PROPOSED WATER TANK DESIGN: A SOLUTION TO

NORTH POBLACION SAN FERNANDO’S

INADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY

A Thesis
Presented to the Department of Civil Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

by
Audrey C. Mulle
Zynne Chlyden L. Pariño
Albert Josephus J. Romblon
Finn Jerico Ylanan
Diane G. Yu

March 2020

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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled, “PROPOSED WATER TANK DESIGN: A SOLUTION

TO NORTH SAN FERNANDO’S INADEQUATE WATER SUPPPLY”, prepared
and submitted by Audrey C. Mulle, Zynne Chlyden L. Pariño, Albert Josephus
J. Romblon, Finn Jerico Ylanan and Diane G. Yu in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering is hereby
recommended for approval.

Engr. Effe B. Laspiñas

Adviser
Date: _____________

Engr. Felrem G. Lor Engr. John Le Carre A. Enerlan

Panelist Panelist
Date: _____________ Date: _____________

This thesis is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Ma. Carmen S. Polancos Engr. Suzette B. Pacaña

Thesis Coordinator Chair, Civil Engineering Department
Date: _____________ Date: _____________

Dr. Evangeline C. Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Date: _____________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the

following people in making the study possible:

Engr. Ma. Carmen S. Polancos, Methods of Research Instructor for

lecturing the fundamental principles and theories in which the researchers used as
references in their thesis.

Engr. Effe B. Laspiñas, research adviser, who devoted her time and
patience, for guiding, encouraging, expounding the knowledge of the researchers,
and for not giving up especially during the conflicts within the team. Without her
persistent help, the goal of the project would not have been achieved.

Engr. John Le Carre A. Enerlan, Engr. Felrem G. Lor, and Engr. Teresa
S. Prieto, research panelists, whose critics, ideas, and suggestions helped them
for the analysis of the study.

Engr. Carlos P. Cena, for being with them during the fieldwork and
obtaining the right data.

Engr. Simeon A. Lauronal, Municipal Engineer of San Fernando, for

sparing time and energy and giving necessary information needed for the study.

Hon. Teofanes O. Aldepulla and Hon. Cecilia B. Cañalita, Barangay

Captain North Poblacion and Ilaya respectively, for approving the thesis survey in
their barangay.

To the respondents, who contributed information and for sharing their

time.

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To all evaluators, for giving them informative insights during the thesis
proposal and for guiding of what are the right things to do.

To the researchers’ family, who gave their full support in the realization
and completion of this study.

And above all, to our Almighty God, for the protection during field work,
for the knowledge and good health that the researchers sustained towards the
success of the study.

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ABSTRACT

North Poblacion is one of the barangay in San Fernando in the province of

Cebu. According to Census 2015, it has a total household of 1,025 with 4,444
residents that represent 6.70% of the total population of San Fernando. It is a
growing community with an unsystematic water supply that cannot provide the
needs of the residents and this has been their problem for years. Therefore, a
water tank design was proposed in North Poblacion, San Fernando wherein their
current water problem will be addressed. Descriptive method was adopted in this
research study in the gathering of data. Site visit, survey and interviews with the
residents of the North Poblacion, San Fernando was done to assess the proposed
study.
Interviews and survey questionnaires were used to identify the resident’s
problem. After the investigation, the researchers found out that the residents do
not have sufficient water supply. This is because the source is too far from the
residence and insufficient to supply their needs. Although there are springs from
the nearby barangays, these springs are still insufficient to supply the demand.
And as the years pass by, the demand of the users also increases. This prompted
the researchers to take action to develop the system of water distribution.
The researchers conclude that the current water supply of North Poblacion,
San Fernando, Cebu is inadequate base on the survey done by the researchers
since the location of the source is far from their houses and the residents don’t
have an easy access to it. The source is insufficient for 150 households (600
persons) where their maximum daily demand of 78000 liters per day, since 50 400
liters per day is only available and Ilaya Spring can only supply 4,400 liters per
day. Thus, the most affected area and the farthest part of North Poblacion with 8
households (32 persons) can only be supply with Ilaya Spring.
The researchers recommend finding another source that is enough to
supply the residents of North Poblacion, San Fernando for a long period of time.
Constructing the spring box and connect it to the storage tank located near the
source to increase the flow rate of the current storage box of the residents and

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increase the supply of water. The research was limited to some aspects where
there is no distribution designed by the researchers, future expansions and
maintenance of the system will be made possible through an organization to be
formed by the said barangay.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale 1
1.2 Conceptual Framework 2
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Significance of the Study 3
1.5 Scope and Limitations 4
1.6 Definition of Terms 4
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 20
3.2 Research Environment 20
3.3 Research Instruments 21
3.4 Research Procedure 21
CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND 22
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of Findings 30
5.2 Conclusion 30
5.3 Recommendation 31
BIBLIOGRAPHY 32
Appendix A TRANSMITTAL LETTER 35

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Appendix B LIST OF TABLES 39

Appendix C DATA ANALYSIS 41
Appendix D TIME TABLE OF ACTIVITIES 94
Appendix E RESEARCH BUDGET 95
Appendix F DOCUMENTATION 96
Appendix G TURNITIN OUTPUT/SIMILARITY INDEX 99
Appendix H CURRICULUM VITAE 103

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1 Present Elevated Water Tanks for 23
North Poblacion Residences
2 Design of Water Demands for 150 households 23
3 Discharge from Ilaya Spring 24
4 Estimated Cost of the Tank 28

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1 Schematic Diagram of the Study 2
2 Ground Tank 5
3 Standpipe Tank 5
4 Early Water Tanks used by Indus Civilization 7
5 Composite Elevated Water Tank 7
6 Pedesphere Elevated Storage Tank 8
7 Multi-column Elevated Storage Tank 8
8 Fluted Column Elevated Storage Tank 9
9 Bernoulli’s Equation 10
10 Axisymmetric Loading Conditions 13
11 Wall Segments of a Conical Tank Vertical Segment in 13
the circumferential direction and horizontal segment
in the longitudinal direction

12 Ilaya Spring in San Fernando, Cebu 18

13 Map of North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu 20

14 Consumers of Water District Supply of North Poblacion 22

15 Location of the Main Tank to the Source 25
16 Isometric Design of Spring Box 26
17 Top and Side View Design of Spring Box Water Tank 26
18 Isometric Design of Concrete Water Tank 27
19 Top and Side View Design of Concrete Water Tank 27

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale
Water, the widely used solvent around the world, brings an important factor
in various aspects of life. Specifically, accessible water supply is essential for
sustaining life and refinement. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
an average person needs fifty (50) to one-hundred (100) liters of water, including
drinking water, sanitation, food preparation, washing of clothes, and personal and
household hygiene. In fact, water is very crucial for human survival. Due to the
surging rise of population, the continuity of supplying water to household
consumers might not be enough to provide them with the benefits of it.
Water scarcity is the lack of availability of water resources in meeting the
demands of water usage within a region. The earth is covered seventy percent
(70%) of water, but only two-point five percent (2.5%) of it is fresh and drinkable.
It is more devastating that only one percent (1%) of it is easily accessible. That is
why water shortage ceases to exist. Many countries are facing lack of water access
like Afghanistan, Chad, Utopia, Cambodia, Laos, Haiti, and in the Philippines. In
the Philippines, the country is known for its vast agricultural products. Its economy
depends on crops and livestock for exploitation around the world. Parts of the
country have been facing droughts and shortage of water supply. Causing huge
demands, slight to severe profit loss in businesses needing a huge amount of
water supply and insufficient water supply for crops and livestock.
San Fernando is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Cebu. According
to National Statistics Office, 2015 census, the municipality has a population of 66,
280, composing twenty-one (21) barangays and an area of seventy (70) square
kilometers. The place is known to have a big reputation for its poultry and cement
production. Like all municipalities, San Fernando has a problem of its own,
especially on the water crisis. The town is facing a water shortage for a long period
and people are having a hard time searching for water. It was realized that San
Fernando had no dams, nor any major provider of water supply was around the

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perimeter and was observed that the main water source of the municipality was
only in Basak, San Fernando, Cebu by means of collecting water in tubod or spring.
With the repetition of collecting little amount of water, it could cost many business,
economy, and lives.
This research, intended for San Fernando, aims to hand a solution to the
town’s gear grinding problem. The researchers came up with an idea of handing a
solution to the problem the township is facing. Installation of water tanks was
proposed to give a significant help to the people around the perimeter. With this
proposition, it can act as a reservoir to hold up large amount of water and providing
more water to businesses, residences, livestocks and agricultural lands. With the
proposed water tank, it can give off a significant change of having a lesser chance
of water shortage, sanitation and fire safety.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

Permission
Location of the Volume of the
from the Gathering of Data
Proposed Tanks Proposed Tanks
Goverment

Design of the Solution

Occurence of Data
Proposed Tanks feasible?

Solution
infeasible?

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

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1.3 Problem Statement

This study aims to propose a water tank design at North Poblacion, San
Fernando, Cebu in order to solve the inadequate supply of water. This also aims
to answer the following questions:
1. What is the capacity of the tank to be provided to satisfy their needs?
2. Where is the possible location of the tank?
3. What is the estimated cost of the tank?

1.4 Significance of the Study

The study will give a safe and economical design of water tank and solve
the inadequate supply of water in San Fernando, Cebu. A matter of considerable
significance of the study is to provide benefits to the following entities:
This study will help the citizens of North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu
to lessen the complaints on having water shortage for long period. This design is
planned carefully to satisfy the needs of the water consumers in the specified
place.
The study will help the researchers gain more knowledge in designing and
developing structures to the community. It will also widen their knowledge
analyzing, planning, and developing water systems.
This study will serve as a realization to the future researchers to
strengthen their knowledge in hydrology and hydraulics. This research will serve
as bases to boost up their understandings and will be able to comprehend the
essence of designing water tanks and considering safety, technical, economic and
environmental concerns. The study will also serve as a guide to other researchers
that focuses on establishing projects that would benefit the people.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of the study is to cover a portion of San Fernando, Cebu
specifically in North Poblacion. The actual action is limited to conduct an inspection
of the area, gathering data of water consumption to selected household and to

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determine the design of the water tanks and quantity of production that is needed
for the current situation of the municipal.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Inadequate- not having enough of a quality or quantity.
Reservoir- a natural place where water is stored for some purpose like
supplying water, producing power, irrigating agricultural crops.
Scarcity- the state of not having enough supply of something; shortage.
Water- a clear, colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid, essential for the
most animals and plants life and the most widely used of all solvents.
Water supply- a source of water for the future use.
Water tank- a space used in storing water mostly made of steel a vessel
that is used to store water.

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 CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

The application of the water distribution system is intended to compensate

for the quantity of water required in meeting the requirements of a community or
commercial building with a safe quality under sufficient pressure. That is why it is
important to evaluate and design the water distribution system, the quality and
quantity of water and the pressure and discharge of the water used. Factors that
may cause errors must be also be identified to make an acceptable design of the
system.
Above ground tanks that can store different liquids and safe to use were
widely built decades ago. These tanks are classified as ground, standpipe, and
elevated tanks. Ground tanks or reservoirs can be rectangular, cylindrical, or
cylindrical with conical base shape (See Figure 2). They have a low head pressure
and large capacity due to large diameter. Standpipe tanks are cylindrical tanks with
a height of up to forty-six (46) meters and a diameter of between seven (7) and
nine (9) meters. Such containers have a high storage capacity and internal
pressure. (Figure 3) (Edwards, J., & Maher, J., 2008)

Figure 2. Ground Tank Figure 3. Standpipe Tank

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Elevated tanks have the smallest capacity among the categorization.

Though it has disadvantages, these tanks were still widely used in supplying water
because of its functionality, esthetic aspects and economical. Elevated tanks are
widely used in highly areas because of its lower energy cost and effectivity during
peak hours and power shortage. These tanks are used for upgrading water
systems to meet the demands of the users. In the surrounding areas, elevated
tanks give aesthetic pleasure and are considered to be noticeable landmarks.
Elevated tanks are used to provide sufficient support in the operation of water and
water network and also used for emergency purposes like in firefighting and other
disasters that needs water. These tanks are better for storing water because tanks
with hazardous and chemical materials can damage the health and the
environment that leads to economic loss. Elevated tanks can be built through
reinforcing concrete, steel, or even partially pre-stressed and can be triangular,
cylindrical, or conical whichever is safe and economical to use and to achieve
maximum performance.
Since Stone Age, water storage methods have been improved. Many
materials were used to create water tanks like ceramics, woods, and stones. The
Indus Valley Civilization (3000 - 1500 BC) used granaries and water tanks. (See
Figure 4) (Kuthalia, 2009)
The choice of the best water tank to use depends on the type of system
installed, the availability of construction materials and skilled labor (Nibedita
Sahoo. et al. (2012). Elevated storage tanks are useful for the supply of water to
pipes and to large distribution systems. These reservoirs support pipes and have
small capacity and covered by small towers. The elevated water tank is also known
as the water tower, which produces a pressure at the ground-level outlet of one (1)
psi per two-point thirty-one (2.31) feet of elevation, thus generating a discharge
pressure of about thirty (30) psi at seventy (70) feet. Thirty (30) psi is adequate for
the most domestic and industrial requirements. Below, the forms of elevated water
tanks are distinguished.

