A Mini Project Report

On

STUDY AND DESIGN OF WATER TANK

A mini project report submitted to J.N.T.University, Hyderabad for

the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By
KAKI VENKATARAMANA

Ht.No. 11C81A0118

Under the Esteemed guidance of

Mr. NARESH (Asst. Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SREEKAVITHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to J.N.T.University, Hyderabad)
 KAREPALLY, KHAMMAM DISTRICT
Certificate
This is to certify that MR.KAKI VENKATARAMANA S/0 K.BIKSHAM,

bearing Ht.No. 11C81A0118 studying B.Tech Final year has successfully

completed the mini project entitled STUDY AND DESIGN OF WATER

TANK in the Department of Civil Engineering, SREEKAVITHA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KAREPALLY under my guidance and

supervision for the academic year 2011-2015.

This mini project has not been submitted to any other university for

the award of any degree or diploma.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

MR. RAMA RAO

ASST. PROFESSOR

PROJECT GUIDE
MR. NARESH
ASST. PROFESSOR

Place : Karepally
Date :
 Declaration
I hereby declare that the project entitled STUDY AND DESIGN OF

WATER TANK has been carried out by me for the partial fulfillment of

the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Civil Engineering under the Department of Civil Engineering,

SREEKAVITHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KAREPALLY for the academic

year 2011-2015.

I have also stated that this mini project has not been submitted to

any other university for the award of any degree or diploma.

Place : Karepally
Date :

KAKI VENKATARAMANA
(Ht.No. 11C81A0118)
 Acknowledgement
I am thankful to the College Management for giving me an

opportunity to study in SREEKAVITHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

KAREPALLY.

I am thankful to Mr. NAGA MALLESWARA RAO, Principal for

giving me permission to carry out this mini project report.

I would like to thankful to Mr. RAMA RAO, Head of the

Department, Department of Civil Engineering for the constant support in

completion of my project work.

I am very thankful to my project guide Mr. NARESH, for giving me

his valuable support and guidance throughout the successful completion

of my project. I am also thankful to all other faculty members of Civil

Department for their constant encouragement for completion this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thanks to my parents, my friends

who ever directly or indirectly supporting me for the successfully

[

completion of my project work.

KAKI VENKATARAMANA
(Ht.No. 11C81A0118)
 ABSTRACT

In this project, Storage reservoirs or tanks used to store water, liquids and some oil products
also .This types of tanks mostly designed for to store purified water and forceful distribution of
drinking water to cities, villages and particular area. Rarely also used for irrigation agriculture
and fire suppression. Normally all tanks are designed as crack free Structures to eliminate of
leakage.

The capacity of tank is to be design for 15000 lit supplied to 1000 number of people in the
particular area.

This project gives in brief, the theory behind the study and design of
elevated circular water tank as per IS 456-2000 and IS 856:2000 code books and specifications
by using Limit State Method. In this project we mentioned reinforcement and construction
materials are used for each section.
 INTRODUCTION

The water tank is a container for storing or holding the water, liquids and oil products.
The need of water tank is for drinking, irrigation agriculture, fire protection, gardening and also
used in manufacturing industries.

Since humans living totally based on water to survive and perform numerous tasks

In the olden days i.e in 18th century, the tanks are used, they can constructed by
manmade natural occurring materials. The Wood and raw materials have been used as water
tanks. Normally in olden days collector tanks used for to collect rainfall water and transferred to
storage tanks for storing. The collector tanks are temporary tanks. The storage tanks are fixed
tanks.

In this tank the water or raw liquids do not react with reinforcement by adquating cover
reinforcement. So there is no need of special requirement to be required. Finally these tanks
mostly designed for direct distribution by gravity flow and usually of required capacity.

We prefer the elevated water storage tank to the more traditional below ground tank
because the above ground rain water tank can at least avoid contamination from surface water
runoff that otherwise can enter below ground tank.

Industrial waste can also be collected and processed in concrete tanks with few
exceptions. The petroleum products such as petrol, diesel oil etc are likely to leak through
concrete walls there for such tanks need special membranes to prevent leakage. Reservoir is a
common term applied to liquid storage structure and it can be below or above the ground level.
Reservoir below the ground level are normally built to store large quantities of water where as
those of overhead type are built to direct distribution by gravity flow and are usually of smaller
capacity.

In addition, similar risks are posed to safety critical structures in many other industries
such as rail, chemical,
Nuclear , and offshore industries. One example occurred on April 16, 2005 at Koori nuclear
power plant unit 1 during the 23rd outage when the piping system of a 300 kg connecting main
steam line to the silencer impacted the refueling water storage tank. The tank was damaged with
maximum permanent deformation of 60 mm in the radial direction
 The liquid storage tanks are essential structure in water. Oil and gas industrials and the
behavior of during earth quake is more Important. The utility facilities remains operational
following an earth quake to meet the emergency requirements such as fire fighting water or meet
the public demands as a source of water supply one of the problem that are important analysis
and designing of those structure is interaction between fluid and structure. In this project
numerical analysis of elevated level concrete water tank is performed by using of Limit State
Method.

Depending upon the location of the tank the tanks can be name as overhead, on ground
and underground. The tanks can be made in different shapes usually circular and rectangular
shapes are mostly used. The tanks can be made of RCC or even of steel. The overhead tanks are
usually elevated from the roof top through the column. In most cases underground and on ground
tanks are circular or rectangular in shape but the shape of the overhead tanks are influenced by
the aesthetic view in surroundings and as well as the design of the construction. Steel tanks are
also used specially in railway yards. Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water,
liquid petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. Reservoir is a common term applied to
liquid storage structure and it can be below or above the ground level. Reservoirs below the
ground level are normally built to store large quantities of water. The overhead tanks are
supported by column which acts as stage. These overhead types is built for direct distribution by
gravity flow and are usually of smaller capacity. After a long time IS 3370 is revised from its
1965 version. In this revision introduction of limit state design is the most important addition.

Chemical contact tank of FDA and NSF polyethylene construction, allows for retention
time for chemical treatment chemicals to "contact" (chemically treat ) with product water. (black
tank in foreground)

Ground water tank is made of lined carbon steel, it may receive water from a water well
or from surface water allowing a large volume of water to be placed in inventory and used during
peak demand cycles.

Elevated Water Tank is also known as a water tower, an elevated water tower will
create pressure at the ground-level outlet of 1 psi per 2.31 feet of elevation, thus a tank elevated
to 70 feet creates about 30 psi of discharge pressure. 30 psi is sufficient for most domestic and
industrial requirements.
 Vertical cylindrical dome top tanks may hold from fifty gallons to several million gallons.
Horizontal cylindrical tanks are typically used for transport because their low-profile creates a
low center of gravity helping to maintain equilibrium for the transport vehicle, trailer or truck.

