Drainage Engineering and Hydraulics

Engineering 101-3
Analysis of Runoff / Runoff Process

By
LEONARDO C. SAWAL, ASEAN Engr. ACPE, F.PSSE
Dec 05, 2022
In Hydraulics Aspect
In Hydraulics Aspect
In Hydraulics Aspect
In Hydraulics Aspect
In Hydraulics Aspect
Sample Problems
1. A sewer 1.8 m in diameter with n = 0.02 is to have a slope
of 0.0009. What is its capacity and velocity (a) flowing full and
(b) half-full
Solution:
What is its capacity and velocity when (a) flowing full
Given/Consideration:
From Manning Formula: V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2
Darcy’s Equation: Q = AV

R =Hydraulic Radius =R = d/4

A = ℼ d² /4 = ℼ (1.8)² /4 = 2.545 m²

R =d/4 = 1.8/4 = 0.45m

S =0.0009

n =0.02
a) What is its capacity and velocity (a) flowing full

From Manning Formula: V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2

From Manning Formula: V = 1/0.02* (0.45m)2/3 (0.0009)1/2

V = 1/0.02* (0.45m)2/3 (0.0009)1/2

V = 0.879 m/s

Darcy’s Equation: Q = (2.545 m² ) * (0.879 m/s)

Darcy’s Equation: Q = 2.237 m³/s ANS

Solution:

b) What is its capacity and velocity when half-full

A = ℼ d² /4 = ℼ (1.8)² /4 = 2.545 m²
A = 2.545 m² / 2 (half full) = 1.273 m²

R =d/4 = 1.8/4 = 0.45m

V = 1/0.02* (0.45m)2/3 (0.0009)1/2

V = 0.879 m/s

Q = (1.273 m² ) * (0.879 m/s)

Q = 1.120 m³/s ANS.

2. Determine the size of a sewer pipe which will be used to
discharge 0.284 m^3/s when flowing full on a length of 270 m with
a fall of 0.81m. Use n =0.015

Solution:
1. For circular pipes:

R = d/4

S = fall length/length= 0.81/270 = 0.003

2. By Manning Formula: V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2

And Darcy’s Equation: Q = AV
Q = 0.284 m3/s

0.284 = ( ℼ d² /4) * 1/0.015 * (d/4) 2/3 (0.003)1/2

d = 0.594m say d = 0.600m
3. A sewer pipe is laid on slope of 0.0002 and its is to carry 2.369
m^3/s when the pipe flows at 90% of its depth. If n =0.015, what
size of pipe should be used?

0.10 d

0.50 d
Solution:
By observation:
To solve the Θ:

d/2 cos Θ/2 = 0.40 d

Θ = 73.74⁰
Θ = in radian = 1.287 rad
To solve the area 0.10 depth or Area segment:
A seg = ½ R² (Θ - sin Θ )
A seg = d² /8 (1.287 - sin 73.74⁰ )
A seg = 0.0409d²
To solve the wet area 0.90 depth or Area sector or wetted area:

A sector or wetted = Area of the pipe - A segment

A wetted = ℼ ℼd² /4 – A segment

A wetted = ℼ ℼd² /4 – 0.0409d²

A wetted =0.7445d²
P wetted = ℼd – d/2 (Θ )
P wetted = ℼd – d/2 (1.287)
P wetted = 2.488d
To solve the R:

R= A/P for irregular

R= 0.7445d² /2.488d
R= 0.298d

From Manning Formula: V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2

Darcy’s Equation: Q = AV
2.3 69 = 0.7445d² * ( 1/ 0.015)(0.298d)2/3 (0.0002)1/2

d = 2.136m
4. A sewer section of a storm drain tunnel is as shown. During a
heavy storm, the water surface is 2.5 m above the semi-circular
section. If n = 0.02 and the slope, s =0.0009, what is its discharge?
Solution:
Solving for R:

A wetted = 2.5 (5) + ℼ/2 (1)² = 14.07 m²

P wetted = 2(2.5 + 1.5 ) + ℼ (1) = 11.14 m²
R= A/P

R= 14.07/11.14
R= 1.263m
Solving C value using Kutter’s Formula and Q:

s =0.0009 C = 51.89 From: Q = AV

n = 0.02 Where: A = 14.07 m²
R= 1.263m
V = 1.75 m/s Q = 24.62 m²/s
5. A sewer is 120 cm in diameter, compute the flow in
the pipe if the depth of flow is (a) 760mm and (b) 510
mm. Let n=0.0131 and s=0.001

Consideration (a) 760mm depth of flow

Solution:

Given:

D =120 cm
n=0.0131
s=0.001
 Solution:

Solve for Ɵ :

cos Ɵ/2 = 160/600

Ɵ = 149.07°

Solve for wetted area :

Awetted = Awhole – Aseg

= ꙥr2 - ½ r2 ( Ɵ -sin Ɵ)
= ꙥ (0.6)2 - ½ (0.6)2 ( 149.07° ꙥ / 180 - sin 149.07°)

Awetted = 0.7552 m2
Solve for wetted perimeter :

P = β Ɵr = (360- 149.09) (ꙥ/180)(0.60)

P = 2.209m
For Q:

For R: Q = AV

R=A/P Q =0.7552 m2 * 1/n R2/3 S1/2

R = 0.7552 m2 / 2.209m Q =0.7552 m2 * 1/0.0131 (0.342)2/3 (0.001)1/2

R = 0.342m Q = 0.89 m3/s

Consideration (b) 510 mm depth of flow

Solve for wetted area :

Awetted = Awhole – Aseg

Solve for Ɵ : = ꙥr2 - ½ r2 ( Ɵ -sin Ɵ)

= Ɵ (0.6)2 - ½ (0.09) ( 0.6 sin 162.75 / 2)2

cos Ɵ/2 = 90/600
= (162.75ꙥ )/ 360 * (0.6)2 - ½ (0.09) ( 0.6 sin 162.75 / 2)2
Ɵ = 162.75°
Awetted = 0.458m2
 For wetted perimeter:

P=RƟ

P = 0.6 (162.75ꙥ / 180)

P = 1.7043m

For Q:

Q = AV

Q =0.458m2 * 1/n R2/3 S1/2

Q =0.458 m2 * 1/0.0131 (0.458/1.7043)2/3 (0.001)1/2

Q = 0.46 m3/s
6. A trapezoidal earth canal has a bottom width of 3.7m. Its
side slope are 2-horizontal and 1-vertical. If its carrying water
at a depth of 1.2m and slope of canal is 4.6 cm/mile, determine
the discharge using n=0.020

Given:

n =0.020 and S= 4.6/160 934.4 = 28.583 x10-6

 Solve for :
A = cross-sectional area flow

A = (2.4 + 2.4 + 3.7) (1.2) / 2

A = 5.1 m2 Solve for V :

V = by Manning Equation
Solve for :
P = wetted Perimeter V = 1/0.020 * (0.5625)2/3 (28.583 x10-6)1/2

V = 0.182 m/s
P = 3.7 + 2( √7.2)
Solve for Q :
Solve for R:
Q = by Darcy’s Equation
R = A /P
Q= AV
R = 5.1 /9.066
Q = 5.1 m * 0.182 Q =0.928 m3/s
R = 0.5625 m
Additional Problems
7. A rectangular concrete channel, 15 m wide is to carry storm
water at the rate of 22 m^3/s. If the channel slope is 0.00025,
determine the normal depth of flow.

Given:

Wide = 15 m
S =0.00025
Q = 22 m^3/s
Solve for :
A = cross-sectional area flow

A = 15*d

Solve for :
P = wetted Perimeter

P = 15 +2d

For Q:

Q = AV

V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2

22 = 15 d * 1/0.013 * [( 15d / 15 +2d)2/3 (0.00025)1/2

d = ____ ( can be by trial and error) d = near to 1.187

8. Storm water is to flow at the rate of 25 m^3/s, as shown.
Find the required vertical drop of the channel bottom per
kilometer of length.

Given:

Q = 25 m^3/s
 Solve for :
P= wetted Perimeter

Solve for :
P= wetted Perimeter

Solve for R :

Solve for :
A = cross-sectional area flow
Solve for S :
A = (3.5* 4 ) – ½ (2)(2)
A = 12 m^2