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Figure 4. Early Water Tanks used Figure 5. Composite Elevated Water

by Indus Civilization Tank

Composite Elevated Storage Tank (CET) is an elevated tank made from

reinforced concrete column and carbon steel storage. It has also circular reinforced
concrete foundation with checkered patterns outside the container. (Figure 5)
(Nibedita Sahoo. et al., 2012) The tank has a durable framework, low maintenance,
and economic to use. It incorporates the advantages of reinforced concrete or steel
tanks because they can withstand tensile and compressive stresses. The material
expense of the composite tank is therefore lower than that of the reinforced
concrete or steel tank with the same size and design. (Elansary A.A.A., Nassef
A.O., & Damatty A.A.E., 2018) Interior ladders and pipes guard against
environment and damage and provide for quick insulation of pipes. The pedestal
shaft and the flared base cone diameters vary depending on the individual design
requirements and the circumstances of the person.
Pedesphere Elevated Storage Tank (PED) is a spherical water tank made
from steel and its foundation has flared conical rim. (See Figure 6) Caldwell's
Pedesphere Tank has a sphere-shaped capacity from twenty - five thousand
(25,000) gallons to one hundred fifty thousand (150,000) gallons and a spheroidal
capacity having an attractive, sleek, and simplistic appearance. It has the benefit
of a range of soil types and earthquake factors. The healthy, consistent ground
surface and the reduced overall surface area provide future maintenance
advantages. Interior ladders and pipes are guard from wind and damage and

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quickly covered by pipes. The pedestal shaft and flared base cone diameters vary
depending on the individual design requirements and the circumstances of the
user. (Nibedita Sahoo. et al., 2012)

Figure 6. Pedesphere Elevated Figure 7. Multi-column Elevated

Storage Tank Storage Tank

Multi-column Elevated Storage Tank is made from carbon steel columns

and cross braces. (See Figure 7) According to the American Water Works
Association, multi-column tanks are the most effective means of providing an
increased water storage capacity of 1,000,000 gallons in scale. It is the most
effective use of steel in a collection of elevated tanks. Normally, the center column
is a wet riser, which implies that it is flooded with water from the ground up to the
reservoir. Normal structures include a balcony and a railing around a tank with
access ladders on the tower column and a roof, all of which have useful external
access (AWWA, 1997).
Fluted Column Elevated Storage Tank (FLC) is made from carbon steel
columns and storage tank with large single diameter. (See Figure 8)

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Figure 8. Fluted Column

Elevated Storage Tank

The large tank is well proportioned with a conical and slaked rim, a vertical
shield and a dome-shaped top. This allows large promotional icons that will be
placed on a tank and on a column supporting societies or contrasting with their
surroundings. The wide diameter, stainless steel single support columns are fluted
in order to achieve greater structural rigidity with an architecturally appealing look
and a geometrically well-proportioned form. Caldwell's Fluted Column Tank has
internal ladders and pipes to shield it from rain and damage which make it easy to
insulate the vessel. (Nibedita Sahoo. et al., 2012)
The elevated height is measured on the basis of the losses in energy in the
water distribution network and the topographic position of the tank. Altitude valves,
balance valves and shut-off valves are needed to control the water level in the tank
to support or separate areas of the distribution system during emergency
situations. According to the National Plumbing Code Handbook, there are types of
pipe materials used in the production of water. For drinkable water system, the
most common type of pipes is copper pipes. The copper tubing is one of the most
expensive materials on the list, its prices can be above the engineer's budget, but
its property makes it beneficial and valuable because the water is not corrosive.
There are two forms of copper tubing available: a hard-drawn tubing pipe typically
inserted before finishing, and a soft tubing pipe frequently used where it must be

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completed via walls, doors, and floors. (Revised Regional Plumbing Code Manual
for the Philippines, 2010)
Copper tubes are strong and suitable for hot and cold water. It is rigid and
mounted to allow the water system to drain. There are three common types of
copper pipes: type L–used for indoor plumbing with mild strain, type K–heavy duty
grade, and type M –used above and below level. Brass pipe is ideal for storage of
sewage, but not for modern applications. Fresh, long-lasting and easier-to-use
fabrics have been substituted. In large diameter and high pressure, galvanized
steel pipes are used. It brings with its strength and light weight an economic
advantage. Steel pipes are cheaper compared to iron pipes. The downside of using
the stuff, though, is that steel is more likely to melt quicker in a given time, is
vulnerable to rust-related problems, and is more likely to cause structural corrosion
harm than iron. (The Copper Tube Guide, 2016)
In Bernoulli's equation (see Figure 9), P1 and P2 are the pressure at any
points 1 and 2 respectively in the structure, V1 and V2 are the velocity at any points
1 and 2 respectively in the system, z1 and z2 are the height points at points 1 and
2 respectively, ꝓ is the density of the stream, and g is the acceleration due to
gravity.

Figure 9. Bernoulli’s Equation

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There are three kinds of heads: head friction, head velocity and head height.
The pressure head is the strain that is directly due to the depth of the water. In the
case of a dynamic system, the strain should reduce over the duration of the tube
due to friction losses in the tubing. In a pressurized pipe system, the speed head
is normally the smallest of the three energy components. The height head shall be
determined from the reference point or date to the bottom or surface of the sea.
The velocity head is the distance the water will travel because of the intensity of
the liquid.
Head loss in a dynamic system is a reduction in pressure along the duration
of the tube due to friction. The major head loss has the most pressure drop in
complex water systems, while the lesser head loss has the least pressure drop
due to friction produced by twists, fittings, and pipe changes in diameter. The
components of head loss include roughness, length, diameter, and velocity.
Roughness depends upon the pipe material and the interior surface of the pipe.
With the roughness of the vessel, the friction in the usual flow decreases so that
more energy is used and the strain rises over the duration of the pipe. The
reduction of duration happens at each foot of the end of the tubing. Longer pipes
appear to have a large head loss. The increasing the width of the pipe, the less
water the surface of the pipe that experiences pressure, the greater the failure than
the smaller diameter. Higher speed means faster flow of water in the tubing, more
friction, and more head loss.
A formula was developed through these components – the Darcy-Weisbach
LV2
equation: Δh = fD (2Dg) ; where Δh is the pressure loss in meters, fD is known as

Darcy friction factor, L is the length in meters (m), D is the hydraulic diameter in
meters (m), V is the average velocity of fluid flow in meters per second (m/s), and
g is the gravitational acceleration which is equal to 9.81 meters per second
squared (m/s2). Hazen and Williams developed the easier-to-use formula – the
hf 10.67Q1.852
Hazen-Williams equation: S = = C1.852 d4.8704 ; where S is the Hydraulic slope, hf is
L

the head loss caused by friction in meters (m), L is the length of pipe in meters (m),
Q is the volumetric flow rate in cubic meters per second (m3/s), C is the pipe

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roughness coefficient, and d is the inside pipe diameter in meters (m). The
Pd 4.52Q1.852
equation can be also expressed in Spsi per foot = L
=
C1.852 d4.8704
; where Spsi per foot is
frictional resistance (pressure drop per foot of pipe) in pounds per square inch
gauge pressure per foot (psig/ft), Pd is the pressure drop over the length of pipe in
pounds per square inch gauge pressure (psig), L is the length of pipe in feet (ft),
Q is the flow in gallons per minute in gallons per minute (gpm), C is the pipe
roughness coefficient, d is the inside pipe diameter in inches (in).
Minor head losses are caused by changes in the flow momentum due to
changes in the cross-section of the flow line, adjustments in the flow direction and
the existence of interference in the flow route, such as valves and fittings. Minor
V2
losses are usually computed from the equation hm = K L 2g ; where hm is the minor

head loss, K L is the head loss coefficient, V = Q/A is known as the downstream
mean velocity, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Based on the book by T. Azabi (2014), forces due to hydrostatic pressure
has a role in analyzing and designing reinforced concrete conical tanks. The water
tank weight has an intrinsic hydrostatic strain on the wall (see Figure 10). Along
the height of the surface, the hydrostatic pressure changes linearly along the
circumferential side of the ground. Outward displacement of the cylindrical tanks
did not occur in horizontal hydrostatic pressure owing to its symmetrical tank
structure, resulting in hoop voltage and southern moment. The hoop friction force
works on the vertical portion of the circumferential path, while the southern moment
operates along the longitudinal direction. The tension problem arises in the
orientation of the base of the conical vessel. The southern axial compression
applies to the horizontal portion of the wall section with walls having continuous
circumferential direction and varying longitudinal direction. (see Figure 11).

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Figure 10. Axisymmetric Loading Conditions Figure 11. Wall Segments of a

Conical Tank Vertical segment in
the circumferential direction and
horizonal segment in the
longitudinal direction

The publication from Portland Cement Association called Circular Concrete

Tanks without Pre-stressing (PCA-CCTWP) covers the deposited coefficient of
hoop (CH) and the southern coefficient (CM) as shown in Table A-1 and Table A-
2, respectively, in Appendix B, from the Plate and Shell Theory (Kamara, 2010).
The said coefficients will simplify the different forces acting under various
conditions on the liquid-filled tank walls specifically circular tank. The hoop
H2cy
coefficient’s (CH) formula is , where Hcy, Dcy, and t are the overall height,
Dcy∗t

diameter and wall thickness of circular respectively. The internal forces acting at
various heights of the circular wall will be computed using the formulas
T=CHγwHcyRcy and M=CMγwHcy3. T is the service hoop tension force per unit
length acting on a vertical segment of the wall at various heights of the wall, M is
the service meridional moment per unit length acting on a horizontal segment of
the wall, yw is the liquid unit weight, and Rcy is the radius of the cylindrical tank.
Based on American Water Works Association (AWWA-D100, 2005), conical
vessels should be transformed into cylindrical tanks because the action of the steel
conical tank has the same with the cylindrical tank with the same thickness as the

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predicted perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe. The diameter of the
tank shall be measured base on the upper and lower diameters of the container of
H 2R𝐛 +Htan∅v
the conical tank using the formulas Hcy = cos ∅ , Rcy = , and tcy = t.Hcy
v 2cos∅v

and Rcy are the height and size of the container, respectively. H is the total height
of the conical tank, ϕ is the angle of inclination of the vertical meridian, Rb is the
diameter of the base of the conical tank, tcy is the wall thickness of cylindrical tank,
and t is the wall thickness of the conical tank.
It’s necessary to understand and to learn the cracking process because
cracking may result in failure of the tank and result to leakage of water. There are
two major cracking processes; plain stress cracking and flexural cracking,
according to PCA-CCTWP. Deep cracks in the vertical portion of the tank wall is
due to water intrusion at a small crack diameter, erosion, corrosion strengthening
and breakdown is the result of these. Leakage happens at a small crack width of
0.004 mm base on the study conducted by Ziari and Kianoush (2009). Self-healing
cracks is the result of declination in leakage intensity. When the reaction occurs
water binds to the cement when it moves into the crack and the concrete is created
and the cracks are filled. Another discovery by Ziari and Kianoush (2009) is that
0.2 mm wide cracks can be sealed after seven weeks of prolonged exposure to
water.
PCA-CCTWP and the American Concrete Institute (ACI350–06) have been
characterized by the assumption that the tensile strength of the concrete that is
supposed to be 10 percent of the strain force must not be surpassed by the
calculated strain. Just the tensile strength of the concrete regulates the fractures,
while the braces govern the crack width and do not avoid cracking. The added
stress consists of continuous pressure of the hoop and the reducing influence on
the concrete portion of the building. Concrete strain level may be measured fc =
CEs As +T
that considers the shrinkage. fc is the applied tensile strength acting on the
Ac +nAs

ring that should be less than the tensile strength of concrete (0.1xf′c ), f′c , is the
compressive strength of concrete, C is the shrinkage coefficient, Es is the modulus
of elasticity of steel, As is the area per 1000 mm height section, T is the non-

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factored ring hoop force per 1000 mm length from hydrostatic pressure, Ac is the
area of concrete for 1000 mm height section (Ac = 1000t − As), t is the wall
thickness, n is the modular ratio (n = Es/Ec), and Ec is the modulus of elasticity of
concrete.
While PCA-CCTWP and ACI350-06 are not eligible for direct voltage
cracking, there is flexural cracking. The fact that bending cracks are less serious
than direct stress cracks is supported. Flexural breaks shall not reach 0.23 mm to
0.27 mm in compliance with the ACI350-06 for mild to extreme atmospheric
contact. Normal atmospheric exposure is described as exposure to a solvent with
a pH value greater or less than 5 ppm (1000 ppm or higher), while severe exposure
is deemed when these levels are exceeded (Kamara 2010). For contrast, ACI350-
06 includes an extra ACI 224R (2001) code for monitoring cracking of concrete
structures such as large conical tanks for environmental services. ACI 224R has a
conservative classification of 0,1 mm to protect the corrosion reinforcement with
the highest appropriate crack diameter. This limit is observed by most templates
for this sort of structure. ACI350-06 is a special system for distance measurement
for bending cracks. This approach is based on Frosch's flexural cracking
forecasting model (Frosch, 1999).
Frosch's formula stipulates that the maximum crack size is double the cover
distance. ACI350-06 sets down the rules for positioning the bending reinforcement
and to keep the permitted stress from exceeding the highest acceptable stress of
the reinforced steel, as defined by ACI350-06. ACI350-06. For uncompressed
5600
parts, these maximum stresses are given and equations fsmax = d
B√s2 +4(50+ b )2
2

(note: fsmax must be greater than or equal to 140 MPa but less than or equal to 250
MPa for one-way member and fsmax must be greater than or equal to 165 MPa
but less than or equal to 250 MPa for two-way members, use only for normal
45500
exposures) and fsmax = d
(note: fsmax must be greater than or equal to
B√s2 +4(50+ b )2
2

115 MPa but less than or equal to 250 MPa for one-way member and fsmax must
be greater than or equal to 140 MPa but less than or equal to 250 MPa for two-

.
 16

way members, use only for severe exposures). Where, fsmax is the maximum
allowable steel stress (MPa), S is the bar spacing (mm), db is the bar diameter
(mm), β′ is the strain gradient amplification factor β′= 1.2 for a wall thickness
greater than or equal to 400 mm and 1.35 for a wall thickness less than 400 mm,
and fs is the calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads (MPa). It can be
calculated as the moment divided by the product of steel area and internal moment
M
arm, fs = A . The steps to calculate the stress in reinforcement are shown: fs =
s jd

M A
, j = 1 − k/3, k = √2ρn + (ρn)2 − ρn, d = t − cover − db/2 and ρ = bds . Where,
As jd