A Hydro-pneumatic tank is typically a horizontal pressurized storage tank. Pressurizing

this reservoir of water creates a surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution system.

By design a water tank or container should do no harm to the water. Water is susceptible
to a number of ambient negative influences, including bacteria, viruses,algae, changes in pH, and
accumulation of minerals, accumulated gas. The contamination can come from a variety of
origins including piping, tank construction materials, animal and bird feces, mineral and gas
intrusion. A correctly designed water tank works to address and mitigate these negative effects.

A safety based news article linked copper poisoning from a plastic tank. The article
indicated that rainwater was collected and stored in a plastic tank and that the tank did nothing to
mitigate the low Ph. The water was then brought into homes with copper piping, the copper was
released by the high acid rainwater and caused poisoning in humans. It is important to note that
since the plastic tank is an inert container, it has no effect on the incoming water. Good practice
would be to analyze any water source periodically and treat accordingly, in this case the collected
acid rain should be analyzed, and ph adjusted before being brought into a domestic water supply
system.

The release of copper due to acidic water is monitored may be accomplished with a
variety of technology, beginning with Ph strips and going to more sophisticated Ph monitors,
indicate Ph which when acidic or caustic, some with output communication capabilities. There is
no "linkage" between the plastic tank and copper poisoning, a solution to the problem is easy,
monitor 'stored rainwater' with 'swimming pool strips' cheap and available at, swimming pool
supply outlets. If the water is too acidic, contact state/county/local health officials to obtain
advice and precise solutions and ph limits and guidelines as to what should be used to treat
rainwater to be used as domestic drinking water.

Volumes of simple tank geometry may be calculated as follows. Beginning with the fact
that a cubic foot contains 7.48 gallons. A rectangular shaped tank is calculated at (length) times
(width) times (height) times 7.48 gallons equals volumetric content in US gallons. For a cylinder
volume is calculated at Pi (3.14) times (radius squared) times (height) equals cubic feet times
7.48 gallons equals volumetric content in US gallons.
 Articles and specifications for Water Tank applications and design considerations, these
AWWA details are required in many states to complete a certification process to insure the
quality of water being consumed.

The AWWA is a reservoir of water tank knowledge; the association provides

specifications for a variety of water storage tank applications as well as design. The AWWA's site
provides scientific resources with which the reader will be able to develop an informed
perspective on which to make decisions regarding their water tank requirements

Water tanks usually have five main uses:

water for the garden - basically water to do plant watering with, so conserving water and
saving you needing to use mains water;

water for firefighting - very Australian, but an important usage none the less;

water for drinking - rain water if stored in the correct tank is quite suitable for drinking;

water for washing - you can easily use this water for washing your clothes in, and;

Water for flushing the toilet - perfect for the job!

Given the above usage cases; how do you 'size' your water storage tank? The trick here is to
have enough storage to 'carry you through' the periods of no rain given sufficient prior rain. The
above positive/negative figure will give you a steer on how likely being able to carry through
will be, the more positive the easier with adequate storage; the more negative the less worthwhile
as a goal this is (so don't bother getting such a big rain water tank).

The size you need also depends a lot on your rain fall patterns - if you have well defined
periods of the year that are 'wet' and 'dry' then you should aim to collect as much as possible to
carry across into the dry periods. If its more random and equally distributed across the year, then
you just need to hold enough to 'flatten out' the random distribution (i.e. a quarter of a years total
rainwater would be more than adequate). Your consumption of the water also comes into play, if
you consume it all before it can be saved over the medium term, a large tank will spend most of
its life empty!

This is where you will find by far the biggest variety. Everyone and his wife is either
making or selling some form of above ground water tank. The trick here is to use the right 'type'
of tank for the size and expected life.

Above ground small plastic water tanks - These go up to around 2000 liters and come
in all manner of shapes: round, square, cylinders, etc. They are mostly designed for use on the
smaller plot where finding somewhere to 'fit in' the tank can be hard. Often they end up mounted
on a small stand. Big downside with these is the lack of water storage and the fact UV will
degrade the plastic - so fixed life span (or keep them out the sun and/or paint them).

Above ground big plastic water tanks - These usually go up to 15k liters and are
shipped to site whole and ideally 'dropped' right onto a special sand based pad that becomes their
home. The big plus here is that its ready to go. The big negatives is that they don't do well in a
bush fire and the UV will degrade the plastic over time - so have fixed lifespan. See Nylex Water
Solutions for tanks of this type.

Above ground metal water tanks - Basically a big metal 'water butt' with some internal
treatments to reduce corrosion effects. These can go up to 150k litres typically. Cheap but the
fact the metal is performing two roles (structural and water lining) means they are susceptible to
failure due to movement - so they are often mounted on frames or towers as part of the package.
Also rusting puts a limited life on them.
Above ground concrete water tanks - Basically a big reinforced concrete box or
cylinder. These go up to the millions of litres with a cost to match to boot. No problems with
rusting, although be careful on settlement as it could crack the tank. Also no way to move it once
its in place, so be darn sure you wanted it there.

Above ground metal water tanks with plastic liner - Think of this as the 'bladder tank'
going outdoors. The metal provides the enclosing framework, whilst the liner does the job of
keeping the water in. Big win here is that settlement won't lose you water, and rusting doesn't
make the tank leak. Sizes up to millions of liters. See Pioneer Water Tanks for more details.
Another plus is that the liner is often 'food grade' - so good to drink from direct.

A whole load of factors come into this: some you can quantify, some down to a lifestyle
choice.. The simple factual information is best worked out over the expected lifetime of the
various solutions you have available. i.e. look at things over 10 years at least. Most good water
tanks should still be functioning well after 10 years with a little bit of TLC. So work out the
amount of water 'saved' by the water tank compared to say mains water, i.e. the cost of the tank
water if you had it from the mains. Subtract from that the actual full cost of the water tank and
you get the nominal cost now amount (no depreciation or price adjustments) you will save
(positive) or loose (negative) from utilizing a water tank over 10years.

Then to that figure add on the cost of replacing any items you will 'loose' or be unable to
support without the mostly guaranteed supply of the water tank. i.e. think expensive none
drought tolerant plants (and veggies). Difficult to work out precisely but for some people this
could be a rather expensive replacement cost.
Another factor to consider, that is very Australian, is that in bush fire prone areas having
a large water tank with the right attachments can help the fire services in fighting fires - so
reducing the potential risk of fire damage to your property by proxy... In theory your insurance
should cover you, but I'd opt for doing without the trouble in the first instance!
By now you should have an ideal figure for the amount of water you need to store, so
next you need to think about where to put it... Remember 1000 liters takes up 1 cubic meter (no
getting away from that, its physics!). Also remember most tanks come in height multiples of
around a meter (plus 50 cams for the top). Also councils have weird and wonderful restrictions
about where the tank can go (think boundary and overshadowing). Plus if its over 10k liter it will
usually have to be covered under some form of planning permission.. So think about this hard.
Also you can have more than one tank easily enough and that might be cheaper than digging out
a massive hole. Also remember when you take the water 'out' of the tank you want its water
pressure to be of use to you if at all possible, i.e. put a tank high on your plot under the 'highest'
roof, so you can water your garden using just gravity and no pump!
 NOTATIONS

A = Total area of section

Ab = Equivalent area of helical reinforcement.

