shell will be
replaced by coarse aggregate. The coconut shells were broken into smaller pieces upto 20mm.
The coconut shell aggregate is passed through 20mm size sieve and retained on 16mm size sieve
as shown in Figure 6. After sieving, the coconut shells are soaked in polyvinyl alcohol for 24
hours before casting as shown in Figure 7. The processed coconut shells are utilised to partially
replace the coarse aggregate in the concrete mix. They were oven dried for five hours before use.
The thickness of the shell is 2mm to 7mm and width is 16mm to 20mm. The specific gravity of
coconut shells is 1.08.

Figure 5: Coconut shells Figure 6: Coconut shells as aggregate 16mm-20mm

Figure 7: Coconut shells are soaked in PVA solution

3.8 PREPARATION OF MICROBIAL SOLUTION:

To carry out the bio-cementation process, the microbial solution was prepared and mixed in the
concrete in place of water. In the preparation of microbial solution ureolytic bacterial grown
from soil was used as bacteria source. Generally, in the conventional bio-cementation process
isolated bacterial cultures are used but, in this study, the soil surrounded by plant root was used
as a bacterial source. Nutrients like lentil seed powder, kitchen wastewater and sugar were
replaced by commercially available nutrients for providing protein, vitamin and carbon source
respectively. This was done in order to make this process less expensive. All the ingredients
were mixed in one litre of water as shown in Figure 8and it is incubated at 37°C for 24 hours as
shown in Figure 10. The microbial solution was separated from the soil after incubation process.
To carry out the urea hydrolysis process the urea and calcium hydroxide were added as shown in
Figure 11. This solution was used to prepare the microbial concrete specimens.
2
i
o
S
l
/
5
.
0
-
r
a
g
u Figure 8: Preparation of Microbial solution

Figure 9: Microbial solution

CaOH -6g/l

Microbial solution
Figure 10: Microbial solution in incubator

Urea-5g/l

Figure 11: Preparation of urea hydrolysis process

3.9 SUGARCANE BAGASSE FIBER:
Sugarcane bagasse is the fibrous residue and waste obtained from sugarcane during the process
of producing sugar is known as bagasse. Bagasse is a by-product of the sugarcane industry. In
this research work, a 0.5% sugarcane bagasse fiber is added by replacing with cement. When
volume of fiber content increases they impact on compressive strength it decreases. So that,
0.5% of sugarcane bagasse fiber was adopted while comparing 0.5% ,1.0% and 1.5%. Sugarcane
bagasse fiber concrete is a light-weight concrete.

Figure 12: Sugarcane bagasse Figure 13: Crushed sugarcane bagasse fiber

The sugarcane bagasse fiber will dry under the sun until completely dry for 7 days. Then
thebagasse fiber will cut into small uniform strips shown atFigure 13. Then, thesugarcane
bagasse need to be dried under the sun to ensure it completely dried beforeadding into concrete
mixture.

3.10 TREATED SAND:

River sand is used for treatment process. Sand has high silt content and higher bulking property.
Due to its angular texture, more water and cement are needed to make it workable. To reduce the
silt content and more water requires in construction purpose from sand is washed out through
this treatment process. Sand treatment with microbial solution helps to enhance the strength and
durability for the cementitous material structures. The procedure are as shown in Figure 16.

Figure 14: Treated sand process Figure 15: Processing in tub container for 30kg
v
w
y
,5
F
x
A
4
h
d
6
M
2
l.S
g
0
3
irfm
n
sco
b
u
ak
:T
1
tep
Figure 16: Steps undergoes for the Treated sand procedure
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
 4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 INTRODUCTION:
For this study, the mix-design was calculated using IS:10262-2019 for M30 grade concrete with
a fixed w/c ratio of 0.45. Also, by fixing the cementitious content at 438 kg/m 3 for M30 grade
concrete, In this research work, the mechanical properties of coconut shells as aggregates in
concrete were investigated by 10% of partial replacement of the coarse aggregate, replacing the
cement with 0.5% sugarcane bagasse fiber and replacing the fine aggregate with treated sand
with the cementitious material and microbial solution mix in cementitious material i.e., bacterial
concrete specimens using cube size mould of 100mm x 100mm x 100mm,cylinder size of
100mm x 200mm and 500mm x 100mm x 100mm size beam moulds. At the curing period of 7,
14, 28 days was adopted and were subjected to water absorption, rapid chloride penetration,
tensile strength, flexural strength, rebound hammer, ultra pulse velocity and compressive
strength tests.