M is thefrom the applied loads, As is area of flexural reinforcement, ρ is steel ratio,

b section width (b = 1000mm), n is the modular ratio, Es is the modulus of elasticity
of flexural reinforcing steel, Ec is the concrete modulus of elasticity, and db is bar
diameter.
In constructing water tanks, reliability, leakage, and services are
considered. All can be accomplished through a work burden mindset. However,
the new design codes rely on the total performance strategy. Consequently, an
alternative load factor for the fluid retention system was used for the environmental
resistance factor ACI350-06. This function helps producers, by having sufficiently
reinforced content, to meet serviceability requirements. (Elansary A.A.A., Damatty
A.A.E., 2018, Nassef A.O.)
The lateral fluid pressure should be raised by a load factor of 1.7 in the latest
version of the PCA-CCTWP, which complies with the condition in the old ACI350
(1989) update. In order to prevent cracks and to create a better build, a sanitary
toughness ratio can also be used (1.65 for axial voltage and 1.3 for flexural). In
comparison, for both hydrostatic and dead loads the most current version of
ACI350-06, included in this study, uses a load factor of 1.4 instead of 1.7. The
sensitivity factor Sd should also be used. This aspect is important to minimize
stress, which contributes to less splitting, in the reinforced steel. As a result,
reinforced concrete conical tanks will enjoy longevity and long lasting work lives.
On the other side, ACI350-06 advises no implementation of the environmental
compression-controlled system stability criterion since compression-controlled

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 17

components are subjected to lower stress and associated low stress (i.e. less than
or equivalent to 0.002) as well as a small concern for cracks. According to the
ACI350-06, the strength of concrete should be greater than Sd ∗ U where U is the
factored loads. The environmental durability factor Sd can be calculated from Sd =
∅fy
Where ∅ is the strength reduction factor, (∅ = 0.9 for both hoop tension and
γfs

flexural members), fy is the steel yield strength, fs = 140 MPa is the allowable
factored load
stress in a normal environment, and γ = unfactored load = 1.4, in case of hydrostatic

pressure and dead loads. (Elansary A.A.A., Nassef A.O., & Damatty A.A.E., 2018)
Because the tank walls are subjected to two kinds of stresses, steel
reinforcement is needed for both the longitudinal and circumferential directions. In
the construction of a leak-free tank, bar diameter selection and reinforcement
placement are furthermore essential. To resist the hop voltage forces resulting
from hydrostatic pressure, horizontal reinforcement steel (circumferential
reinforcement) is necessary.
According to the PCACCTWP, the circumferential steel area can be define
u t
d from the following expression (As = 0.9xf ), tu where is the maximum factored
y

hoop tension force magnified by the environmental durability factor Sd , (t u =

1.4xSd xT), where T is the operation hoop voltage obtained from the method of
study and the steel yielding power. It is important to note that for walls without joints
(ACI350,2006), the amount of horizontal steel required shall not be less than that
specified as the minimum area (0,06xAg). In fact, the horizontal portion of the wall
will be supplied with vertical reinforcement (longitudinal reinforcement). The
PCACCTWP sets the longitudinal configuration in cylindrical tanks to survive the
bending moment induced by hydrostatic pressure and prevent the intrinsic
frictional force by self-weighing of the surface. The vertical layout avoids any
folding and regular friction forces that are of high importance in contrast with
cylindrical tanks while conical tanks are used. It is because of the tank's top
orientation. The surrounding portion of the conical formed tanks must therefore be
built as a compression feature. The standard compression forces have a trapping
effect, which reduces the breakage width of the circumferential section.

.
 18

Measurement of the crack width may be avoided in these cases even if the
segment has a wide flexuration duration compared with a low standard
compression capacity. The required vertical reinforcement (0.01x Ag) for ACI350-
06 is for Ag where Ag is the area of gross concrete and can be reduced to (1.000x
t) for 1.000 mm segment (Elansary A.A.A., Nassef A.O., and Damatty A.A.E.,
2018)
According to an article written by Sun Star Cebu on Wednesday, 22 July
2015 in Tonggo, San Fernando constructed a composite elevated water reservoir
that provided clean water to hundreds of people living in the area. With the support
of Taiheiyo Cement Philippines Inc. (TCPI), the company donated a hydraulic ram
pump to the barangay which can provide a total of 6,484 liters of water. The project
was financed by TCPI and the Materials Manufacturer Solid Earth Development
Corp. (SEDC) to produce a better water pump. The people of Tonggo have been
looking for more water supplies around the city and are in high demand for water.
Residents of Tonggo use gravity-fed and hydraulically spread water for drinking,
bathing, cleaning and watering plants, among others.
Based on the situation and nature of the source, the advocates will highly
recommend the use of a cement field circular water tank as the position of the tank
is elevated. The planned water tank is expected to be situated a few meters away
from the source, and its height will be lower than the source at llaya, San Fernando,
Cebu. (See Figure 19)

Figure 12. Ilaya Spring in San Fernando, Cebu.

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 19

The proponents decided that rectangular-shaped ground water tank will be

designed since it is easier to design and operate. In terms of economic means, a
rectangular water tank is a budget-wise structure and has smaller capacity design,
it holds the same amount of volume a box-shaped equivalent which concludes that
it is more economical to build. Box-shaped tank is also commonly used in
municipal applications. It occupies the entire available area, so it is easy to divide
the land in compartments and design. Determination of discharges and pressure
is easier due to a smaller number of valves.
For distribution of water, no pump is needed in the extraction of water since
the source is located at an elevated area and gravity alone is needed, not to
mention that the source has its own discharge and thus will also be a gravity fed
water tank. For distribution, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe is used
because of its flexibility. The pipe has also strong bond and impermeability and
suitable for elevated area.
This chapter brings knowledge to the proponents in designing a water tank.
It gives awareness to those who plan to design water tank with standards and
specifications. This serve as a guide in designing a safe and economical tank that
can provide quality service to the people of North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu.

.
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study is based on the water tank design proposal in North Poblacion,
San Fernando, Cebu. Descriptive research was carried out to identify the
characteristics and the situation of the studied area. In this method of approach,
data that represented the activities were collected and the data collection was
structured, tabulated, portrayed and represented.
A retrospective analysis was carried out to investigate the current trend by
using the gathered information from the Department of Engineering and Public
Works (DEPW) with the assistance of sources used by researchers, both
published and unpublished, along with the collected data.

3.2 Research Environment

The study was conducted at North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu. (See
Figure 3) This barangay has a growing population of 4,444 that represented the
six-point seventy percent (6.70%) of San Fernando. (PhilAtlas 2015)

Figure 13. Map of North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu

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 21

3.3 Research Instruments

Researchers used stratified random sampling by distributing survey
questionnaires to the household. Stratified random sampling required the division
of the population into smaller classes called strata. Strata were based on members
with the same attributes and traits (Kenton 2019). Researchers administered the
survey and explained the significance of the study to the respondents. Personal
questions were also provided in the questionnaire and respondents optionally
responded. Researchers also used surveying instruments to survey the location.

3.4 Research Procedure

With the approval of government officials of San Fernando to conduct the
survey, the first step of the research was to measure the spring discharge to know
whether the source was adequate to supply the resident's consumption.
Next, the researchers conducted interviews and provided questionnaires to
the residents of North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu that were used to know the
capacity of the proposed water tank.
After obtaining the necessary data, the surveying instruments considered
the actual survey for the accuracy of the elevation needed in the design and to
know the location of the proposed water tank. The researchers considered
population growth and the residents' supply expected population. The researchers
analyzed the data obtained information. The data analyzed were used to get the
estimated cost of the proposed water tank.
The materials used in designing the tank were based on the National
Structural Code of the Philippines. A canvass was done to some retail stores or
Philippine markets to identify the cost and estimates.
Finally, the researchers designed a proper water tank design, which can
determine the parameters to maintain the amount of water for their daily use.

.
 CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

According to Engineer Simeon P. Lauronal, Municipal Engineer of San

Fernando, Cebu, Basak Spring has been the water supply of North Poblacion since
1992. The spring source is located in Basak, San Fernando, Cebu. It has a
discharge of 15 liters per second. There are two main tanks for Barangay North
Poblacion connected and located particularly at Barangay North Poblacion and
Barangay South Poblacion. These are circular elevated tanks which can hold up
to 27 cubic meters of water. The displacement from the source to both tanks are 7
kilometers.
Due to the rising population of North Poblacion every year, inadequate
water supply was observed that resulted to water disconnection of many
residences in Water District of San Fernando.
As of 2019, there are 1,160 households in North Poblacion, but there are
only 456 active households connected to the Water District of San Fernando, 238
households disconnected and the rest were connected to other private water
supplier. Thus, only 40% of the residents in North Poblacion were remaining to be
provided by the municipality. (see Figure 21)

Figure 14. Consumers of Water District Supply of North Poblacion

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 23

Table 1. Present Elevated Water Tanks for North Poblacion Residences

NUMBER OF
HOUSEHOLDS
TANK LOCATION CONNECTION
CONNECTED
(2019)
Pump 1 - located 48 meters
away from the tank (installed
Barangay South since 1980)
1 306
Poblacion Pump 2 - located 18 meters
away from the tank (installed
since 2010)
Barangay North Pump 3 - located beside the
2 150
Poblacion tank (installed since 2005)
TOTAL 456

The municipal engineer also included that people connected to Tank II are
the one affected because as the water being discharge from Tank II to the 150
households (6000 persons), only 50 400 liters per day reached them that resulted
to inadequate water supply.

DESIGN OF WATER DEMANDS

Table 2. Design of Water Demands for 150 households

Average Day Demand 60 000 liters per day
Maximum Peak Hour Demand 30 000 liters per hour
Maximum Day Demand 78 000 liters per day
Available Water Supply 50 400 liters per day

Based on design of water demands, 150 households need 78 000 liters per
day but only 50 400 liters per day is available, thus, additional 27, 600 liters per
day will be complied.

The researchers conducted an actual survey in Ilaya Spring located in Ilaya,

San Fernando, Cebu which is 4.42 kilometers from North Poblacion to solve the

.
 24

problem encountered by 150 households. The researchers conducted a volumetric

method to measure the discharge of the spring.

FLOW RATE
By Volumetric Method:

Table 3. Discharge from Ilaya Spring

FLOW RATE
VOLUME TIME
TRIAL (LITER PER
(LITER) (SECOND)
SECOND)
1 0.820 15.33 0.05349
2 0.820 18.62 0.04404
3 0.820 16.33 0.05021
4 0.820 14.65 0.05597
AVERAGE: 0.05093 L/s = 4 400 L/day

Table 3 contains the discharge of the spring measured by the researchers.

From the data gathered, the spring can only supply 4, 400 liters per day which is
still not enough to comply 150 households (600 persons) that needs an additional
27 600 liters per day.

With these results, the researchers decided to supply the additional water
to the most affected area and the farthest part of North Poblacion based on the
location of the recent water source. Hence the maximum day demand per person
in North Poblacion is 130 liters per day, 8 households (32 persons) will be provided
with Ilaya Spring.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Based from the results gathered from the residents of North Poblacion, San
Fernando, Cebu, it was found out that their water supply is mostly used for
domestic purposes like laundry, bathing, drinking and cooking. Without their water
supply, it will be hard for the residents to do their daily tasks.

.
 25

During the individual interview of the residents of North Poblacion, San

Fernando, Cebu, it was also found out that water distribution system is not effective
because water is not supplied to the residents during maximum peak hours which
is between 5 – 8 A.M. and 3 – 6 P.M. The residents already complained that there
is no proper management in their water distribution and immediate action is need
to solve the case. And since based on the data from San Fernando Waterworks,
150 households (600 persons) are affected in this situation.
The discharge of the spring won’t be enough to supply the demand of the
residents of North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu because 23 200 liters per day
of water supply is still lacking. That being the case, the most affected area and the
farthest part of North Poblacion with 8 households (32 persons) can only be supply
with Ilaya Spring.

LOCATION OF THE SPRING

Figure 15. Location of the Main Tank to the Source (Refer to Appendix C for
Segemented Map)

.
 26

DESIGN OF TANK

Figure 16. Isometric Design of Spring Box

Figure 18. Top and Side View Design of Spring Box Water Tank

.
 27

Figure 17. Isometric Design of Concrete Water Tank

Figure 19. Top and Side View Design of Concrete Water Tank

.
 28

ESTIMATED COST OF TANK

Table 4. Estimated Cost of the Tank
Adjusted
Item Description Quantity Unit Total
Unit Cost
I Design Concrete Tanks
Earthworks
Excavation 1.6 cu. m. Php1,013.25 Php 1,621.20
Backfill 0.111 cu. m. Php 2434.24 Php 270.21
1 Haul-out 1.489 cu. m. Php 362.94 Php 540.42
Base Course 1.2 cu. m. Php 900.67 Php 1080.82
Total Direct Cost Php 3,365.07
Total Adjusted Cost Php 3,512.65
Concrete Works
Cement 23 Bags Php 225.00 Php 5,175.00
Sand 1.4 cu. m. Php 1600.00 Php 2,240.00
2.1
Gravel 2.1 cu. m. Php 1600.00 Php 3,360.00
Water 0.5 cu. m. Php 175.00 Php 87.50
Total Material Cost Php 10,862.50
Manpower Cost
Mixer Operator 1 person Php 379.00 Php 379.00
Carpenter 1 person Php 450.00 Php 450.00
2.2
Mason 2 person Php 450.00 Php 450.00
Laborer 10 person Php 386.00 Php 3,860.00
Total Manpower Cost Php 5,139.00
Equipment Rental
2.3 Bagger Mixer 1 unit Php1,000.00 Php 1,000.00
Total Equipment Rental Php 1,000.00
Fuel and Lubricants
Fuel 8 Liters Php 52.00 Php 416.00
5% of
2.4 Lubricants the Fuel Php 62.40
Cost
Total Fuel and Lubricants Php 478.40
Total Adjusted Cost Php 20,992.55
Rebars
10mm Ø at 7.5
7 pcs Php 102.00 Php 714.00
m
10mm Ø at 12 m 4 pcs Php 163.00 Php 652.00
3
12mm Ø at 6 m 3 pcs Php 118.00 Php 354.00
12mm Ø at 7.5
2 pcs Php 147.00 Php 294.00
m
Total Material Cost Php 2,014.00
3.1 Manpower Cost

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 29

Laborer 1 person Php 386.00 Php 579.00

Mason 1 person Php 450.00 Php 675.00
Total Manpower Cost Php 1,254.00
Equipment Rental
Bar Cutter 1 unit Php 250.00 Php 375.00
3.2
Total Equipment Rental Php 375.00
Total Adjusted Cost Php 3,643.00
II. 4” x 6m SDR 17 HDPE Pipe
Spring Box -
325 pcs. Php1,917.00 Php 623, 025.00
MCT
Total Cost Php 623, 025.00
Total Cost Php 651,173.20

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 30

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of Findings

This study was made for the purpose of proposing the study to the Local
Government Unit (LGU) of San Fernando, Cebu to meet the demand of North
Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu for water. Descriptive method was applied for the
data gathered from the Barangay Hall and Municipal Hall of San Fernando, Cebu.
Experimental method was also applied, where flow rate, elevations, distances
were determined. Data gathered were used in determining the demand, design of
the proposed tanks and the estimated cost for the proposed project. Respondents
are the residents from the North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu and Engineers
from the office of Municipal Planning in San Fernando Hall.
This research was conducted during the first semester of the school year
2019-2020.