Ac = Equivalent area of section

Ah = Area of concrete core.

Am = Area of steel or iron core.

Asc = Area of longitudinal reinforcement (comp.)

Ast = Area of steel (tensile.)

Al = Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement

Asv= Total cross-sectional are of stirrup legs or bent up bars within distance Sv

Aw =Area of web reinforcement

.
A= Area of cross section of one bars
.
a = lever arm.

ac = Area of concrete.

B =flange width of T-beam

.
b = width.

br =width of rib.

C =compressive force

c = compressive stress in concrete.

c= stress in concrete surrounding compressive steel.

D = depth

d = effective depth

dc = cover to compressive steel

ds= depth of slab

dt= cover to tensile steel

e = eccentricity.

= compressive steel depth factor (=dc/d).

F =shear force characteristic load

Fd= design load

Fr = radial shear force.

f= stress (in general)

fck= characteristic compressive stress.

Fy= characteristic strength of steel.

H = height.

I = moment of inertia.

Ie=equivalent moment of inertia of stress.

j= lever arm factor.

 Ka=coefficient of active earth pressure.

Kp=coefficient of passive earth pressure.

k = neutral axis depth factor (n/d).

L=length.

Ld=development length.

l = effective length of column; length; bond length.

M = bending moment; moment.

Mr=moment of resistance; radial bending moment.

Mt=torsional moment.

Mu= bending moment (limit state design)

M=circumferential bending moment

m = modular ratio.

n = depth of neutral axis.

nc=depth of critical neutral axis.

Pa=active earth pressure.

Pp= passive earth pressure.

Pu= axial load on the member (limit state design).

P = percentage steel.

P= reinforcement ratio.

Pa=active earth pressure intensity.

Pe=net upward soil pressure.

Q= shear resistance.

q = shear stress due to bending.

 q=shear stress due to torsion

R= radius.

s= spacing of bars.

sa= average bond stress.

sb= local bond stress.

T=tensile force.

Tu= torsional moment.

t= tensile stress in steel.

tc= compressive stress in compressive steel.

Vu= shear force due to design load.

Vus=strength of shear reinforcement.

W= point load.

X= coordinate.

xu= depth of neutral axis.

Z= distance.

= inclination.

= surcharge angle.

= unit weight of soil

f=partial safety factor appropriate to the loading.

m= partial safety factor appropriate to the material.

cc = permissible stress in concrete.

cbc= permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending.

 sc= permissible compressive stress in bars.

st= permissible stress in steel in tension.

st= permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement.

sy= yield point compressive stress in steel.

= co efficient of friction.

OBJECTIVE

To study about the design of water tank on ground level

To know about the guidelines in the designed tank as per IS code IS:456-2000 and
IS:856-2000

To know about the design of water tank for safe and economical construction by this
study

To study and design of elevated tank by using Limit State Method calculations

In the end of project we provide reinforcement details about each section and
construction materials also.
 LITERATURE REVEIW

Water Quantity Estimation

The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme has
to be designed requires following data:

Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in liters per day per head) Population to be
served.

Quantity= Per demand x Population

Water Consumption Rate

It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water demanded by the public, since
there are many variable factors affecting water consumption. The various types of water
demands, which a city may have, may be broken into following class

Water Consumption for Various Purposes:

Solano Types of Consumption Normal Range(lit/capita/day) Average %

1. Domestic 65-300 160 35

Consumption
 2. Industrial and 45-450 135 30
Commercial
Demand

3. Public including Fire 20-90 45 10

Demand
Uses

4. Losses and Waste 45-150 62 25

Fire Fighting Demand:

The per capita fire demand is very less on an average basis but the rate at which the water is
required is very large. The rate of fire demand is sometimes treated as a function of
population and is worked out from following empirical formulae:

Solano Authority Formulae (P in thousand) Q for 1 lakh

Population

1. American Q (L/min)=4637 P (1-

Insurance 0.01 P) 41760
Association

2. Kuchling's Q(L/min)=3182 P 31800

Formula

3. Freeman's 35050
Formula Q(L/min)=
1136.5(P/5+10)
4. Ministry of Q (kilo liters/d)=100 P 31623
Urban for P>50000
Development
Manual Formula

Factors affecting per capita demand:

Size of the city

Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared to that for smaller towns as
big cities have skewered houses.
Presence of industries.
Climatic conditions.
Habits of economic status.
Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $ people and their medically safe, the
consumption will increase as people will not resort to private wells, etc.
Pressure in the distribution system.
Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in water mains and services; and un
authorized use of water can be kept to a minimum by surveys.
Cost of water.
Policy of metering and charging method: water tax is charged in two different ways on
the basis of meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed monthly rate.

Fluctuations in Rate of Demand:

Average Daily Per Capita Demand

= Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x Population)

If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be sufficient to meet the
fluctuations.

Seasonal variation: The demand peaks during summer. Firebreak outs are generally more
in summer, increasing demand. So, there is seasonal variation .
Daily variation depends on the activity. People draw out more water on Sundays and
Festival days, thus increasing demand on these days.
Hourly variations are very important as they have a wide range. During active household
working hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to eight in the evening, the bulk of
the daily requirement is taken. During other hours the requirement is negligible. Moreover, if
a fire breaks out, a huge quantity of water is required to be supplied during short duration,
necessitating the need for a maximum rate of hourly supply.
So, an adequate quantity of water must be available to meet the peak demand. To meet all the
fluctuations, the supply pipes, service reservoirs and distribution pipes must be properly
proportioned. The water is supplied by pumping directly and the pumps and distribution
system must be designed to meet the peak demand. The effect of monthly variation
influences the design of storage reservoirs and the hourly variations influences the design of
pumps and service reservoirs. As the population decreases, the fluctuation rate increases.

Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily demand

Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand

= 1.5 x average hourly demand

= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand

Design Periods & Population Forecast

This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the
future. The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known
as the design period.

Design period is estimated based on the following:

Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.

Expandability aspect.
Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments &
migration-immigration.
Available resources.
 Performance of the system during initial period.

Population Forecasting Methods

The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The
particular method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely
on the factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discretion and
intelligence of the designer.