4.2 MIX PROPORTIONS:

The required mix proportions were obtained using the IS:10262-2019 as mentioned above and
were calculated by fixing the water cement ratio, cementitious content used and different values
like specific gravity of the materials, ratio of different aggregates used.

In this research work, A mix of samplewith the cementitious material i.e., control concrete
(CC)and replacing water with microbial solution mix with cementitious material i.e., microbial
concrete (MC). A mix of sample with coconut shells as aggregates in concrete were investigated
by 10% of partial replacement of the coarse aggregate in the cementitious material i.e., control
concrete with coconut shell (CCCS) and a 10% coconut shell is partial replacement of the
coarse aggregate and replacing water with microbial solution mix in cementitious material i.e.,
microbial concrete withcoconut shell (MCCS). When compared to control concrete, concrete
with coconut shells as aggregates substitution has stronger characteristics and is more durable.

When volume of fiber content increases they impact on compressive strength it decreases. So
that, 0.5% of sugarcane bagasse fiber was adopted while comparing 0.5% ,1.0% and 1.5%. In
this research work, A mix of sampleby adding a 0.5% sugarcane bagasse fiber is added by
replacing with cement with the cementitious material i.e., control concrete with fiber (CCF)
and a 0.5% sugarcane bagasse fiber is added by replacing with cement and replacing water with
microbial solution mix in cementitious material i.e., microbial concrete with fiber (MCF). A
0.5% sugarcane bagasse fiber is added by replacing with cement and a 10% coconut shell is
partial replacement of the coarse aggregate with the cementitious material i.e., control concrete
with coconut shell and fiber (CCCSF) and a 0.5% sugarcane bagasse fiber is added by
replacing with cement, 10% coconut shell is partial replacement of the coarse aggregate and
microbial solution mix in cementitious material i.e., microbial concrete with coconut shell and
fiber (MCCSF).

In this study, A mix of treated sand is replaced with fine aggregate with the cementitious
material i.e., control concrete with treated sand (CCTS) and a treated sand is replaced with
fine aggregate and microbial solution mix with cementitious material i.e., microbial concrete
with treated sand (MCTS). A mix of sample by adding a 0.5% sugarcane bagasse fiber is added
by replacing with cement and a treated sand is replaced with fine aggregate with the cementitious
material i.e., control concrete with treated sand and fiber (CCTSF) and a 0.5% sugarcane
bagasse fiber is added by replacing with cement, a treated sand is replaced with fine aggregate
and microbial solution mix in cementitious material i.e., microbial concrete with treated sand
and fiber (MCTSF). These are the twelve different mix composition for casting as shown in
Table 3. By fixing the cementitious content at 438 kg/m 3 for M30 grade concrete. The concrete
mix proportion for 1m3 as shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Concrete mix proportion for 1m3

Materials Quantity(kg/m3)
Cement 438
Water/ Microbial solution 197
Coarse Aggregate 1143.73
Fine Aggregate/ Treated sand 605.28