5.2 Conclusion
Throughout the study, and the problem statement, the researchers came
up with the following conclusions:
1. Based on the survey done by the researchers, it was proven that the
current water supply of North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu is
inadequate.
2. The residents don’t have easy access to the source since its location is
far from their houses.
3. Based on the data gathered by the researchers, the source is insufficient
for 150 households (600 persons) where their maximum daily demand
of 78000 liters per day, since 50 400 liters per day is only available and
Ilaya Spring can only supply 4,400 liters per day. Thus, the most affected
area and the farthest part of North Poblacion with 8 households (32
persons) can only be supply with Ilaya Spring.

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 31

5.3 Recommendations
Based on the study, the researchers particularly recommend the following:
1. The research was limited to some aspects where there is no distribution
designed by the researchers, future expansions and maintenance of the
system will be made possible through an organization to be formed by the
said barangay.
2. The researchers recommend finding another source that is enough to
supply the residents of North Poblacion, San Fernando for a long period of
time.
3. The researchers also recommend constructing the spring box and
connect it to the storage tank located near the source to increase the flow
rate of the current storage box of the residents and increase the supply of
water.

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 32

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books
Abazi, Tareq M. (2014) “Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Conical Tanks under
Hydrostatic Loading”. Design and analysis of water tanks. London,
Ontario, Canada. American Society of Civil Engineers.
Adeleye, B., Medayese, S., & Okelola, O. (2014). “Problems of Water Supply and
Sanitation in Kpakungu Area of Minna.” Glocalism: Journal of Culture,
Politics and Innovation (Vol. 2). Federal University of Technology, Minna.
Akali, D.M. et al. (2014) “Provision of Sustainable Water Supply System in Nigeria:
A Case Study of Wannune-Benue State.” World Journal of Environmental
Engineering 2. Department of Water Resources & Environment Engineering,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. January 2014.
Edwards, J., & Maher, J. (2008). “Water quality considerations for distribution
system storage facilities.” American Water Work Association.
Journal, 100(7), 60-65.
Elansary, A. A. & El Damatty, A. A. (2017). “Behaviour of composite conical tanks
under hydrostatic pressure.” Engineering Structures, 134, 172–189.
Elansary, A. A., Nassef, A. O., & Damatty, A. A. E. (2018). “Optimum design of
composite conical tanks under hydrostatic pressure.” Advances in
Structural Engineering, 21(13), 2030-2044.
Kamara M. E., 2010. “Design of Circular Concrete Tanks, Proceedings of the
Structures.” Congress, May12-15, Orlando, Florida, pages: 2439-2449.
Kuthalia P. (2009), “Indus Valley Civilization – A Summary.” Ancient Indian History,
Ancient India, India Story.
Nibedita Sahoo. et al. (2012), “Design of Water Tank”. A Project Submitted in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering. Odisha, India.
Nathanson, J. A. (2007). “Basic Environmental Technology”. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
Ziari A., and Kianoush M.R., (2009), “Investigation of Direct Tension Cracking and

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 33

Leakage in R.C. elements,” Journal of Engineering Structures, Volume 31,

Issue 2, pages: 466-474.

Electronic Sources
“Bernoulli Equation.” Retrieved from http://mechanicstips.blogspot.com/2016/02/
bernoulli-equation.html retrieved on February 2016
“Copper Tube Handbook.” Retrieved from https://www.copper.org/publications/
pub_list/pdf/copper_tube_handbook.pdf retrieved on January 2019
“Demographic Profile.” Retrieved from http://www.sanfernandocebu.gov.ph/
demographic/ retrieved on December 2018
“How to Calculate Pounds Per Square Inch in Elevated Water Storage Tanks.”
Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/calculate-elevated-water-storage
-tanks-5858171.html retrieved on April 2018
“International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ 2005 – 2015.” Retrieved from
http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml
retrieved on May 2014
“Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.” Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/29988840/Revised_National_Plumbing_Code
of_the_Philippines.pdf retrieved on December 2018
“Stratified Random Sampling.” Retrieved fromhttps://www.investopedia.com/terms
/stratified_random_sampling.asp retreived on February 18, 2019.
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/philippines/sunstar-cebu/20150722/281608124125080 retrieved on July
2015
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waterforlifedecade/pdf/human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_media_brief
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 34

“Water Tank Guide.” Retrieved from http://www.caldwellwatertanks.com/water

tank-guide.html retrieved on March 201

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 35

APPENDIX A
TRANSMITTAL LETTER

.
 36

.
 37

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 38

Cebu Institute of Technology – University

Cebu City

Good day San Fernandohanos! The students of Cebu Institute of

Technology – University from the College of Engineering and Architecture, Civil
Engineering Department would like to conduct a survey about the current situation
of the water system here in North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu. To make the
research accurate and precise, please choose the best answer. Thank you for your
time and consideration.

Name (Optional): ____________________________________Age: ______

Instruction: Check the appropriate box for your answer.
1. How long have you been a resident in this barangay? _________
2. How many members in the family do you have?
[ ] 1 – 4 members [ ] 11 – 15 members
[ ] 5 – 10 members [ ] 16 and beyond
3. How long have you been using this kind of water system?
[ ] less than 1 year [ ] 3 – 4 years
[ ] 1 – 2 years [ ] 5 years and beyond
4. Is the current system working efficiently?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
5. Is the supply of water adequate for the daily usage?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
6. In what activities do you commonly use a large volume of water?
[ ] domestic use
[ ] watering the plants
[ ] live stock (piggery, poultry, fishes)
[ ] Others, please specify ______________________
7. In what time do you use water at its maximum?
[ ] 1 – 4 A.M. [ ] 3 – 6 P.M.
[ ] 5 – 8 A.M. [ ] 7 – 12 midnight
[ ] 9 – 2 P.M.

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 39

APPENDIX B
LIST OF TABLES

Table A-1. The Hoop Coefficient CH according to PCA – CCTWP

Coefficients at point
𝐇𝟐
𝐃𝐭 0.0H 0.1H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4H 0.5H 0.6H 0.7H 0.8H 0.9H H

0.4 0.474 0.44 0.395 0.352 0.308 0.264 0.215 0.165 0.111 0.057 0
0.8 0.423 0.402 0.381 0.358 0.33 0.297 0.249 0.202 0.145 0.076 0
1.2 0.35 0.355 0.361 0.362 0.358 0.343 0.309 0.256 0.186 0.098 0
1.6 0.271 0.303 0.341 0.369 0.385 0.385 0.362 0.314 0.233 0.124 0
2 0.205 0.26 0.321 0.373 0.411 0.434 0.419 0.369 0.28 0.151 0
3 0.074 0.179 0.281 0.375 0.449 0.506 0.519 0.479 0.375 0.21 0
4 0.017 0.137 0.253 0.367 0.469 0.545 0.579 0.553 0.447 0.256 0
5 -0.008 0.114 0.235 0.356 0.469 0.562 0.617 0.606 0.503 0.294 0
6 -0.011 0.103 0.223 0.343 0.463 0.566 0.639 0.643 0.547 0.327 0
8 -0.015 0.096 0.208 0.324 0.443 0.564 0.661 0.697 0.621 0.386 0
10 -0.008 0.095 0.2 0.311 0.428 0.552 0.666 0.73 0.678 0.433 0
12 -0.002 0.097 0.197 0.302 0.417 0.541 0.664 0.75 0.72 0.477 0
14 0 0.098 0.197 0.299 0.408 0.531 0.659 0.761 0.752 0.513 0
16 0.002 0.1 0.198 0.299 0.403 0.521 0.65 0.764 0.776 0.536 0
Note: Positive sign indicates tension

Supplemetal Coefficients
Coefficients at point
𝐇𝟐
𝐃𝐭 0.75H 0.8H 0.85H 0.9H 0.95H H
20 0.812 0.817 0.756 0.603 0.344 0
24 0.816 0.839 0.793 0.647 0.377 0
32 0.814 0.861 0.847 0.721 0.436 0

Coefficients at point
𝐇𝟐
𝐃𝐭 0.75H 0.8H 0.85H 0.9H 0.95H H
40 0.802 0.866 0.88 0.778 0.483 0
48 0.791 0.864 0.9 0.82 0.527 0
56 0.781 0.859 0.911 0.852 0.563 0

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 40

Table A-2. The Moment at Coefficient CM according to PCA – CCTWP

Coefficients at point
𝐇𝟐
0.0H 0.1H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4H 0.5H 0.6H 0.7H 0.8H 0.9H H
𝐃𝐭
0.4 0 0.002 0.0072 0.0151 0.023 0.0301 0.0348 0.0357 0.0312 0.0197 0
0.8 0 0.0019 0.0064 0.0133 0.0207 0.0271 0.0319 0.0329 0.0292 0.0187 0
1.2 0 0.0016 0.0058 0.0111 0.0177 0.0237 0.028 0.0296 0.0263 0.0171 0
1.6 0 0.0012 0.0044 0.0091 0.0145 0.0195 0.0236 0.0255 0.0232 0.0155 0
2 0 0.0009 0.0033 0.0073 0.0114 0.0158 0.0199 0.0219 0.0205 0.0145 0
3 0 0.0004 0.0018 0.004 0.0063 0.0092 0.0127 0.0152 0.0153 0.0111 0
4 0 0.0001 0.0007 0.0016 0.0033 0.0057 0.0083 0.0109 0.0118 0.0092 0
5 0 0 0.0001 0.0006 0.0016 0.0034 0.0057 0.008 0.0094 0.0078 0
6 0 0 0 0.0002 0.0008 0.0019 0.0039 0.0062 0.0078 0.0068 0
8 0 0 0 -0.0002 0 0.0007 0.002 0.0038 0.0057 0.0054 0
10 0 0 0 -0.0002 -0.0001 0.0002 0.0011 0.0025 0.0043 0.0045 0
12 0 0 0 -0.0001 -0.0002 0 0.0005 0.0017 0.0032 0.0039 0
14 0 0 0 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 0 0.0012 0.0026 0.0033 0
16 0 0 0 0 -0.0001 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0008 0.0022 0.0029 0
Note: Positive sign indicates tension

Supplemental Coefficients
Coefficients at point
𝐇𝟐
𝐃𝐭 0.75H 0.8H 0.85H 0.9H 0.95H H
20 0.0008 0.0014 0.002 0.0024 0.002 0
24 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0017 0
32 0 0.0005 0.0009 0.0014 0.0013 0

Coefficients at point
𝐇𝟐
𝐃𝐭 0.75H 0.8H 0.85H 0.9H 0.95H H
40 0 0.0003 0.0006 0.0011 0.0011 0
48 0 0.0001 0.0004 0.0008 0.001 0
56 0 0 0.0003 0.0007 0.0008 0

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APPENDIX C
DATA ANALYSIS

LOCATION OF THE SPRING

Figure C-1. Water Sources Location

Figure C-2. Water Sources Location

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 42

Figure C-3. Water Sources Location

Figure C-4. Water Sources Location

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 43

Figure C-5. Water Sources Location

Table C-1. Survey Location from Ilaya Spring to North Poblacion

POINT DISTANCE ELEVATION
LINE BEARING
ID (m) (m)
BM BM-1 S 137° E 220.00
1 1-2 N 35° W 5 219.75
2 2-3 N 25° E 10 218.75
3 3-4 N 27° W 10 217.58
4 4-5 DUE NORTH 10 215.83
5 5-6 N 31° W 10 214.90
6 6-7 N 41° W 10 213.56
7 7-8 N 37° W 10 212.65
8 8-9 N 17° W 10 211.50
9 9 - 10 N 4° E 10 210.80
10 10 - 11 N 41° E 10 209.10
11 11 - 12 N 23° E 10 208.73
12 12 - 13 N 28° E 10 208.32
13 13 - 14 N 8° W 10 207.81
14 14 - 15 N 13° E 10 207.52
15 15 - 16 N 35° W 10 206.67
16 16 - 17 N 14° E 10 205.98
17 17 - 18 N 20° E 10 204.91
18 18 - 19 N 33° W 10 204.37
19 19 - 20 N 12° W 10 206.68

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 44

20 20 - 21 N 19° W 10 206.77
21 21 - 22 N 67° W 10 207.93
22 22 - 23 N 30° W 10 205.73
23 23 - 24 N 5° W 10 204.82
24 24 - 25 N 19° E 10 203.62
25 25 - 26 N 44° E 10 203.16
26 26 - 27 N 38° E 10 203.05
27 27 - 28 N 25° E 10 202.88
28 28 - 29 N 31° E 10 202.53
29 29 - 30 N 8° W 10 202.24
30 30 - 31 N 15° W 10 203.38
31 31 - 32 N 6° W 10 207.38
32 32 - 33 N 17° W 10 205.12
33 33 - 34 N 10° W 10 205.73
34 34 - 35 N 13° E 10 204.82
35 35 - 36 N 19° E 10 203.50
36 36 - 37 N 23° E 10 203.13
37 37 - 38 N 6° E 10 202.92
38 38 - 39 N 9° W 10 202.47
39 39 - 40 N 15° E 10 202.67
40 40 - 41 N 18° W 10 201.34
41 41 - 42 N 6° W 10 200.56
42 42 - 43 N 22° W 10 200.32
43 43 - 44 N 16° W 10 200.12
44 44 - 45 N 65° E 10 200.65
45 45 - 46 N 73° E 10 200.48
46 46 - 47 N 87° E 10 199.95
47 47 - 48 DUE EAST 10 199.51
48 48 - 49 N 83° E 10 198.45
49 49 - 50 N 42° E 10 198.32
50 50 - 51 N 3° E 10 197.48
51 51 - 52 N 23° W 10 197.31
52 52 - 53 N 20° W 10 197.46
53 53 - 54 N 40° W 10 196.79
54 54 - 55 N 40° W 10 196.85
55 55 - 56 N 47° W 10 196.46
56 56 - 57 N 40° W 10 196.78
57 57 - 58 N 9° W 10 196.48
58 58 - 59 N 28° E 10 195.47
59 59 - 60 N 51° E 10 195.01
60 60 - 61 N 61° E 10 195.67
61 61 - 62 N 33° E 10 196.49
62 62 - 63 N 10° W 10 196.23
63 63 - 64 N 20° W 10 194.98