1. Incremental Increase Method

2. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
3. Simple Graphical Method
4. Comparative Graphical Method
5. Ratio Method
6. Logistic Curve Method
7. Arithmetic Increase Method
8. Geometric Increase Method

CLASSIFICATIONS OF TANKS

Classification based on under three heads:

1. Tanks resting on ground

2. Elevated tanks supported on staging
3. Underground tanks.

Classification based on shapes

1. Circular tanks
2. Rectangular tanks
3. Spherical tanks
4. Intze tanks
5. Circular tanks with conical bottom

TYPES OF TANKS BASED ON UNDER THREE HEADS

Introduction

Storage tanks are an important part of any distribution system. Water can be pumped
into the tank during periods of low demand and then pumped out of the tank into the
distribution system during periods of peak demand. In addition, storage tanks can provide
the water pressure in the distribution system.

The two types of storage tanks are ground level tanks and elevated tanks. Elevated
storage facilities are also divided into two types - standpipes and tanks. In this section, we
will consider the pros and cons of various types of water tanks.

1. Ground Tanks

we considered the merits of elevated storage tanks. However, in many cases, water is stored
in reservoirs located at ground level due to a lower initial cost of construction, a lower
maintenance cost, the ease with which water quality can be tested, greater safety, and a
greater aesthetic value.

The primary disadvantage of a ground tank is a lack of water pressure. The water in ground
tanks is not put under a significant amount of pressure unless the tank is located at a high
elevation, such as on top of a hill. Any pressure in a ground tank must be maintained through
directly pumping the water. The continuous pumping can be costly and also means that
water pressure in the distribution system will drop if the pumps have to be shut down.
2 .Elevated Tanks

As mentioned in Lesson 8, elevated tanks have many advantages. Elevated tanks do not
require the continuous operation of pumps. Short term pump shutdown does not affect water
pressure in the distribution system since the pressure is maintained by gravity. And strategic
location of the tank can equalize water pressures in the distribution system. However,
precise water pressure can be difficult to manage in some elevated tanks.

The pressure of the water flowing out of an elevated tank depends on the depth of the water
in the tank. A nearly empty tank probably will not provide enough pressure while a
completely full tank may provide too much pressure. The optimal pressure is achieved at
only one depth.
3. Underground water storage tanks

These tanks are used for underground storage of potable drinking water, wastewater, &
rainwater collection. So whether you call it a water tank or water cistern, as long as you are
storing water underground these are the storage tanks for you. The ribbed design of water
cistern tanks makes it capable of being buried underground, supporting the surrounding soil.
Driving over or placing a sidewalk over a buried water cistern tank is not permitted and will
void the warranty .Plastic underground water tanks (cistern water tanks) is a great alternative
to concrete cisterns.
TYPES OF TANKS BASED ON SHAPES

1. Circular tanks

The simplest form of water tank is circular tank. For the same amount of
storage the circular tank requires lesser amount of material. More over for its circular shape it
has no corner and can be made water tight easily. It is very economical for smaller storage of
water up to 20000000 liters and with diameter in the range of 5 to 8 m. The depth of the
storage is between 3 to 4 m. The side walls are designed for hoop tension and bending
moments.
2. Rectangular tanks

The cylindrical shape is structurally best suited for tank construction, but rectangular tanks
are frequently preferred for specific purposes. Easy formwork and construction process.
Rectangular tanks are used where partitions or tanks with more than one cell are needed. The
behavior of rectangular tanks is different from the behavior of circular tanks. The behavior of
circular tanks is axi-symmetric. That is the reason for the analysis to use only unit width of
the tank. The ring tension in circular tanks was uniform around the circumference. The
design of rectangular tanks is very similar in concept to the design of circular tanks. The
loading combinations are the same. The modifications for the liquid pressure loading factor
and the sanitary coefficient are the same. The major differences are the calculated moments,
shears, and tensions in the rectangular tank walls. The requirements for durability are the
same for rectangular and circular tanks. The requirements for reinforcement (minimum or
otherwise) are very similar to those for circular tanks. The loading conditions that must be
considered for the design are similar to those for circular
3. Spherical tanks

In order to reduce construction costs, the tanks are built with locally made clay bricks and
mortar. The walls are lined with a mixture of cement and clay on chicken mesh and finished
off with a cement nil water-proof coating. These tanks are less expensive to build than the
conventional concrete structures, and experience has shown that they can be built by local
masons with only basic building skills. It generally takes only one session of practical
training for local masons to master the construction method.

Three types of spherical tanks - semi-circular submerged tank, underground spherical tanks
and partially underground spherical tanks - have now been tried out in Ethiopia, Uganda
,Kenya and more recently in Tanzania. The size and shape of the tanks can be adapted to
local needs. In the Machakos district of Kenya, for example, where arable land is very scarce,
the tanks are dug in such a way that the only soil surface that cannot be cultivated is the
manhole opening at the top.
4. Intze tanks

Among the different types of tanks used for water tower Intze tank, shown in fig is very
economical type of tank for reinforced concrete water tower of large capacity, because of its
ability to carry part of the water load by direct compressive forces .stress analysis of Intze
tank is extremely complicated due to May degrees of redundancy.
5. Circular tanks with conical bottom

These tanks have all the benefits of our flat-bottom tanks with the advantage of a conical
bottom. A 20 degree cone-bottom forces high solids to be removed from the bottom
continuously. This allows for our tanks to be self-cleaning for months at a time
Materials and their requirements

Following are the materials which are used in the construction of R.C.C. Water Tanks.
i) Concrete.
(ii) Steel.
iii) Water Proofing materials.
iv) Minimum Reinforcement.

Concrete: Design of liquid retaining structure is different from an ordinary R.C.C. Structure as it
is required that the concrete should not crack and it should be of high quality and strength and
should be leak proof. The design of the concrete mix shall be such that the resultant concrete is
sufficiently impervious. Efficient compaction preferably by vibration is essential.

The permeability of the thoroughly compacted concrete is dependent on water

cement ratio. Increase in water cement ratio increases permeability, while concrete with low
water cement ratio is difficult to compact.

Other causes of leakage in concrete are defects such as segregation and honey
combing. All joints should be made water-tight as these are potential sources of leakage.

Use of small size bars placed properly, leads to closer cracks but of smaller
width.

The risk of cracking due to temperature and shrinkage effects may be minimized
by limiting the changes in moisture content and temperature to which the structure as a whole is
subjected.