Table 3: Specimen types and composition

No. Specimen types Composition
CC
Cement + Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Water
1
2 MC Cement + Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Microbial
solution
3 CCCS Cement + Coarse Aggregate + 10% of Coconut Shell partial
replacement of Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Water
Cement + Coarse Aggregate + 10% of Coconut Shell partial
4 MCCS
replacement of Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Microbial
solution
5 CCF Cement + Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Water +
Sugarcane bagasse Fiber
6 MCF Cement + Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Microbial
solution + Sugarcane bagasse Fiber
7 CCCSF Cement + Coarse Aggregate + 10% of Coconut Shell partial
replacement of Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Microbial
 solution + Sugarcane bagasse fiber
Cement + Coarse Aggregate + 10% of Coconut Shell partial
8 MCCSF
replacement of Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Microbial
solution + Sugarcane bagasse Fiber
CCTS Cement + Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate ( Treated sand
9
with microbial solution)+ Water
10 MCTS Cement + Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate ( Treated sand
with microbial solution)+ Microbial solution
11 CCTSF Cement + Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate ( Treated sand
with microbial solution)+ Water + Sugarcane bagasse Fiber
Cement + Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate ( Treated sand
12 MCTSF
with microbial solution)+ Microbial solution + Sugarcane bagasse
Fiber

4.3 CASTING:
Concrete is casting in cube size mould of 100mm x 100mm x 100mm, cylinder size of 100mm x
200mm moulds and 500mm x 100mm x 100mm beam moulds. We had to prepare concrete for
the moulds. Before pouring the concrete in to the mould, we had to check the dimensions of
moulds. The sides and bottom surface of the mould is well cleaned and apply the grease oil to the
internal surface of moulds, for easy removal of specimens. Concrete mix is completed as per the
volumes of moulds or weights of materials. All ingredients are collected, materials after
treatment process done and the materials are oven dry for 5 hours at 120°C before casting and
materials are damped into the mix damper of the concrete. The concrete into the moulds is filled
into three layers. Each layer is compacted by table vibrator. After preparing the top layer should
be smooth finish casting.

Figure 17: Concrete mixer. Figure 18: Casting of concrete

Figure 19:Cube specimens 100 x 100mm Figure 20: Cylinder specimens 200 x100mm

4.4 CURING:
Specimens are made according to the proportions of the mix design. The cast specimens in the
mould are kept undisturbed for a period of 24 hours. Then the specimens are remoulded and
placed in a curing tank for a period of 7, 14, 28 days.
All horizontal concrete surfaces must be properly cured since they are particularly vulnerable to
poor curing owing to exposure to direct sunshine and powerful drying winds. Water curing
should be done by ponding with water or spraying. We choose curing by ponding as the best
option under some necessary precautions, such as: No vegetation to enter and every 7 days
change the water from curing tank. Curing is done in a open water tank. Then specimens are
tested. The curing period of 7, 14, 28 days was adopted and were subjected to tensile strength,
compressive strength tests.

Figure 21: Curing of concrete Specimens

All of the mixtures undergoes a 28 days curing process before being put to the test for different
mechanical and durability characteristics in accordance with the regulations. The parameters are
water absorption, rapid chloride penetration, flexural strength, rebound hammer and ultra pulse
velocity tests.
4.5 TESTING:
The specimens are tested for water absorption, rapid chloride penetration, tensile strength,
flexural strength, rebound hammer, ultra pulse velocity and compressive strength tests as per the
standard procedure. As explained below,

4.5.1Compressive Strength Test:

Specimens of 100 x 100 x 100mm cubes were cast and tested as per IS 516-1959. Compression
testing machine capacity of 2000kN was used in testing the concrete cubes the specimens were
placed in between the plates and the load is applied at a rate of 140 kg/cm 2 as shown in the below
figure and was loaded upto the peak load and was noted. The compressive strength was
calculated using below formula.
Strength =Load /Area, Units: (N/mm2)

Figure 22: Compression test

4.5.2 Tensile Strength Test:

Specimens of 200 x 100mm cylinders were cast and tested as per IS 5816-1999 in a compression
testing machine of 2000kN capacity. The specimen was properly cleaned and surface dried
before placing the CTM and the diameter and lengths were noted for calculations.
Strength= (2 x load)/ (π x Diameter x Length), Units:(N/mm2)

Figure 23: Placing the cylinder specimen in CTM

4.5.3 Flexural strength (ASTM C78):
Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile strength of unreinforced concrete. It is measured
in modulus of rupture, a measurement that is used to inform the design of the concrete specimen.
It can also defined as the material’s ability to resist deformation under load. Flexural strength is a
measure of the tensile strength of concrete beams. The beam specimen size of 500mm x 100mm
x 100mm.