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 45

64 64 - 65 N 59° W 10 194.86
65 65 - 66 N 60° W 10 194.75
66 66 - 67 N 72° W 10 194.72
67 67 - 68 N 40° W 10 194.64
68 68 - 69 N 37° W 10 194.41
69 69 - 70 N 16° E 10 194.36
70 70 - 71 N 43° E 10 193.79
71 71 - 72 N 45° E 10 193.66
72 72 - 73 N 56° E 10 193.56
73 73 - 74 N 86° E 10 193.38
74 74 - 75 N 97° E 10 193.29
75 75 - 76 N 73° E 10 192.88
76 76 - 77 N 55° E 10 192.75
77 77 - 78 N 44° E 10 192.10
78 78 - 79 N 3° E 10 191.95
79 79 - 80 N 26° W 10 191.89
80 80 - 81 N 50° W 10 191.76
81 81 - 82 N 3° W 10 190.97
82 82 - 83 N 48° W 10 190.46
83 83 - 84 N 60° W 10 190.12
84 84 - 85 N 72° W 10 189.79
85 85 - 86 N 59° W 10 190.59
86 86 - 87 S 59° W 10 189.76
87 87 - 88 S 66° W 10 189.60
88 88 - 89 S 61° W 10 189.46
89 89 - 90 S 67° W 10 189.17
90 90 - 91 N 89° W 10 190.67
91 91 - 92 N 50° W 10 190.52
92 92 - 93 N 10° W 10 190.49
93 93 - 94 N 31° E 10 190.45
94 94 -95 N 70° E 10 190.36
95 95 - 96 N 48° E 10 190.27
96 96 - 97 N 60° E 10 190.05
97 97 - 98 N 58° E 10 189.88
98 98 - 99 N 74° E 10 189.73
99 99 - 100 N 87° E 10 189.66
100 100 - 101. N 45° E 10 189.46
101 101 - 102 N 51° E 10 189.31
102 102 - 103 N 30° E 10 188.79
103 103 - 104 N 11° W 10 188.64
104 104 - 105 N 25° W 10 188.50
105 105 - 106 N 2° E 10 188.47
106 106 - 107 N 1° W 10 188.39
107 107 - 108 N 13° E 10 188.26

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 46

108 108 -109 N 31° E 10 188.19

109 109 - 110 N 42° E 10 188.10
110 110 - 111 N 66° E 10 189.56
111 111 - 112 N 30° E 10 189.79
112 112 - 113 N 42° E 10 188.49
113 113 - 114 N 12° E 10 188.39
114 114 - 115 N 8° E 10 188.27
115 115 - 116 N 6° W 10 187.89
116 116 - 117 N 12° E 10 187.67
117 117 - 118 N 24° E 10 187.41
118 118 - 119 N 50° E 10 187.30
119 119 - 120 DUE NORTH 10 187.22
120 120 - 121 N 25° W 10 186.94
121 121 - 122 N 19° W 10 186.82
122 122 - 123 N 9° W 10 186.77
123 123 - 124 N 10° W 10 186.72
124 124 - 125 N 24° W 10 186.62
125 125 - 126 N 23° W 10 186.34
126 126 - 127 N 8° W 10 186.27
127 127 - 128 N 25° W 10 186.11
128 128 - 129 N 31° W 10 185.91
129 129 - 130 N 17° W 10 185.89
130 130 - 131 N 32° W 10 185.82
131 131 - 132 N 29° W 10 185.76
132 132 - 133 N 26° W 10 184.96
133 133 - 134 N 25° W 10 184.72
134 134 - 135 N 60° W 10 183.82
135 135 - 136 N 6° E 10 183.51
136 136 - 137 N 15° W 10 183.09
137 137 - 138 N 20° E 10 182.82
138 138 - 139 N 35° E 10 182.76
139 139 - 140 N 44° E 10 182.64
140 140 - 141 N 54° E 10 182.53
141 141 - 142 N 43° E 10 182.21
142 142 - 143 N 35° E 10 181.86
143 143 - 144 DUE NORTH 10 181.72
144 144 - 145 N 66° E 10 181.69
145 145 - 146 N 3° E 10 181.17
146 146 - 147 N 12° W 10 180.69
147 147 - 148 N 30° W 10 180.37
148 148 - 149 N 29° W 10 179.76
149 149 - 150 N 25° W 10 179.64
150 150 - 151 N 3° W 10 179.02
151 151 - 152 N 19° W 10 178.46

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 47

152 152 - 153 N 23° W 10 178.24

153 153 - 154 N 35° W 10 177.91
154 154 - 155 N 60° W 10 177.83
155 155 - 156 N 60° W 10 177.75
156 156 - 157 N 43° W 10 176.59
157 157 - 158 N 41° W 10 176.15
158 158 - 159 N 40° W 10 175.85
159 159 - 160 N 39° W 10 175.69
160 160 - 161 N 29° E 10 175.38
161 161 - 162 DUE EAST 10 174.85
162 162 - 163 N 28° E 10 174.62
163 163 - 164 N 8° W 10 175.49
164 164 - 165 N 10° W 10 175.34
165 165 - 166 N 8° W 10 174.62
166 166 - 167 N 35° E 10 174.38
167 167 - 168 N 59° E 10 174.27
168 168 - 169 N 77° E 10 173.96
169 169 - 170 N 45° E 10 173.85
170 170 - 171 DUE NORTH 10 173.62
171 171 - 172 N 26° E 10 172.46
172 172 - 173 N 10° E 10 171.67
173 173 - 174 N 55° E 10 171.49
174 174 - 175 N 77° E 10 171.32
175 175 - 176 N 38° E 10 171.06
176 176 - 177 N 31° E 10 170.81
177 177 - 178 N 22° E 10 170.64
178 178 - 179 N 15° E 10 170.35
179 179 - 180 N 52° E 10 170.29
180 180 - 181 N 77° E 10 169.67
181 181 - 182 N 67° E 10 174.79
182 182 -183 N 65° E 10 174.67
183 183 - 184 N 63° E 10 172.69
184 184 -185 N 62° E 10 170.45
185 185 - 186 N 84° E 10 169.26
186 186 - 187 N 82° E 10 168.76
187 187 - 188 N 81° E 10 168.27
188 188 - 189 N 71° E 10 168.02
189 189 - 190 N 69° E 10 169.46
190 190 - 191 N 85° E 10 171.03
191 191 - 192 N 82° E 10 170.96
192 192 - 193 N 74° E 10 170.34
193 193 - 194 N 69° E 10 169.76
194 194 - 195 N 9° W 10 168.89
195 195 - 196 N 10° W 10 168.01

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 48

196 196 - 197 N 60° W 10 167.76

197 197 - 198 N 57° W 10 167.43
198 198 - 199 N 81° W 10 166.79
199 199 - 200 N 78° W 10 165.94
200 200 - 201 N 91° W 10 165.34
201 201 - 202 N 89° W 10 164.92
202 202 - 203 N 87° W 10 164.37
203 203 - 204 N 85° W 10 162.88
204 204 - 205 N 81° W 10 162.61
205 205 - 206 N 79° W 10 162.03
206 206 - 207 N 84° W 10 161.78
207 207 - 208 N 83 W 10 161.22
208 208 - 209 N 84° W 10 160.34
209 209 - 210 N 82° W 10 159.79
210 210 - 211 N 64° W 10 159.33
211 211 - 212 N 63° W 10 158.94
212 212 - 213 N 62° W 10 158.27
213 213 - 214 N 60° W 10 158.01
214 214 - 215 N 56° W 10 157.57
215 215 - 216 N 53° W 10 156.66
216 216 - 217 S 58° W 10 156.13
217 217 - 218 S 54° W 10 155.84
218 218 - 219 N 27° W 10 155.66
219 219 - 220 N 24° W 10 155.34
220 220 - 221 N 39° W 10 154.87
221 221 - 222 N 36° W 10 154.26
222 222 - 223 N 30° W 10 153.76
223 223 - 224 N 28° W 10 153.02
224 224 - 225 N 36° W 10 152.67
225 225 - 226 N 35° W 10 152.34
226 226 - 227 N 51° W 10 151.81
227 227 - 228 N 49° W 10 151.65
228 228 - 229 N 46° W 10 151.03
229 229 - 230 N 47° W 10 150.77
230 230 - 231 N 55° W 10 150.34
231 231 - 232 N 53° W 10 149.88
232 232 - 233 N 67° W 10 149.26
233 233 - 234 N 64° W 10 148.79
234 234 - 235 N 62° W 10 148.37
235 235 - 236 N 63° W 10 147.68
236 236 -237 N 31° W 10 147.22
237 237 - 238 N 28° W 10 147.02
238 238 - 239 N 48° W 10 146.79
239 239 - 240 N 45° W 10 146.45

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 49

240 240 - 241 N 38° W 10 145.99

241 241 - 242 N 36° W 10 145.67
242 242 - 243 N 47° W 10 144.69
243 243 - 244 N 45° W 10 144.34
244 244 - 245 N 54° W 10 144.02
245 245 - 246 N 52° W 10 143.79
246 246 - 247 N 44° W 10 143.58
247 247 - 248 N 46° W 10 143.02
248 248 - 249 N 23° W 10 142.86
249 249 - 250 N 22° W 10 142.67
250 250 - 251 N 23° W 10 142.31
251 251 - 252 N 25° W 10 141.88
252 252 - 253 N 31° W 10 141.45
253 253 - 254 N 29° W 10 141.31
254 254 - 255 N 52° W 10 141.09
255 255 - 256 N 49° W 10 140.67
256 256 - 257 N 54° W 10 140.22
257 257 - 258 N 55° W 10 139.79
258 258 - 259 N 56° W 10 139.46
259 259 - 260 N 55° W 10 139.22
260 260 - 261 N 73° W 10 138.79
261 261 - 262 N 74° W 10 138.49
262 262 - 263 N 60° W 10 138.12
263 263 -264 N 57° W 10 137.98
264 264 - 265 N 66° W 10 137.55
265 265 - 266 N 68° W 10 137.26
266 266 - 267 N 73° W 10 137.12
267 267 - 268 N 70° W 10 136.67
268 268 - 269 N 41° W 10 136.24
269 269 -270 N 39° W 10 135.78
270 270 - 271 N 43° W 10 135.43
271 271 - 272 N 44° W 10 135.23
272 272 - 273 N 46° W 10 134.79
273 273 - 274 N 49° W 10 134.55
274 274 - 275 N 47° W 10 134.12
275 275 - 276 N 48° W 10 133.95
276 276 - 277 N 70° W 10 133.67
277 277 - 278 N 68° W 10 133.26
278 278 - 279 N 66° W 10 133.08
279 279 - 280 N 82° W 10 132.94
280 280 - 281 N 85° W 10 132.82
281 281 - 282 N 49° W 10 132.35
282 282 - 283 N 45° W 10 132.19
283 283 - 284 N 49° W 10 131.77

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284 284 - 285 N 47° W 10 131.46

285 285 - 286 N 20° W 10 131.20
286 286 - 287 N 21° W 10 130.95
287 287 - 288 N 35° W 10 130.34
288 288 - 289 N 33° W 10 130.14
289 289 - 290 N 38° W 10 129.79
290 290 - 291 N 35° W 10 129.25
291 291 - 292 N 34° W 10 129.16
292 292 - 293 N 36° W 10 128.94
293 293 - 294 N 42° W 10 128.58
294 294 - 295 N 40° W 10 128.17
295 295 - 296 N 41° W 10 127.77
296 296 - 297 N 38° W 10 127.49
297 297 - 298 N 39° W 10 127.16
298 298 - 299 N 37° W 10 126.89
299 299 - 300 N 36° W 10 126.54
300 300 - 301 N 16° W 10 126.34
301 301 - 302 N 15° W 10 126.12
302 302 - 303 N 14° W 10 125.88
303 303 - 304 N 9° W 10 125.46
304 304 - 305 N 10° W 10 125.21
305 305 - 306 N 8° W 10 124.86
306 306 - 307 N 10° W 10 124.43
307 307 - 308 N 12° W 10 124.19
308 308 - 309 N 11° W 10 123.94
309 309 - 310 N 32° W 10 123.66
310 310 - 311 N 30° W 10 123.25
311 311 - 312 N 47° W 10 123.09
312 312 - 313 N 45° W 10 122.91
313 313 - 314 N 44° W 10 122.73
314 314 - 315 N 25° W 10 122.53
315 315 - 316 N 22° W 10 122.21
316 316 - 317 N 24° W 10 121.84
317 317 - 318 N 21° W 10 121.46
318 318 -319 N 19° W 10 121.03
319 319 - 320 N 33° W 10 120.76
320 320 - 321 N 30° W 10 120.43
321 321 - 322 N 33° W 10 120.19
322 322 -323 N 32° W 10 119.78
323 323 - 324 N 36° W 10 119.35
324 324 - 325 N 35° W 10 119.14
325 325 - 326 N 34° W 10 118.85
326 326 - 327 N 50° W 10 118.49
327 327 - 328 N 52° W 10 118.27

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328 328 - 329 N 38° W 10 118.05