The risk of cracking can also be minimized by reducing the restraint on the free
expansion of the structure with long walls or slab founded at or below ground level, restraint can
be minimized by the provision of a sliding layer. This can be provided by founding the structure
on a flat layer of concrete with interposition of some material to break the bond and facilitate
movement. Generally concrete mix weaker than M-30 is not used. To get high quality and
impervious concrete, the proportion of fine and coarse aggregate to .cement is determined
carefully and water cement ratio is adjusted accordingly.
Depending up on the exposure conditions, the grade of concrete is decided .

steel: Steel used reinforcement should confirm to IS: 1786: 1985 Since steel and concrete are
assumed to act together; it has to be checked whether the tensile stress in concrete is within
limits, so as to avoid cracks in concrete. The tensile stress in steel will be limited by the
requirement that the permissible tensile stresses in concrete is not exceeded .The permissible
stresses in steel reinforcement is as follows for calculation of strength.
(a)Permissible tensile stresses in member in direct tension= 1500 Kg/Cm2
(b) Tensile stress in member in bending on liquid retaining face of member = 1500 Kg/Cm2
On faces away from liquid for members less than 225 mm thick= 1500.Kg/Cm2
(c) On faces away from liquid for members 225 mm. thick or more= 1900 Kg/Cm2

Minimum reinforcement : The minimum reinforcement in each of two directions shall have an
area of 0.24% of Cross-Sectional area of concrete up to 100 mm thick. For section of thickness
greater than 100 mm and less than 450 mm.
The reinforcement in each direction in shall be linearly reducing from 0.24% cross-sectional area
to 0.16% cross-sectional area. For section greater than 450mm thick reinforcement in each
direction should be kept at 0.16% cross sectional area.

Water proofing materials: Primary considerations in water tanks, besides, strength, is water
tightness of tank . Complete water-tightness can be obtained by using a high strength concrete. In
addition water proofing materials can be used to further enhance the water tightness. To make
concrete leak proof or water tight, internal water proofing or water proof linings are frequently
used. In the method of internal water proofing, admixtures are used. The object of using them is
to fill the pores of the concrete and to obtain a dense and less permeable concrete. Some of the
most commonly used admixtures are hydrated lime in quantity varying from 8 to 15 percent, by
weight of cement of, powdered iron fillings, which expands upon oxidation and fills the pores of
concrete. Other agents like powdered chalk or talc, Sodium silicate Zinc sulphate, Calcium
chloride etc.., are also most extensively used. In waterproof linings, paints, asphalts, coal tar,
waxes, resins and
bitumen are used. These materials have a property to repel the water.
.

ABOUT THE TANK

A small overhead circular tank consists of following

1 cylindrical wall
2 circular slab
3 supporting beam or bracings
4 columns
5 footings

The cylindrical wall may be designed for hoop tension. The circular slab maybe supported by
four beams of similar spam connecting the columns tops. It is usual to design the floor slab to
carry the total W by providing reinforcement two principle directions. Alternate bars may be bent
up near the line beams. The bending moment for the floor slab may be taken as W 26 Nm per
meter.

The beams and columns may be designed as the in the case of overhead square tanks designed
earlier.

All types of structure can be built with reinforced and pre-stressed concrete: columns, piers,
walls, slabs, beams, arches, frames, even suspended structures and of course shells and folded
plates.
Tanks
Foundation panels
Poles
Modular block retaining wall system
Wall panels
Concrete units
Slabs
Roofing and flooring
Lintel and sunshade
Beams
Columns girders
Tanks:-
In the construction of concrete structures for the storage of liquids, the
imperviousness of concrete is an important basic requirement. Hence, the design of such
construction is based on avoidance of cracking in the concrete. The structures are prestressed to
avoid tension in the concrete. In addition, prestressed concrete tanks require low maintenance.
The resistance to seismic forces is also satisfactory. Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water
treatment and distribution systems, waste water collection and treatment system and storm water
management. Other applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. Strand Wrapped circular pre-stressed concrete
tanks are long life liquid storage structure with virtually no maintenance. Concrete construction
makes for a substantial, sturdy tank structure that easily contain the internal liquid pressure while
comfortably resisting external forces such as earthquake, wind.

Pre-stressed concrete is the most efficient material for water tanks and coupled with the circular
shape, eliminates all stress conditions. By placing the steel of the pre-stressed strands in tension
and the concrete in compression, both materials are in an ideal states and the loads are uniformly
distributed around the tank circumference.

Properties
1)Low maintenance can be enjoyed throughout the life as these are built with concrete, durable
material that never corrodes and does not require coatings when in contact with water or the
environment.

2) Pre-stressing counteracts the differential temperature and dryness loads that a tank core wall
experience. The tank walls are wet on the inside and dry on outside and the temperature varies
between the two sides. If not properly accounted for, these moisture and temperature differential
will cause a tank wall to bend and crack .Counteract these force in both the vertical and
horizontal direction and diminish subsequently the cracking and leaking

3) Tanks are very ductile, enabling to withstand seismic forces and varying water backfill.

4) Tanks utilize material efficiently steel in tension, concrete in compression

5) Pre-cast tanks can store or treat anything from potable water to hazardous waste to solid
storage bins.

6) Storage capacities can range from 0.4 to 120 mega liters

7) Diameters of the tank can vary up to 90 m

V Design philosophy
A. Loads: Circumferential prestressing also typically causes vertical bending moment from other
loading condition.
B. Freeboard: freeboard should be provided in the tank walls to minimize earthquake- induced
hydrodynamic effects on a flat roof.
C. Wall: The design of the wall should be based on elastic cylindrical shell analysis, considering
the effects of prestressing, internal loads and other external loads. Cast in place concrete walls is
usually priestesses circumferentially with high-strength strand tendons placed in ducts in the wall
.the wall may be priestesses with bonded and unbounded tendons. Vertical prestessed
reinforcement near the center of the wall thickness, or vertical non prestessed reinforcement near
each face, may be used. Non priestesss reinforcement may be provided vertically in conjunction
with vertical prestressing.

Precast concrete walls usually consist of precast panels curved to the tank
radius with joints between panels filled with high-strength concrete. The panels are post-
tensioned circumferentially by high strength strand tendons. the tendons maybe embedded within
the precast panels or placed on the external surface of the wall and protected by short crest the
wall panels may be prestessesd vertically with pretensioned strands or post-tensioned tendons.
Non prestesses reinforcement may be provided vertically with or without vertical prestressing.
Construction Methodology
The construction of the tanks is in the following sequence. First, the concrete core is
cast and cured. The surface is prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the circumferential
prestressing is applied by strand wrapping machine. Shot Crete is applied to provide a coat of
concrete over the prestressing strands. A few photographs are provided for illustration.

IS: 3370 (Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids) provides
guidelines for the analysis and design of liquid storage tanks. The four sections of the code are
titled as follows.
Part 1: General Requirement
Part 2: Reinforced Concrete Structures
Part 3: Prestressed Concrete Structures
Part 4: Design Tables

The following types of boundary conditions are considered in the analysis of the cylindrical wall.
a) For base: fixed or hinged
b) For top: free or hinged or framed.

1) For base
Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be considered to be
fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a conservative
assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is somewhere in between fixed
and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed. The base can be made sliding with appropriate
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water-stops for liquid tightness.
2) For top
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer, the boundary
condition is considered to be hinged.