F=PL /bd2,Units: (N/mm2)

Where, P=Failure load
L= Span of the beam
B= Width of the beam
D= depth of the beam

Figure 24: Beam specimen Figure 25: Placing specimens in the UTM

Figure 26: Loading on specimen Figure 27: Failure of the specimen

4.5.4 Water Absorption test:
The ability of each concrete specimen to absorb water was tested. For 24 hours, all specimens
were submerged in water. The specimens were taken out after 28 days of curing, dab with a dry
towel, and their weights were noted. After that, the samples were stored in an oven with a
temperature of 100 to 110°0C for 24 hours. Specimen weights were taken following a 24 hours
oven drying process as per ASTM C14-11a.

Figure 28: Saturated weight of specimen Figure 29: Unsaturated weight of specimen

Figure 30: Oven

4.5.5 Rebound hammer (IS 13311(2)-1992):

Test is a Non-Destructive testing method of concrete. To determine strength of concrete surface
by using rebound hammer. Take a concrete cube, see that the surface should be smoothen. By the
rebound hammer, see the strength of the concrete surface. Take the readings from the rebound
scale. The rebound hammer can be test it in a horizontal or vertical or inclined surface of the
concrete. The rebound scale readings should be convert into fck (N/mm2) as per IS: 1331(2)-
1992. To assess the quality of the concrete based on the standard specifications, this is main
objective of rebound hammer.

Figure 30: Placing the specimen in the Figure 31: Testing the specimen by using
CTM for rebound hammer test Rebound hammer
Figure 32: Rebound hammer equipment

4.5.6 Rapid Chloride penetration test:

Rapid chloride permeability test determines the resistance to penetration of chloride ions. It is
performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that passes through a sample 50mm
thick by 100mm in diameter. It was performed according to ASTM C1202:2017. This test was
performed on concrete specimens curing for 28 days.
In the Rapid Chloride Penetration Test, the charge passed represents a representation of the
concrete’s electrical conductivity during the course of the test, which tested around 6 hours.
Every 30 minutes, the current is measured, and using the trapezoidal rule, the following equation
is used to determine the total charge applied to the test specimen. Test is charge at 60V current
supply. The standard test apparatus for RCPT is seen in Figure 36.
Two solutions Nacl- Sodium chloride 3% (30g per 1000ml of water) and NaOH- Sodium
hydroxide 3 molarity (12g per 1000ml of water) are used to fill the cathode chamber and anode
chamber in the cell respectively, for determining the chloride ion penetration.
Q=900 (I0+2I30 +2I60+… +2I330+I360)
Where, Q=Charge passed in Coulombs
I0,I30, I60…I330,I360=Current in amperes at 0,30,60…330,360 minutes
respectively

Table 4: Chloride ion penetrability based on charge passed as per ASTM C1202:2017
Charge passed Chloride ion penetrability
( Coulombs)
>4000 High
2000-4000 Moderate
1000-2000 Low
100-1000 Very low
<100 Negligible
 Figure 33: Cells setup. Figure 34: RCPT apparatus

Figure 35: RCPT equipment test at charge 60V (current) supply

Figure 36: RCPT apparatus

4.5.7 Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV):

This test is done to assess the quality of the concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity method as per
IS: 1331(part 1)-1992. The principle of the test is to measure the time of travel of an ultrasonic
pulse passing through the concrete being tested. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is
performed on concrete to check their quality and also cracks, voids and defects in the concrete by
passing electronic wave through the concrete. The Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) method is
widely used to detect internal defects and estimate crack depth for concrete structures. The
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is one of the most useful Non-Destructive methods to
determine the properties of concrete.