329 329 - 330 N 35° W 10 117.72
330 330 - 331 N 27° W 10 117.45
331 331 - 332 N 25° W 10 117.01
332 332 - 333 N 29° W 10 116.85
333 333 - 334 N 27° W 10 116.57
334 334 - 335 N 38° W 10 116.29
335 335 - 336 N 37° W 10 115.88
336 336 - 337 N 20° W 10 115.65
337 337 - 338 N 24° W 10 115.27
338 338 - 339 N 19° W 10 114.98
339 339 - 340 N 22° W 10 114.75
340 340 - 341 N 32° W 10 114.24
341 341 - 342 N 31° W 10 114.02
342 342 - 343 N 53° W 10 113.86
343 343 - 344 N 52° W 10 113.49
344 344 - 345 N 47° W 10 113.05
345 345 - 346 N 45° W 10 112.88
346 346 - 347 N 20° W 10 112.52
347 347 - 348 N 18° W 10 112.27
348 348 - 349 N 12° W 10 111.95
349 349 - 350 N 10° W 10 111.67
350 350 -351 N 22° W 10 111.29
351 351 - 352 N 23° W 10 110.85
352 352 - 353 N 20° W 10 110.24
353 353 - 354 N 19° W 10 110.06
354 354 - 355 N 29° W 10 109.82
355 355 - 356 N 25° W 10 109.34
356 356 - 357 N 26° W 10 109.15
357 357 - 358 N 21° W 10 108.92
358 358 - 359 N 19° W 10 108.46
359 359 - 360 N 27° E 10 108.15
360 360 - 361 N 29° E 10 107.84
361 361 -362 N 32° W 10 107.55
362 362 - 363 N 30° W 10 107.26
363 363 - 364 N 43° W 10 106.97
364 364 - 365 N 40° W 10 106.66
365 365 - 366 N 49° W 10 106.27
366 366 - 367 N 50° W 10 106.08
367 367 - 368 N 60° W 10 105.85
368 368 - 369 N 63° W 10 105.61
369 369 - 370 N 59° W 10 105.43
370 370 - 371 N 47° W 10 104.99
371 371 - 372 N 49° W 10 104.78

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372 372 - 373 N 51° W 10 104.29

373 373 - 374 N 46° W 10 104.08
374 374 - 375 N 48° W 10 103.84
375 375 - 376 N 33° W 10 103.64
376 376 - 377 N 30° W 10 103.29
377 377 - 378 N 15° W 10 102.94
378 378 - 379 N 17° W 10 102.76
379 379 - 380 N 7° W 10 102.36
380 380 - 381 N 5° W 10 102.11
381 381 - 382 N 28° W 10 101.92
382 382 - 383 N 30° W 10 101.64
383 383 - 384 N 33° W 10 101.26
384 384 - 385 N 31° W 10 101.08
385 385 - 386 N 4° W 10 100.88
386 386 - 387 N 2° W 10 100.61
387 387 - 388 N 13° W 10 100.22
388 388 - 389 N 15° W 10 100.07
389 389 - 390 N 10° W 10 99.84
390 390 - 391 N 15° W 10 99.46
391 391 - 392 N 9° W 10 99.27
392 392 - 393 N 11° W 10 99.05
393 393 - 394 N 17° W 10 98.87
394 394 - 395 N 14° W 10 98.46
395 395 - 396 N 15° W 10 98.16
396 396 - 397 N 22° E 10 97.89
397 397 -398 N 20° E 10 97.67
398 398 - 399 N 22° W 10 97.34
399 399 - 400 N 70° W 10 97.19
400 400 - 401 N 72° W 10 96.96
401 401 - 402 N 70° W 10 96.57
402 402 - 403 N 50° W 10 96.26
403 403 - 404 N 33° W 10 95.79
404 404 - 405 N 34° W 10 95.36
405 405 - 406 N 49° W 10 94.47
406 406 - 407 N 26° W 10 94.01
407 407 - 408 N 7° W 10 93.47
408 408 - 409 N 11° W 10 93.06
409 409 - 410 N 32° W 10 92.76
410 410 - 411 N 37° W 10 92.44
411 411 - 412 N 30° W 10 92.03
412 412 - 413 N 34° W 10 91.49
413 413 - 414 N 35° W 10 90.33
414 414 - 415 N 34° W 10 90.21
415 415 - 416 N 40° W 10 89.69

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416 416 - 417 N 45° W 10 89.47

417 417 - 418 N 39° W 10 89.11
418 418 - 419 N 41° W 10 88.78
419 419 - 420 N 55° W 10 88.49
420 420 - 421 N 59° W 10 88.07
421 421 - 422 N 59° W 10 87.59
422 422 - 423 N 46° W 10 87.26
423 423 - 424 N 47° W 10 87.03
424 424 - 425 N 47° W 10 86.92
425 425 - 426 N 32° W 10 86.89
426 426 - 427 N 27° W 10 86.77
427 427 - 428 N 20° W 10 86.49
428 428 - 429 N 14° W 10 85.97
429 429 - 430 N 14° W 10 85.73
430 430 - 431 N 4° W 10 86.47
431 431 - 432 N 27° E 10 87.02
432 432 - 433 N 12° E 10 86.16
433 433 - 434 N 5° W 10 85.79
434 434 - 435 N 6° W 10 85.06
435 435 - 436 N 10° W 10 84.67
436 436 - 437 N 8° W 10 84.03
437 437 - 438 N 54° W 10 83.49
438 438 -439 N 55° W 10 82.78
439 439 - 440 N 61° W 10 81.47
440 440 - 441 N 44° W 10 79.98
441 441 - 442 N 47° W 10 79.49
442 422 - 443 N 31° W 10 78.16

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SURVEY ANSWERS

Figure C-2. Percentage of Respondents per Households

Figure C-2 shows the years of residency of Barangay North Poblacion, San
Fernando in terms of respondents per household in percentage. It appears that
more than half or 55.84% of respondents have lived for 10 – 20 years. And less
respondents have stayed below 10 years. This means that the longer the residency
period, the more they crave for water supply having experienced the hardship of
having no water.

Figure C-3. Number of Family Member per Household

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 55

Figure C-3 shows the number of family members per household. Barangay
North Poblacion, San Fernando has an approximate 1,023 households which 48.1
% has 1 – 4 members each. The researchers determined the number of family
members per household in order to know the quantity of water that was used or
consumed by the residents.

Figure C-4. Number of Years in Using the San Fernando’s Water System
64.9 % are using this kind of system for five years and beyond. It shows
that they have been experiencing this water distribution system for a long period
of time.

Figure C-5. The Current System Effectiveness

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 56

96.1% of the respondents said that they have inadequate water supply for
their daily usage. This data was used as an indication that the residents really need
a water supply.

Figure C-6. The Adequacy of Water Supply for the Daily Usage

92.2 % of the respondents said that they have inadequate water supply for
their daily usage and 7.8 % said that the supply is adequate. This data
indicatedthat the residents really need a proper water supply.

Figure C-7. Activities in Water Usage

The figure shows that 98.7% of the residents use the water for domestic
purposes. This proves the necessity for improvement of water supply.

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 57

Figure C-8. Peak Time of Water Usage in Percentage

Figure C-8 shows that the peak usage of water in North Poblacion are
between 5am-8am and 3pm-6pm which are commonly for domestic use.

FLOW RATE
By Volumetric Method:
VOLUME (liters)
FLOWRATE = TIME (seconds)

TRIAL VOLUME TIME FLOW RATE

(LITERS) (SECONDS) (LITERS SECONDS)
1 0.820 15.33 0.05349
2 0.820 18.62 0.04404
3 0.820 16.33 0.05021
4 0.820 14.65 0.05597
AVERAGE: 0.05093
Present Population to be provided with water supply (P)
4 members
P = 150 household x 1 household

P = 600 persons

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WATER DEMANDS
Using the formulas from Basic Environmental Technology by Jerry A.
Nathanson:
1. AVERAGE DAY DEMAND= (Design Population) x (Water Consumption Rate)
DOMESTIC = 100 L/d per person
AVERAGE DAY DEMAND = 600 persons x 100 L/d
= 60 000 L/d
PEAK FACTOR x AVERAGE DAY DEMAND
2. MAXIMUM (PEAK) HOUR DEMAND = PEAK HOUR

Peak Factors:
3.0 = for population of 600 and below
2.5 = for population of 600 and above
Peak hour is from 5:00 A.M. – 8:00 A.M. and 6:00 P.M. – 9:00 P.M. so 6
hours.
L
3.0 ×60 000
d
MAXIMUM (PEAK) HOUR DEMAND = 6 hrs

= 30 000 L/hr
3. MAXIMUM DAY DEMAND = 1.3 x AVERAGE DAY DEMAND
MAXIMUM DAY DEMAND = 1.3 x 60 000
= 78 000 L/d
4. WATER SUPPLY = EXISTING WATER SUPPLY + 0.05093 L/s
= 50 400 L/d + 4400 L/d
Since;
WATER SUPPLY AVERAGE DAY DEMAND
(54 800 L/d) < (78 000 L/d)
Therefore, the water source cannot supply the water demand.

DESIGN OF TANK WALLS

Cistern/Storage Tank
L=1.7m, S=1.7m, H=1.6m
𝐾𝑁
W = (9.81𝑚3 ) (1.6m) (1m)
𝐾𝑁
= 15.70 𝑚

.
 59

𝑤𝐿2 (15.70)(1.7)2
Mmax = = = 7.56 kNm
6 6
∅
Effective depth shall be taken as d= t - 2 - ∝ - cover

Cover = 40 mm
Thickness = 225mm
16
d = 225 - 16 - – 40
2

d = 161 mm
𝑀𝑢 7.56×106 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
Ru= ∅𝑏𝑑2 = 0.9×1700×161𝑚𝑚2 = 0.19 MPa

Using a compressive strength of concrete fc’ = 21 MPa yielding stress of

steel Fy = 414 MPa and one meter width:
Steel Reinforcement will be:
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1-√1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

0.85(21) 2(0.19)
= [1-√1 − ]
414 0.85(21)

= 0.00046
Checking for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 414
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75[ ]
600(𝑓𝑦+600)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
= 0.75[ ]
600(414+600)

= 0.011
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034
Area of steel will be:
As= 𝜌bd
= 0.0034(1700)(161)
= 930.58 ~ 931m𝑚2
Spacing of bar 16mm diameter bar will be
𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡

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 60

𝜋(16)2
1700( )
4
= 931

= 367.14 ~ 360mm
ACI Specs:
100< S < t or 450 mm
S<2(225) = 450
∴ use S = 360mm
Use 16 mm Ø longitudinal bars spaced at 360 mm O.C.
Horizontal Bars:
As= 𝜌bt = 0.0034(1700)(225)
= 1300 m𝑚2
𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠
𝜋(16)2
1700( )
4
= 1300

= 262.93 ~ 260mm
S < 5t or 450 mm
S < 5(225) = 1125
∴ use S = 260mm
Use 16 mm Ø horizontal bars spaced at 260 mm O.C.

DESIGN OF TANK WALLS

Spring Box
L=1m, S=1m, H=1m
𝐾𝑁
W = (9.81𝑚3 ) (1m) (1m)
𝐾𝑁
= 9.81 𝑚
𝑤𝐿2 (9.81)(1.7)2
Mmax = = = 4.73 kN-m
6 6
∅
Effective depth shall be taken as d= t - 2 - ∝ - cover

Cover = 40 mm
Thickness = 225mm

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 61

16
d = 225 - 16 - – 40
2

d = 161 mm
𝑀𝑢 4.73×106 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
Ru= ∅𝑏𝑑2 = 0.9×1700×161𝑚𝑚2 = 0.12 MPa

Using a compressive strength of concrete fc’ = 21 MPa yielding stress of

steel Fy = 414 MPa and one meter width:

Steel Reinforcement will be:

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1-√1 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ]
𝑓𝑦

0.85(21) 2(0.12)
= 414
[1-√1 − 0.85(21)]

= 0.00029
Checking for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 414
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75[ ]
600(𝑓𝑦+600)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
= 0.75[ ]
600(414+600)

=0.011
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034
Area of steel will be:
As = 𝜌bd
= 0.0034(1700)(161)
= 930.58 ~ 931m𝑚2
Spacing of bar 16mm diameter bar will be
𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜋(16)2
1700( )
4
= 931

= 367.14 ~ 360mm
ACI Specs:

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 62

100< S < 2t or 450 mm

S<2(225) = 450
∴ use S = 360m
Use 16 mm Ø longitudinal bars spaced at 360 mm O.C.
Horizontal Bars:
As= 𝜌bt = 0.0034(1700)(225)
= 1300 m𝑚2
𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠
𝜋(16)2
1700( )
4
=
1300

= 262.93 ~ 260mm
S < 5t or 450 mm
S<5(225) = 1125
∴ use S = 260mm
Use 16 mm Ø horizontal bars spaced at 260 mm O.C.