The hydrostatic pressure on the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of
maximum possible depth. If the vapor pressure in the free board is negligible, then the pressure
at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout the depth. The forces
generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are opposite in nature to that due to
hydrostatic pressure. If the tank is built underground, then the earth pressure needs to be
considered.

The above starting five points are designed by following requirements and design steps

For R.C.C. water tank

For Prestresed Concrete water tank
For R.C.C Structure
Permissible stresses in concrete

For resistance to cracking :-

Design of liquid retaining structure is different from R.C.C. structures. As it requires that
concrete should not crack and hence tensile stresses in concrete should be within permissible
limit.(i.e. TYPE-I structure).A reinforced concrete member of liquid retaining structure is design
on the usual principle ignoring tensile resistance of concrete in bending. Accordingly it should be
ensure that tensile stresses on the liquid retaining face of the equivalent concrete section do not
exceed the permissible tensile strength of concrete as given in table1.

Grade of Permissible stress Shear=(Q/bjd)(N/mm^2)

concrete
Tension due to
Direct Tension(
ct)(N/mm^2) Bending( cbt)
(N/mm^2)
M15 1.1 1.5 1.5

M20 1.2 1.7 1.7

M25 1.3 1.8 1.9

M30 1.5 2.0 2.2

M35 1.6 2.2 2.5

M40 1.7 2.4 2.7

Table 1(Permissible Compressive Stresses In Calculations Relating To Resistance To Cracking)

For strength calculation
In strength calculations the permissible Concrete stresses shall be in accordance with
Table1. Where the calculated shear stress in concrete a lone exceeds the permissible value,
reinforcement acting in conjunction with diagonal compression in the concrete shall be provided
to take the whole of the shear.

Permissible Stresses in Steel

For resistance to cracking.

When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for checking the tensile stress in
concrete for avoidance of crack, the tensile stress in steel as in table 2will be limited by the
requirement that the permissible tensile stress in the concrete is not exceeded so the tensile stress
in steel shall be equal to the product of modular ratio of steel and concrete, and the
corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete.
 For strength calculations
In strength calculations the permissible stress shall be as given in table 2.

TYPE OF STRESS IN STEEL REINFORCE PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN N/mm2

MENT

Plain round mild steel High yield strength

bars deformed
bars(HYSD)

1)Tensile stresses in the members under direct 115 150

tension( s)

2) Tensile stress in members in bending( st)

On liquid retaining face of members

115 150

On face of away from liquid for members less

than 225mm 115 150

On face away from liquid for members

225mm or more in thickness 125 190

3) Tensile stresses in shear reinforcement(
115 150
sv)

For members less than225mm in thickness

125 175
For members 225mm or more in thickness

Table 2 (Permissible Stresses In Steel Reinforcement For Strength Calculation)

Design Requirement

Generally M30 grade of concrete should be used Design Mix (1:1*1/2:3) Steel
reinforcement should not less than0.3% of the gross section shall be provided in each direction
Floors:-floor may be constructed of concrete with nominal % of reinforcement smaller than
provided in table 1.they are cast in panels with sides not more than 45m and with contraction or
expansion joints in between. In such cases a screed or concrete layer (M10) not less than 75mm
thick shall place first on the ground and covered with a sliding layer of bitumen paper to destroy
the bond between the screed and the floor.

Minimum Cover:- 35mm(both the faces).

Minimum Reinforcement:-Overall .24% of total cross section should be provided.
Walls:-1) provision of joints

( a ) Where it is desired to allow the walls to expand or contract separately from the floor , or to
prevent moments at the base of the wall owing to fixity to the floor sliding joints may be
employed.

( b) The spacing of vertical movement joints should be as discussed. While the majority of these
joints may be of the partial or complete contraction type, sufficient joints of the expansion type
should be provided to satisfy the requirements given in article.

2) Pressure on wall
(a) In liquid retaining structures with fixed or floating covers the gas pressure developed above
liquid surface shall be added to the liquid pressure.

(b)When the wall of liquid retaining structure is built in ground, or has earth embanked against it,
the effect of earth pressure shall be taken in to account .

III Design steps:

 Calculate diameter and height of water tank
Assumed suitable thickness
Calculate designed constants
Calculate hoop tension, maximum bending moment by using IS 1370
part IV.
Calculate hoop steel (provide in the form of rings per meter height)
Check the assume thickness with given permissible values of tensile
stresses of concrete in direct tension for the given grade of concrete.
Check of thickness for bending
Provide vertical steel
Design base slab

Design of bottom ring beam

Design of columns

Design of bracings

Design of foundations
 DESIGN OF WATER TANK

The details for the designed water tank

Materials
Concrete (all members) = M30
Steel = Fe415

Capacity of tank = 15000 lit

Depth of storage = 2.45 m

Diameter of tank = 8.8 m

Number of columns = 4

Column dimensions = 0.34 m x 0.34 m

Center to center length between two columns = 3.55 m

C/c diagonal length between two columns = 3.55 m

Number of bracings above the ground = 3

Beam dimensions = 0.27 m x 0.49 m

Overall height of tank from the ground = 13.37 m

Distance between two bracings = 3 m

Ring beam dimensions = 0.34 m x0.34 m

Type of stair case = dog legged RCC stair case

Brace continued to stair case column

The distance between steps column to tank column = 2 m

Thickness of top dome slab = 150 mm

Thickness of bottom slab = 100 mm

Thickness of wall = 150 mm

Minimum clear covers

For side walls = 0.45 m
For top & bottom slabs = 0.45 m
For beams = 0.45 m
For columns = 0.45 m
For footings = 0.50 m

Number of people used that water tank = 1000

Permissible stresses

N
3.6
mm 2
Direct tension
N
cc 8
mm 2
Direct compression=
N
st 150
mm 2
Permissible stress in steel,
m 9.33
Modular ratio,

Dimensions of tank

Let D = dia of tank

From the study D=8.8m

Design of spherical dome

1
h dia
5
Let central rise
1
*8.8
5
1.7
l * l 2R h h
4.4* 4.4 2* R 1.7 *1.7
R 4.84m
1.7
sin
4.84
sin 0.35
sin 1 0.35
2054 '
Thickness of dome=100mm
Loads on dome =self-weight of dome +live load +floor finish

Self-weight of dome

24*0.1
2.4 KN / m 2

2 KN / m2
Let the live load and floor finishers
1KN / m 2
Wind load

2.4 2 1
Total load

w 5.4 KN / m 2

Stress on dome

wR
T
1 cos
Meridonial thrust,
5.4 * 4.84

1 cos 2054 '

13.49 KN / m

Meridonial compressive stress/m run

T

area / m
 13.49*103

1000*100
0.13 N / mm 2 8 N / mm 2

So safe

Hoop tension

cos 2 cos 1
H wR
1 cos
Hoop tension,
cos 2 2054 ' cos 2054 ' 1
5.4* 4.4
1 cos 2054 '
10.97 N / mm 2

Hoop stress/m run= H/area per meter run

10.97

1000 *100
1.09*104 N / mm 2

5 N / mm 2

So safe

Reinforcement

Provide minimum reinforcement of 0.3% of cross sectional area of concrete.