Figure 37:Concrete specimen is handled by transducer for pulse velocity

 Figure38: Digital reading of pulse velocity of specimen

Table 5: Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity grading

Pulse velocity (km/s) Concrete quality
Above 4.5 Excellent
3.5-4.5 Good
3.0-3.5 Medium
Below 3.0 Doubtful
 CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
 5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
5.1 RESULTS OF VARIOUS TESTS ON CONCRETE
5.1.1 Compressive Strength:
From the compressive strength test it was found that the maximum strength was obtained for mix
M30 grade for different types of mix composition with cementitous material as shown in the
following Table 6 and Figure 39:

Table 6: Average Compressive strength of concrete specimen types at 7, 14, 28 days

7 days of average 14 days of average 28days of average
Specimen
Compressive Compressive Compressive
type
Strength (N/mm )2
Strength (N/mm ) 2
Strength (N/mm2)
CC 24.60 32.74 37.86
MC 27.56 38.23 44.70
CCCS 26.86 36.44 41.33
MCCS 29.02 39.60 45.76
CCF 26.00 34.60 39.66
MCF 29.70 41.00 46.35
CCCSF 28.00 38.00 42.66
MCCSF 30.70 40.66 48.70
CCTS 29.35 37.70 41.33
MCTS 35.34 41.67 47.00
CCTSF 31.00 39.00 45.00
MCTSF 38.34 43.67 50.70

Compressive strength of concrete for M30 grade mix

60

50
Compressive strength (N/mm2)

40

30 7 Days
14 Days
20 28 Days

10

0
CC C CS CCS F CF SF CSF TS CTS TSF TSF
M CC CC M CCC CC C
M M
C M CC M
Concrete specimen types

Figure 39: Grapical representation of compressive strength test of concrete specimen types
at 7, 14, 28 days
5.1.2 Tensile Strength:
From the tensile strength test it was found the maximum strength was obtained for mix M30
grade for different types of mix composition with cementitous material as shown in the following
Table 7 and Figure 40:

Table 7: Average tensile strength of concrete specimen types at 7, 14, 28 days

7 days of average 14 days of average 28 days of average
Specimen
tensile Strength tensile Strength tensile Strength
type
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
CC 1.94 2.69 2.99
MC 1.98 2.89 3.23
CCCS 1.49 2.10 2.28
MCCS 1.93 2.82 3.13
CCF 2.53 3.00 3.50
MCF 2.70 3.20 3.87
CCCSF 1.80 2.43 3.10
MCCSF 2.23 3.10 3.40
CCTS 2.10 2.98 3.30
MCTS 2.40 3.10 3.50
CCTSF 2.60 3.28 3.80
MCTSF 2.80 3.70 4.30

Tensile strength of concrete for M30 grade mix

5
4.5
4
Tensile strength (N/mm2)

3.5
3
2.5 7 Days
2 14 Days
28 Days
1.5
1
0.5
0
CC M
C CS CCS CC
F CF SF CSF TS CTS F
TS CTS
F
CC M M CCC C CC M CC
M M
Concrete specimen types

Figure 40: Grapical representation of tensile strength test of concrete specimen types at 7,
14, 28 days.

5.1.3 Flexural Strength:

From the flexural strength test it was found the maximum strength was obtained for mix M30
grade for the different types of mix composition with cementitous material as shown in the
following Table 8 and Figure 41:

Table 8: Average flexural strength of concrete specimen types at 28 days

Specimen type Average flexural

strength(N/mm2) for
28 days
CC 4.54
MC 5.30
CCCS 4.92
MCCS 5.48
CCF 5.85
MCF 6.87
CCCSF 6.38
MCCSF 7.20
CCTS 6.10
MCTS 7.10
CCTSF 6.75
MCTSF 7.45

Flexural strength of concrete for M30 grade mix

8
7
6
Flexural strength (N/mm2)

5
4
28 Days
3
2
1
0
CC M
C CS CCS CC
F CF SF SF TS S
CT CTS
F
TS
F
CC M M CCC CC CC M C C
M M
Concrete specimen types

Figure 41: Grapical representation of flexural strength test of concrete specimen types at
28 days.