DESIGN OF STORAGE TANK SLAB

Cistern/Storage Tank
Thickness= 75 mm S= 1.7m L= 1.7m
Along long side:
WDL = Wt. of Tank + Wt. of Slab
𝐾𝑁 1
= 23.54 𝑚3[2(2) – (1.7)(1.7)(1.7) – (2)(2)(0.1) + (2)(2)(0.1)( 2)]
𝐾𝑁
= 68.03 𝑚

WLL = Unit weight of water x volume of water provided by the tank

9.81𝐾𝑁 1
= [4.40𝑚3 ] [2𝑚]
𝑚3
𝐾𝑁
= 21.582 𝑚

Case 1:
cb = 0.019; ca = 0.061
Ma = Ca WDL La2 + Ca WLL La2
= [(0.061)(68.03)(1.7)(1.7) + 0.061(21.582)(1.7)(1.7)]

.
 63

=15.80 KN.m
@Discontinuous edge
+𝑚 15.80
M= = = 5.27 KN.m
3 3

Steel Reinforcement
16
d = 75 - – 20
2

d = 47 mm
𝑀𝑢 15.80×106 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
Ru= ∅𝑏𝑑2 = 0.9×1000×47𝑚𝑚2 = 7.95 MPa

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1-√1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

0.85(21) 2(7.95)
= [1-√1 − 0.85(21)]
414

= 0.029
Checking for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 414
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.75[ ]
600(𝑓𝑦+600)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
=0.75[ ]
600(414+600)

=0.011
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝜌
∴ Use 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.011
Area of steel will be:
As = 𝜌bd
= 0.011(1000)(47)
= 517 m𝑚2
Spacing of bar 16mm diameter bar will be
𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜋(16)2
1000( )
4
= 517

= 388.90 ~ 380mm
ACI Specs:

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 64

100< S < 2t or 450 mm

2(75) = 150
∴ Use 2t = 150 mm
Use 16 mm Ø at 150 mm cut-off bars at discontinuous edge
Along short side:
WDL = Wt. of Tank + Wt. of Slab
𝐾𝑁 1
= 23.54 𝑚3[2(2) – (1.7)(1.7)(1.7) – (2)(2)(0.1) + (2)(2)(0.1)( 2)]
𝐾𝑁
= 68.03 𝑚

WLL = Unit weight of water x volume of water provided by the tank

9.81𝐾𝑁 1
= [4.40𝑚3 ] [2𝑚]
𝑚3
𝐾𝑁
= 21.582
𝑚

Case 1:
cb = 0.019; ca = 0.061
Ma = Ca WDL La2 + Ca WLL La2
= [(0.019)(68.03)(1.7)(1.7) + 0.019(21.582)(1.7)(1.7)]
= 4.92 KN.m
@Discontinuous edge
+𝑚 4.92
M= = = 1.64 KN.m
3 3

Steel Reinforcement
16
d = 75 - – 20
2

d = 47 mm
𝑀𝑢 4.92×106 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
Ru= ∅𝑏𝑑2 = 0.9×1000×47𝑚𝑚2 = 2.47 MPa

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1-√1 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ]
𝑓𝑦

0.85(21) 2(2.47)
= [1-√1 − 0.85(21)]
414

= 0.0064
Checking for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 414

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 65

0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75[ ]
600(𝑓𝑦+600)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
= 0.75[ ]
600(414+600)

= 0.011
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴Use 𝜌 = 0.0064
Area of steel will be:
As= 𝜌bd
= 0.0064(1000)(47)
= 300.8 m𝑚2
Spacing of bar 16mm diameter bar will be
𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜋(16)2
1000( )
4
= 300.8

= 668.42 ~ 660mm
ACI Specs:
100< S < 2t or 450 mm
2(75) = 150
∴ Use 2t = 150 mm
Use 16 mm Ø spaced at 150mm O.C at midspan
@ Discontinuous edge
-M = 1.64 KN.m
𝑀𝑢 1.64×106 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
Ru= ∅𝑏𝑑2 = 0.9×1000×47𝑚𝑚2 = 0.82 MPa

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1-√1 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ]
𝑓𝑦

0.85(21) 2(0.82)
= [1-√1 − 0.85(21)]
414

= 0.000203
Checking for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
= 414
= 0.0034

.
 66

0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75[ ]
600(𝑓𝑦+600)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
= 0.75[ ]
600(414+600)

= 0.011
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝜌
∴ Use 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.011
Area of steel will be:
As= 𝜌bd
= 0.0034(1000)(47)
= 159.8 m𝑚2
Spacing of bar 16 mm diameter bar will be
𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜋(16)2
1000( )
4
= 159.8

= 1258.21 ~ 1250mm
ACI Specs:
100< S < 2t or 450 mm
2(75) = 150
∴ Use 2t = 150 mm
Use 16 mm Ø at 150 mm cut-off bars at discontinuous edge

DESIGN OF SLAB
Spring Box
Thickness= 75 mm; S= 1 m; L= 1 m
Along long side:
WDL = Wt. of Tank + Wt. of Slab
𝐾𝑁 1
= 23.54 𝑚3 [1.32(1.32) – (1)(1)(1) – (1.32)(1.32)(0.1) + (1)(1)(0.1)( 1)]
𝐾𝑁
= 25.894 𝑚

WLL = Unit weight of water x volume of water provided by the tank

9.81𝐾𝑁 1
= [1𝑚3 ] [1𝑚]
𝑚3

.
 67

𝐾𝑁
= 9.81 𝑚

Case 1 :
cb = 0.019; ca = 0.061
Ma = Ca WDL La2 + Ca WLL La2
= [(0.061)(25.894)(1)(1) + 0.061(9.81)(1)(1)]
= 2.18 KN.m
@Discontinuous edge
+𝑚 2.18
M= = = 0.73 KN.m
3 3

Steel Reinforcement
16
d = 75 - – 20
2

d = 47 mm
𝑀𝑢 2.18×106 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
Ru= ∅𝑏𝑑2 = 0.9×1000×47𝑚𝑚2 = 1.10 MPa

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1-√1 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ]
𝑓𝑦

0.85(21) 2(1.10)
= [1-√1 − 0.85(21)]
414

= 0.0027
Checking for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 414
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75[ ]
600(𝑓𝑦+600)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
= 0.75[ ]
600(414+600)

= 0.011
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝜌
∴Use 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.011
Area of steel will be:
As= 𝜌bd
= 0.0034(1000)(47)
= 159.8 mm2
Spacing of bar 16mm diameter bar will be

.
 68

𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝜋(16)2
1000( )
4
= 159.8

= 1258.21 ~ 1250mm
ACI Specs:
100< S < 2t or 450 mm
2(75) = 150
∴ Use 2t = 150 mm
Use 16mm Ø spaced at 150 mm O.C at midspan
@ Discontinuous edge
-M = 0.73 KN.m
𝑀𝑢 0.73×106 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
Ru= ∅𝑏𝑑2 = 0.9×1000×47𝑚𝑚2 = 0.37 MPa

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1-√1 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ]
𝑓𝑦

0.85(21) 2(0.37)
= [1-√1 − 0.85(21)]
414

= 0.000903
Checking for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 414
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75[ ]
600(𝑓𝑦+600)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
=0.75[ ]
600(414+600)

=0.011
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034
Area of steel will be:
As= 𝜌bd
= 0.0034(1000)(47)
= 159.8 m𝑚2
Spacing of bar 16mm diameter bar will be

.
 69

𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝜋(16)2
1000( )
4
= 159.8

= 1258.21 ~ 1250mm
ACI Specs:
100< S < 2t or 450 mm
2(75) = 150
∴ Use 2t = 150 mm
Use 16 mm Ø at 150mm cut-off bars at discontinuous edge
Along short side:
WDL = Wt. of Tank + Wt. of Slab
𝐾𝑁 1
= 23.54 𝑚3 [1.32(1.32) – (1)(1)(1) – (1.32)(1.32)(0.1) + (1)(1)(0.1)( 1)]
𝐾𝑁
= 25.894
𝑚

WLL = Unit weight of water x volume of water provided by the tank

9.81𝐾𝑁 1
= [1𝑚3 ] [1𝑚]
𝑚3
𝐾𝑁
WLL = 9.81 𝑚

Case 1:
cb = 0.019; ca = 0.061
Ma = Ca WDL La2 + Ca WLL La2
Ma = [(0.019)(25.894)(1)(1) + 0.019(9.81)(1)(1)]
Ma = 0.68 KN.m
@Discontinuous edge
+𝑚 0.68
M= = = 0.23KN.m
3 3

Steel Reinforcement
16
d = 75 - – 20
2

d = 47 mm
𝑀𝑢 0.68×106 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
Ru= ∅𝑏𝑑2 = 0.9×1000×47𝑚𝑚2 = 0.34 MPa

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1-√1 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ]
𝑓𝑦

.
 70

0.85(21) 2(0.34)
= [1-√1 − 0.85(21)]
414

= 0.00083
Checking for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 414
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75[ ]
600(𝑓𝑦+600)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
= 0.75[ ]
600(414+600)

= 0.011
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴Use 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0034
Area of steel will be:
As = 𝜌bd
= 0.0034(1000)(47)
= 159.8 m𝑚2
Spacing of bar 16mm diameter bar will be
𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜋(16)2
1000( )
4
= 159.8

= 1258.21 ~ 1250mm
ACI Specs:
100< S < 2t or 450 mm
2(75) = 150
∴ Use 2t = 150 mm
Use 16 mm Ø spaced at 150mm O.C at midspan
@ Discontinuous edge
-M = 0.23 KN.m
𝑀𝑢 0.23×106 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
Ru= ∅𝑏𝑑2 = 0.9×1000×47𝑚𝑚2 = 0.12 MPa

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1-√1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

.
 71

0.85(21) 2(0.12)
= [1-√1 − 0.85(21)]
414

= 0.000291
Checking for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
𝑓𝑦 414

= 0.0034
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75[ ]
600(𝑓𝑦+600)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
=0.75[ ]
600(414+600)

=0.011
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034
Area of steel will be:
As = 𝜌bd
= 0.0034(1000)(47)
= 159.8 m𝑚2
Spacing of bar 16mm diameter bar will be
𝑏𝐴𝑏
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝜋(16)2
1000( )
4
= 159.8

= 1258.21 ~ 1250mm
ACI Specs:
100< S < 2t or 450 mm
2(75) = 150
∴ Use 2t = 150 mm
Use 16mm Ø at 150mm cut-off bars at discontinuous edge

ESTIMATES
EARTHWORKS
Salary of Laborer per day = Php 386.00/day
Base Course = Php 1600.00/cu. m.

.
 72

Earthfill = Php 400.00/cu.m.

Thickness of Base Course = 100mm
Shrinkage Factor = 25%
Waste Factor = 10%
A. EXCAVATION
Volume of excavation = L x W x D
= 2 x 2 x 0.4
= 1.6 cu. m.
MANPOWER CAPABILITY
Using Daily Basis = 1 man can excavate 0.72 cu. m. per day
Using 3 men:
Accomplishment/day = (Capability of 1 man per day) x (Number of men)
= (0.72 cu.m. /day /1 man) x (3 men)
= 2.16 cu. m. /day
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Number of days = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
1.6 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.
= 2.16 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.

= 0.74 days = 1 day

MANPOWER COST
3 Laborers at Php 386.00/day for 1 day = Php 1,158.00
Total Direct Cost = Php 1,158.00
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Direct Unit Cost = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑃ℎ𝑝 1,158.00
= 1.6 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.

Direct Unit Cost = Php 723.75 per cu. m

Adjusted Unit Cost (40% Mark –up) = Direct Unit Cost + 40% (Direct Unit
Cost)
= Php 723.75 x 1.40
= Php 1,013.25 per cu. m.
Total Adjusted Cost = Adjusted Unit Cost x Total Volume of Excavation
= (Php 1,013.25/cu. m.) x (1.6 cu. m.)
Total Adjusted Cost = Php 1,621.20

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 73

B. BACKFILL
Volume of backfill = (Volume of excavation) – (Vol. of embedded concrete
+ Vol. of base course)
Vol. of embedded conc. = 1.7 x 1.7 x 0.1
= 0.289 cu. m.
Vol. of Base Course = 2 x 2 x 0.3
= 1.2 cu. m.

Volume of backfill = (1.6 cu. m.) – (0.289 cu. m. + 1.2 cu. m.)

= 0.111 cu. m. (Compact Volume)

NOTE: Add 25% Shrinkage factor to the compact volume.

Loose Vol. of backfill = (Compact Volume) x (1.25)

= (0.111 cu. m.) x (1.25)

Loose Vol. of backfill = 0.13875 cu. m.
MANPOWER CAPABILITY
1 man can backfill and compact 1.0 cu. m. per day
Using 1 man:
Accomplishment / day = (Capability of 1 man per day) x (Number of men)
= (1.0 cu. m./day /1 man) x (1 man)
= 1.0 cu. m./ day
𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙
Number of days = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
0.13875 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.
= 1.0 𝑐𝑢.𝑚./𝑑𝑎𝑦

= 0.13875 day = 0.5 day

MANPOWER COST
1 Laborer at Php 386.00 /day for 0.5 day = Php 193.00
Total Direct Cost = Php 193.00
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Direct Unit Cost =
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝑃ℎ𝑝 193.00
= 0.111 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.

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 74

= Php 1738.74 per cu. m.

Adjusted Unit Cost (40% Mark –up) = Direct Unit Cost + 40% (Direct Unit
Cost)
= Php 1738.74 x 1.40
= Php 2434.24 per cu. m.
Total Adjusted Cost = Adjusted Unit Cost x Compact Volume
= (Php 2434.24/cu. m.) x (0.111 cu. m.)
Total Adjusted Cost = Php 270.21
C. HAUL – OUT
Volume of haul-out = (Vol. of excavation) – (Compact vol. of backfill)
= (1.6 cu. m.) – (0.111 cu. m.)
Volume of haul-out = 1.489 cu. m.
Note: Add 25% Shrinkage factor to the compact volume
Loose Vol. of haul-out = (1.489 cu. m.) x (1.25)
= 1.86125 cu. m.
MANPOWER CAPABILITY
1 man can haul-out 2.0 cu. m. per day
Using 1 man:
Accomplishment/ day = (Capability of 1 man per day) x (No. of men)
= (2.0 cu. m./ day/ man) x (1 man)
= (2.0 cu. m./ day)
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙−𝑜𝑢𝑡
No. of Days =
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
1.86125 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.
= 2.0 𝑐𝑢.𝑚./𝑑𝑎𝑦

= 0.930625 = 1 day
MANPOWER COST
1 laborer at Php 386.00/ day for 1 day = Php 386.00
Total Direct Cost = Php 386.00
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Direct Unit Cost = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙−𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃ℎ𝑝 386.00
= 1.489 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.

= Php 259. 24 per cu. m.

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 75

Adjusted Unit Cost (40% Mark –up) = Direct Unit Cost + 40% (Direct Unit
Cost)
= Php 259.24 x 1.40
= Php 362.94 per cu. m.
Total Adjusted Cost = Adjusted Unit Cost x Compact Volume
= (Php 362.94/cu. m.) x (1.489 cu. m.)
Total Adjusted Cost = Php 540.42

D. BASE COURSE
Vol. of Base Course = 2 x 2 x 0.3
= 1.2 cu. m. (compact volume)
Note: Add 25% Shrinkage factor to the compact
Loose vol. of base course = (Compact volume) x (1.25)
= (1.2 cu. m.) x (1.25)
= 1.5 cu. m.
(Note: When buying aggregates always add 10% waste factor. Volume to
purchase must be rounded up to 0.5 cu. m.)
Volume = (1.5 cu. m.) x (1.10)
Volume to purchase = 1.65 cu. m. = 2.0 cu. m.
MATERIAL COST
2.0 cu. m. base course at Php 1600/cu.m.
= Php 3,200.00
MANPOWER CAPABILITY
1 man can spread and compact 1.0 cu. m. per day
Using 2 men:
Accomplishment/ day = (Capability of 1 man per day) x (No. of men)
= (1.0 cu. m./ day/ 1 man) x (2 men)
= 2.0 cu. m./ day
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑒
No. of days = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
1.5 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.
= 2.0 𝑐𝑢.𝑚,/𝑑𝑎𝑦

= 0.75 day = 1 day

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 76

MANPOWER COST
2 Laborers at Php 386.00/day for 1 day = Php 772.00
Total Direct Cost = Php 772.00
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Direct Unit Cost = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙.𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑒
𝑃ℎ𝑝 772.00
= 1.2 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.