Ast 0.3%
0.3
*1000 *150
100
450 mm 2

Use 8mm dia bars, then spacing

 2
*8
s 4 *1000
450
111.64 ; 100 mmc / c

Provide 8mm dia @100mm c/c both meridonially and circumfentially

Design of top ring beam

The ring beam tanks only horizontally component of meridonial thrust (T)

Therefore load on ring beam

T1 cos
13.4 cos 2054 '
12.63

Hoop tension in the ring beam

d
12.63
2
8.8
12.63
2
55.58 KN

Area of steel,
load
Ast
permissiblestress
55.57 *103

150
Ast 370.48mm 2

Use 12mm dia bars

 370.48
no.ofbars

*122
4
3.27 ; 4nobars
provide 4 12 mm bars
2

4* *12
4
2

452.16 mm

The thickness of wall in such that the stresses developed in the composite section within the safe
limit

Ft
ct
AC ( m 1) Ast
where
Ft 55.58 KN
m 9.33
Ast 452.16mm 2
55.58*103
3.6
Ac (9.33 1)452.16
55.58*10 3
Ac (8.33* 452.16)
3.6
Ac 11672.39mm 2
Then take,
B 340mm

The size of ring beam is 340x340mm with the 4 numbers 12mm dia bars with a shear
reinforcement 8mm dia@100mm c/c distance

Design of tank walls

wH 10 * 2.9

29 KN / m 2
Maximum hydrostatic pressure

Maximum hoop tension

D
wH
2
29 *8.8

2
127.6 KN

Area steel /m
127.6 *103
Ast
150
850.66mm 2
use12mm bars

*12 2
s 4 *1000
850.66
2
265.770
250mmc / c
For both faces

*12 2
1000 *
Ast 4
250
452.16mm 2
Ft
ct
AC ( m 1) Ast
where
Ft 127.6 KN
m 9.33
ct 1.2 for tan kwall
Ast 452.16mm 2
127.6 *103
1.2
Ac (9.33 1)452.16
Ac 1000 * t
127.6 *103
1.2
1000 * t (9.33 1)452.16

Thickness of wall

t 102.56 mm ; 120 mm

Distribution reinforcement
0.3% Ac
0.3
*1000 *120
100
360mm
180mm

Use 8mm dia bars ,then spacing

 2
*8 *1000
s 4
180
279mm

So take 250 mm c/c

Provide distribution reinforcement by using 8mm dia bars with 250mm c/c.

Design of floor slab

Provide nominal thickness of a floor slab is= 150 mm.

0.3% Ac
Minimum reinforcement
0.3
*1000 *150
100
450 mm 2
225mm 2
For both sides tanks

Use 8mm dia bars , then spacing.

2
*8 *1000
s 4
225
223.38mm

Provide 8mm dia bars of reinforcement @200 mm c/c.

Design of bottom ring beam

1KN / m 2
Wind pressure=
2 KN / m 2
Floor finishers and live load on roof
 o.3KN / m 2
Live load on walk way slab
2.5 KN / m 2
Self-weight of ring beam
1KN / m3
Density of water

w 6.8 KN / m 2
Total load

Meridonial thrust is,

wR
T
1 cos
6.8 * 4.84

1 cos 2054 '

16.99 KN / m

Hoop tension is,

cos 2 cos 1
H wR
1 cos
cos 2 2054 ' cos 2054 ' 1
16.99 * 4.84
1 cos 2054 '
82.23 0.42
34.56 N / mm 2 5 N / mm 2

So safe
The bottom ring beam tanks only take horizontal component of meridonial thrust load on ring
beam is
T1 cos
16.99 * cos 2054 '
15.90

Hoop tension in the ring beam is

D
15.90
2

8.8
15.90*
2
70.00KN
Area of steel
load
Ast
st
70.00*103

150
466.69mm 2
,

Use 12mm dia bars, then number of bars

466.69

*122
4
4.12 ; 4 bars

The thickness of wall in such that the stresses developed in the composite section within the safe
limit

Ft
ct
Ac ( m 1) Ast
where,
Ft 70.00 KN
ct 3.6 N / m 2
m 9.33
Ast 466.69mm 2
70.00*103
3.6
Ac (9.33 1)* 466.69
Ac 8.33* 466.69 19444.44
Ac 15556.91mm 2

B 340mm
Then take

The size of bottom ring beam is 340*340 with 4-12mm dia bars with a shear reinforcement 8mm
dia @ 100mm c/c
Design of columns

This is a axially loaded type column.

Loads on the columns are

2.5 KN / m 2
Self-weight of dome=
2.5 KN / m 2
Self-weight of bottom ring beam
2.5 KN / m 2
Self-weight of columns
1KN / m 2
Let the total wind load
1KN / m 3
Density of water
2 KN / m 2
Let the load from bracings

Pu 11.2 KN / m 2
Then the total load on column=

For the design of columns by using IS 456:2000 the area of longitudinal reinforcement
for columns is

Asc 1.5%ofAg
0.015*340*340
1734mm 2

The Equivalent area of column is

Ac Ag Asc
Ac 340*340 1734
113866mm 2

Then,
d 340
1
b 340
d 1* b

Gross sectional area is

Ag b * d
b *b
b2

b 2 340 *340 340mm

Use 20mm dia bars, then the number of bars is

Asc

*d2
4
1734

* 202
4
5.52bars ; 6 bars

1 1
dia * 20 5mm ; 6mm
4 4
Diameter of tie bar is
For spacing:1)least dimension =340mm
2)16xd=16x20=320mm

Provide 20mm dia of main reinforcement with 6mm dia of tie bars@300c/c

Design of bracings

3.50m
Clear span of braces
3.50 0.17 3.67m
Span between the c/c of columns
 490 33 457mm
Effective depth
270mm
Width of bracing

Loads

2.4 KN / m 2
Self-weight of dome
2.4 KN / m2
Self-weight of bottom ring beam
2.4 KN / m2
Self-weight of columns
1KN / m 2
Density of water
1KN / m 2
Let the wind load on bracing
1KN / m2
Live load
Dead load of bracings
0.49*0.27 * 25
3.30 KN / m 2