5.1.4 Water Absorption test:

For finding the amount of percentage of water absorption for the concretes was obtained for mix
M30 grade for the different types of mix composition with cementitous material reduces water
absorption as shown in the following Table 9 and Figure 42:

Table 9: Average water absorption test of concrete specimen types at 7, 14, 28 days
14 days of 28 days of
7 days of average
Specimen type average water average water
water absorption
absorption absorption
CC 4.78% 5.01% 5.14%
MC 4.63% 4.78% 4.63%
CCCS 5.02% 5.16% 5.48%
MCCS 4.80% 4.86% 4.90%
CCF 5.30% 5.65% 5.89%
MCF 4.70% 4.82% 4.95%
CCCSF 5.48% 5.83% 6.01%
MCCSF 4.94% 5.04% 5.11%
CCTS 4.65% 4.84% 4.97%
MCTS 4.46% 4.62% 4.73%
CCTSF 4.94% 5.02% 5.2%
MCTSF 4.69% 4.83% 4.947%

Test is a Non-Destructive testing method of concrete. To determine strength of concrete surface

by using rebound hammer. Take a concrete cube, see that the surface should be smoothen. By the
rebound hammer, see the strength of the concrete surface. Take the readings from the rebound
scale was obtained for mix M30 grade for the different types of mix composition with
cementitous material as shown in the following Table 10 and Figure 43:

Specimen type Rebound scale readings

CC 35.50
MC 42.00
CCCS 39.00
MCCS 43.50
CCF 37.00
MCF 44.50
CCCSF 40.50
MCCSF 45.00
CCTS 40.00
MCTS 44.00
CCTSF 43.00
MCTSF 47.00
 Rebound hammer test of concrete for M30 grade mix
50
45
40
35
strength (N/mm2)

30
25
20 28 Days
15
10
5
0
CC C CS CCS F CF SF CSF TS CTS F F
M CC CC M CCC CC TS CTS
M M
C M CC M
Concrete specimen types

Figure 43: Grapical representation of rebound hammer test of concrete specimen types at
28 days.

RCPT test was conducted to find the resistance of crystalline incorporated concretefor chloride
ion penetration and was found that the crystalline mixed concrete
wasincreasingresistancewithanincreaseindosage.Thefollowingtable
5.5andfigure5.5showtheresults of thetest.
Composition type Avg.time (mu s) Avg. Velocity (km/s) Quality( Grading)

CC 17.4 5.747 Excellent

MC 18.7 5.643 Excellent

CCCS 19.9 5.025 Excellent

MCCS 20.5 5.005 Excellent

CCF 20.4 4.902 Excellent

MCF 20.9 4.785 Excellent

CCCSF 21.4 4.673 Excellent

MCCSF 22.6 4.859 Excellent

CCTS 10.11 4.274 Good

MCTS 19 4.902 Excellent

CCTSF 23.1 5.234 Excellent

MCTSF 24.5 5.378 Excellent

RCPT ( Rapid Chloride Permeability Test) – ASTM C1202:2017

Composition type Charge passed(Coulombs) Chloride ion penetrability

CC 2260 Moderate

MC 1230 Low

CCCS 2800 Moderate

MCCS 2350 Moderate

CCF 2750 Moderate

MCF 1440 Low

CCCSF 3210 Moderate

MCCSF 2580 Moderate

CCTS 3490 Moderate

MCTS 1660 Low

CCTSF 3350 Moderate

MCTSF 1980 Low