13.5 KN / m2
Total load

Factor load
1.5*13.5
20.25KN / m 2

Maximum Moment on bracing

20.25**3.67 2
Mu
8
34.93KNm
M u 34093.15*1000

bd 2 270* 457 2
Mu
0.60
bd 2
M u .lim
0.138 f ck
bd 2
M u .lim
0.138*30
bd 2
M u .lim
4.14
bd 2
Therefore
M u M u .lim

bd 2 bd 2

The percentage of steel required

 4.6 M u
50 1 1
f ck bd 2
Pt
fy
f ck
4.6
50 1 1 *0.60
30

415
30
0.17%
Therefore,
0.17
Ast *b *d
100
0.17
* 270* 457
100
210.10mm 2

Use 10mm dia bars, then number are

210.10mm2

*102
4
2.67 ; 4 bars

Design for shear reinforcement in bracing

3.50m
Clear span

Factored maximum shear

M *L
Vu u
2
34.93*3.50

2
61.12 KN

Nominal shear stress

61.12
v
270* 457
0.49 N / mm 2
After 50% curtailment of steel percentage of tensile steel available at near the supports.
2
100 Ast 2* 4 *10
*100
bd 270 * 457
0.12%
From the table number 23 in the IS 456:2000 design shear strength for 0.12% of steel
c 0.29 N / mm 2

Shear resistance of concrete

c bd 0.29* 270* 457
35783.1N
Therefore net shear force for which shear reinforcement is required

Vs Vu 35783.1
253369 N

Shear resistance to bent up bars

Vs 0.87 * f y * Aw *sin

0.87 * 415* 2* *10 2 *sin 45
4
Vs 40082.24 N

Maximum shear allowed to be taken by two bent up bars

V 40082.24
Vus s 20041.12 N
2 2

Spacing of two legged 8mm dia stirrups

0.87 * f y * Aw * d

Vus
2
0.87 * 415* 2*
*8 * 457
4
20041.12
827.25mm
Spacing of stirrups is small not exceed the fallowing
1)0.75* d 0.75* 457 342.75mm
2)300mm

0.87 * f y * Aw 0.87 * 2* *82 * 415
3) 4 335mm
0.4* b 0.4 * 270

Whichever is less?
Provide 2 legged 8mm dia stirrups 300 mm c/c.
Design of foundation

Loads on foundation

Load on the dome

5.4* 2.85
15.39 KN / m
Loads on the ring beam
6.18*0.34
2.10 KN / m
Loads on the bracing
24*0.49
11.6 KN / m

24*10.85
260.4 KN / m
Loads on the column
289.49 KN / m
Total load
28.94 KN / m
Self-weight of the foundation is 10% of total load
318.43KN / m
Total load on foundation
 200 KN / m2
Let Safe bearing capacity of soil

Area of the foundation

318.43

200
1.59 ; 1.60m

1.60
Side of the footing
1.26*1.26m
Provide
Net upward pressure intensity
289.49*102
P
1.26*1.26
182344.41N / m 2

Depth from bending moment consideration

1260 340

2
460mm
Maximum bending moment
0.46
M 182344.41*1.26*0.46*
2
24307.96 Nm

Factored moment
M u 1.5* M
1.5* 24307.96
36461.95 Nm
M u ,lim 0.138 f ck bd 2
0.138*30*340* d 2
1407.6d 2
Then, M u M u ,lim
24307.96*1000 1407.6d 2
d 160mm

Provide 10mm dia bars at a clear cover of 60mm.

 60 10 5 75mm
Effective cover to upper layer of bars
Overall depth required
160 75
235mm
The depth may be increased by 30% to limit the shear stress. so provide overall depth of 300mm.

d 300 75
225mm
Actual effective depth=
Depth from punching shear consideration

Punching load=column load-reaction on column

289490 182344.41* 0.34
227492.90N

Factored punching load

1.5* 227492.90
341289.35N

2.2 N / mm2
Design punching shear for M30 concrete

Equating punching shear resistance to punching load

4*340* D * 2.2 341239.35

D 114.05 ; 115mm
Hence provide an overall depth of 300mm as determined earlier.

M u 36461.95*103

bd 2 340* 2252
2.118
Percentage of steel required
4.6
1 1 * 2.118
pt 50 30
415
30
0.63%
Area of steel,
0.63
Ast *340* 257
100
550.49mm 2
Then Number of bars
550.49

*102
4
7.01 8 bars

Provide 8 bars of 10mm dia similarly provide 8 bars of 10 mm dia in other principal direction
also.
Check for shear

Check for one way shear

The critical section for one way shear is considered of a distance equal to the effective depth
from the face of the column.
Let the depth of footing at the edges be reduced to 150mm.
Therefore overall depth at critical section .
300 150
D ' 300 * 225
460
D ' 226.63mm
Effective depth at the critical section .
d ' 226.63 75 151.63mm

Shear force at the critical section.

V 182344.41*1.26 *0.235
53992.1798 N
Factored shear force
Vu 1.5*53992.1798
80988.26 N
Width of the footing at the top at this critical section .

b ' b 2d
340 2* 225
790mm
Nominal shear strength at this section .

Vu
v
b'd '
80988.26

790*151.63
0.67 N / mm 2

Area of steel

Ast 8* *102
4
628mm 2
Percentage of steel provided
628
*100
790* 225
0.35%

c 0.425 N / mm 2
For above percentage of steel ,

The critical section for two way shear is taken at the periphery surrounding the column at a
distance of half the effective depth from the face of the column.
Overall depth of the footing at a distance
d 225
112.5mm
2 2
from the column face
300 150
300 *112.5
460
263.31mm
Effective depth at this section
d ' 263.31 75
188.31mm

Critical parameter
b ' 4 340 225
2260mm
 V 182344.41(1.262 1.082 )
76803.46 N
Shear force at this critical section
Factored shear force
Vu 1.5*76803.46
115205.19 N

Nominal shear stress

115205.19
v
2260*188.31
0.27 N / mm2

c
short side of column section/long side of column section.
c
1

k B 0.5 c
0.5 1
1.5

kB
But should be limited to 1 permissible design shear stress.
c kB *0.25 f ck
1*0.25 30
1.36 N / m 2
v c

So safe
 CONCLUSION

Storage of water in the form of tanks for drinking and washing purposes, swimming pools for
exercise and enjoyment, and sewage sedimentation tanks are gaining increasing importance in
the present day life. For the small capacity we go for rectangular water tanks while for bigger
capacities we provide circular water tanks.

Design of water tank is a very tedious method. Particularly design of elevated water tank
involves lots of mathematical formulae and calculation. It is also time consuming. But this type
tanks mostly designed for supply of water without power also we can consume water by
gravitational force.
 REFERENCES

IS: 456-2000 Plain Reinforced concrete code of practice .

SP: 16 Design aids.

IS: 3370 -1965 code of practice for concrete structures for storage of liquids .
Part I -General requirement, part II Reinforced concrete structures part- IV -
Design tables.

IS: 875-1987

Reinforced concreter design by Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain .

Reinforced concrete design by N. Krishna Raju and R.N. Pranesh