= Php 643.34 per cu. m.

Adjusted Unit Cost (40% Mark –up) = Direct Unit Cost + 40% (Direct Unit
Cost)
= Php 643.34 x 1.40
= Php 900.67 per cu. m.
Total Adjusted Cost = Adjusted Unit Cost x Compact Volume
= (Php 900.67/cu. m.) x (1.2 cu. m.)

Total Adjusted Cost = Php 1080.82

Item Description Quantity Unit Adj.Unit Cost Amount

1 Earthworks

Excavation 1.6 cu. m. Php 1,013.25 Php 1,621.20

Backfill 0.111 cu. m. Php 2434.24 Php 270.21

Haul-out 1.489 cu. m. Php 362.94 Php 540.42

Base
1.2 cu. m. Php 900.67 Php 1080.82
Course

CONCRETE
Mixture = 1:2:3
Slab thickness = 100mm
Cement = Php 225.00/bag
Sand = Php 1,600.00/cu. m.

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 77

Gravel = Php 1,600.00/cu. m.

Water = Php 175.00/cu. m.
Mixer Operator = Php 379.00/day
Carpenter = Php 450.00/day
Mason = Php 450.00/day
Laborer = Php 386.00/day
1 Bagger Concrete Mixer = 1,000/day
Fuel = Php 52.00/Liter
Volume of concrete = Vol. of slab + Vol. of wall + Vol. of column
Volume of slab = 1.7 x 1.7 x 0.1
= 0.289 cu. m.
Volume of wall = (0.16 x 1.6 x 1.7) (4) + (0.16 x 1.7 x 1.7)
= 2.2032 cu. m.
Vol. of column = (0.2 x 0.1 x 1.7) (4)
= 0.136 cu. m.
Volume of concrete = 2.6282 cu. m.
Using 1:2:3 Mixtures:
c:w = 1 : 19 Liters
(𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)(𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
Volume of cement = (𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
1114𝑘𝑔
(1)(0.0283)( )
𝑚3
= 1000𝑘𝑔
(3.14)( )
𝑚3

= 0.0127 cu. m.
(𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)(𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑)
Volume of sand = (𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
1684𝑘𝑔
(2)(0.0283)( )
𝑚3
= 1000𝑘𝑔
(2.65)( )
𝑚3

= 0.0359 cu. m.
(𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)(𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙)
Volume of gravel = (𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
1523𝑘𝑔
(3)(0.0283)( )
𝑚3
= 1000𝑘𝑔
(2.5)( )
𝑚3

= 0.0517 cu. m.

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 78

(𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)(𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)

Volume of water = (𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
(19.0𝐿)(1.0 𝑐𝑢.𝑚./1000𝐿)
= (1.0)

= 0.019 cu. m.
Volume of concrete/batch = 0.0127 + 0.0359 + 0.0517 + 0.019
= 0.1193 cu. m.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
No. of batches = Volume of concrete/batch
2.6282 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.
= 0.1193 cu.m.

= 22.031 batches
MATERIALS
No. of bags of cement = (No. of batches) x (Cement ration/batch)
= (22.031) x (1 bag)
= 22.031 = 23 bags
Required vol. of sand = (No. batches) x (sand ration/batch)
= (22.031) x (2) x (0.0283) x (1.1)
= 1.37165006 cu. m. say 1.4 cu. m.
Required vol. of gravel = (22.031) x (3) x (0.0283) x (1.1)
= 2.05747509 cu.m. say 2.1 cu. m.
Required vol. of water = (22.031) x (19L/batch) x (1/1000)
= 0.418589 cu. m. say 0.5 cu. m.
MATERIAL COST
Cement = 23 bags x Php 225.00/ bag = Php 5,175.00
Sand = 1.4 cu. m. x Php 1600.00/ cu. m. = Php 2,240.00
Gravel = 2.1 cu.m. x Php 1600.00/ cu. m. = Php 3,360.00
Water = 0.5 cu. m. x Php 175.00/ cu. m. = Php 87.50
Total Material Cost = Php 10,862.50
MANPOWER CAPABILITY
2 men can accomplish 0.50 cu. m. per day
1 Mixing crew consist of 14 men:
Mason = 2; Mixer Operator =1; Carpenter = 1; Laborer = 10
Using 1 crew:

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 79

Accomplishment/day = (Capability of 2 men per day) x (Number of men in

1 crew)
= (0.50 cu. m./ day/ 2 men) x (14 men)
= 3.50 cu.m./ day
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
Number of days = accomplishment per day
2.6282 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.
= 3.50 cu.m./day

= 0.751 day = 1 day

MANPOWER COST
1 – Mixer Operator at Php 379.00/day for 1 day = Php 379.00
1 – Carpenter at Php 450.00/day for 1 day = Php 450.00
2 – Mason at Php 450.00/day for 1 day = Php 450.00
10 – Laborer at Php 386.00/day for 1 day = Php 3,860.00
Total Manpower Cost = Php 5,139.00
EQUIPMENT RENTAL
1 – Unit = One – Bagger Mixer at Php 1000.00/day for 1 day = Php
1000.00
FUEL & LUBRICANTS
Fuel consumption of mixer per day = 8 Liters
Total = 8 x 1 day = 8 Liters
Cost = 8 Liters x Php 52.00/Liters
= Php 416.00
Lubricants = 15% of the Fuel Cost
Cost of Lubricants = Php 416.00 x 0.15
= Php 62.40
Total Cost of Fuel & Lubricants = Php 478.40
Total Direct Cost = Material Cost + Manpower + Equipment Rental + Fuel
& Lubricants
= Php 17,479.90
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Direct Unit Cost = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑃ℎ𝑝 17,479.90
= 2.6282 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.

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 80

= Php 6,650.91 per cu. m.

Adjusted Unit Cost (40% Mark –up) = Direct Unit Cost + 40% (Direct Unit
Cost)
= Php 6,650.91 x 1.40
= Php 9,311.27 per cu. m.
Total Adjusted Cost = Adjusted Unit Cost x Total Volume of Concrete
= (Php 9,311.27/cu. m.) x (2.6282 cu. m.)
Total Adjusted Cost = Php 24,471.86

REINFORCING BARS
A. COLUMN BARS
C-1 (4 Units) = 0.2 x 0.1 ; cutting = 1.7m
Required no. of bars= (No. of bars/column)(No. of units)
= (2 bars/column ) (4 units)
= 8 pcs – 12mm Ø x 1.7m
Determine the most economical length to use:
Using 12 mm Ø x 7.5m:
length of 1 bar
No. of cuts/ length =
cutting
12 m
No. of cuts/length =
1.7 m/cut
No. of cuts/length = 4 cut/length
Determine the required no. of lengths:
no. of pcs.
Required No. of length =
no. of cuts/length
8
Required No. of length =
4 cut/length
= 2 lengths – 12mm Ø x 7.5m
122
Mass = (0.888)(7.5)(2) = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝒈
144
B. COLUMN TIES
Cutting of column ties = 200(2) + 100(2) + 35(2) = 670mm = 0.67m
Determine the No. of ties per column:

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 81

Spaced @ 100mm= 17 pcs = 17 pcs @ 100 mm ≈ 1700 mm

No. of ties per column = 17 pcs
Total = 17 pcs x 4 units = 68 pcs – 10mm Ø 0.67m
Using 10 mm Ø x 12 m
12 m
No. of cuts/length =
0.67 m
No. of cuts/length = 17.91 cuts/length ≈ 17 cuts/length
68 pcs
Required No. of lengths = 17 cuts/length

=4 lengths 10mm Ø x 12m

102
Mass = (0.888)(12)(4) = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟔 𝒌𝒈
144
C. CHB REBARS
Vertical Bars
Cutting of chb bars = 1.7 m
Required no. of bars = (No. of bars) (No. of units)
= (5 bars/ wall) (4 units)
= 10 pcs – 10 mm Ø x 1.7 m
Determine the most economical length to use:
Using 10 mm Ø x 7.5 m:
length of 1 bar
No. of cuts/ length =
cutting
7.5 m
No. of cuts/length =
1.7 m/cut

No. of cuts/length = 4 cut/length

Determine the required no. of lengths:

no. of pcs.
Required No. of length =
no. of cuts/length
10
Required No. of length =
4 cut/length
= 3 lengths – 10mm Ø x 7.5m

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 82

102
Mass = (0.888)(7.5)(3) = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒈
144
Horizontal Bars
Cutting of CHB bars = 1.6 m
Required no. of bars = (No. of bars) (No. of units)
= (7 bars/ wall) (4 units)
= 28 pcs – 10 mm Ø x 1.6 m
Determine the most economical length to use:
Using 10 mm Ø x 7.5 m
length of 1 bar
No. of cuts/ length =
cutting
7.5 m
No. of cuts/length =
1.6 m/cut
No. of cuts/length = 4 cut/length
Determine the required no. of lengths:
no. of pcs.
Required No. of length =
no. of cuts/length
28
Required No. of length =
4 cut/length
= 7 lengths – 10 mm Ø x 7.5m
2
10
Mass = (0.888)(7.5)(7) = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒈
144
D. SLAB
Cutting of slab bars = 1.66 m
Required no. of bars = (No. of bars) (No. of units)
= (8 bars/ wall) (1 units)
= 8 pcs – 12 mm Ø x 1.66 m
Determine the most economical length to use:
Using 12 mm Ø x 6 m:
length of 1 bar
No. of cuts/ length =
cutting
6m
No. of cuts/length =
1.66 m/cut

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 83

No. of cuts/length = 3 cut/length

Determine the required no. of lengths:
no. of pcs.
Required No. of length =
no. of cuts/length
8
Required No. of length =
3 cut/length
= 3 lengths – 12 mm Ø x 12 m
122
Mass = (0.888)(12)(3) = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝒈
144
Total mass = 121.138 kg

MATERIAL COST

REINFORCING BARS

Comm. Cost per

Bar Ø mm No. of Pieces Total Cost
Length Com. Length

7.5 7 Php 102.00 Php 714.00

10
12 4 Php 163.00 Php 652.00

6 3 Php 118.00 Php 354.00

12
7.5 2 Php 147.00 Php 294.00

Total Material Cost Php 2,014.00

MANPOWER CAPABILITY
1 Steel Crew (1 Steelman & 1 Helper) can fabricate and install 100kg/day
Using 1 crew:
Accomplishment/day = (Capability of 1 crew per day) x (Number of men in
1 crew)
= (100kg / day/ 2 men) x (2 men)

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 84

= 100 kg/ day

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
Number of days = accomplishment per day
121.138 𝑘𝑔
= 100 kg/day

= 1.21138 day = 1.5 days

MANPOWER COST:
1 Laborers at Php 386.00/day for 1.5 days = Php 579.00
1 Mason at Php 450.00/day for 1.5 days = Php 675.00
Direct Cost = Php 1254.00
EQUIPMENT RENTAL:
1 Bar cutter at Php 250.00/day for 1.5 days = Php 375.00
Direct Cost = Php 375.00
Total Direct Cost = Php 2,014.00 + Php 1254.00 + Php 375.00
= Php 3,643.00
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Direct Unit Cost = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑃ℎ𝑝 3643.00
= 121.138 𝑘𝑔

= Php 30.08/ kg
Adjusted Unit Cost (40% Mark –up) = Direct Unit Cost + 40% (Direct Unit
Cost)
= Php 30.08 x 1.40
= Php 42.112 per kg
Total Adjusted Cost = Adjusted Unit Cost x Compact Volume
= (Php 42.112/kg) x (121.138 kg)
Total Adjusted Cost = Php 5,101.37
4” x 6m SDR 17 HDPE Pipe:
Spring Box – Main Concrete Tank = 1935m
1935 𝑚
= 322.5 𝑝𝑐𝑠 ≈ 325 𝑝𝑐𝑠
6𝑚
𝑃ℎ𝑝 1,917.00
325 𝑝𝑐𝑠 × = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 623, 025.00
𝑝𝑐

Total Cost for 4” x 6m SDR 17 HDPE Pipe = Php 623, 025.00

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APPENDIX D
TIME TABLE OF ACTIVITIES

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APPENDIX E
RESEARCH BUDGET

MATERIALS COST
MANUSCRIPT
Printing Php 675
Hardbound Php 900
Sliding Folder Php 80
Bond paper (Short) Php 280

BORROWING OF INSTRUMENTS Php 820

ORAL DEFENSE
MOR Final Defense - Panelist Stipend Php 1000
MOR Final Defense – Panelist Food Php 500
CE Project 1 Final Defense - Panelist Stipend Php 1000
CE Project 1 Final Defense – Panelist Food Php 350
CE Project 1 Final Defense – Thesis Adviser Food Php 150

OTHER EXPENSES
Engr. Cena’s Incentive Fee Php 1300
Foods Php 1000
Engr. Lauronal’s Token Php 1680

TOTAL Php 9735

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APPENDIX F
DOCUMENTATION

Figure F-1. Interview with Engineer Simeon Lauronal

Figure F-2. Going to Ilaya Spring

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Figure F-3 Gathering of Data

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Figure F-4. Gathering of Data

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APPENDIX G
TURNITIN OUTPUT / SIMILARITY INDEX

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APPENDIX E
CURRICULUM VITAE

AUDREY C. MULLE
Address: Highway Kangwayan, Madridejos, Cebu
Contact Number: 0956-844-3371
Email Address: mulleaudrey11@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth : August 11, 1998
Sex : Female
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Name of Father : Noel S. Mulle
Name of Mother : Ma. Salome C. Mulle

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY–UNIVERSITY
N. Bacalso Ave., Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2015-2020

Secondary MADRIDEJOS NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL

Madridejos, Bantayan Island, Cebu
2011-2015

Elementary MADRIDEJOS CENTRAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Madridejos, Bantayan Island, Cebu
2005 - 2011

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ZYNNE CHLYDEN L. PARIÑO

Address: North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu
Contact Number: 0995-515-4686
Email Address: zparino@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth : October 4, 1999
Sex : Female
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Name of Father : Juanito T. Pariño, Jr.
Name of Mother : Zenia L. Pariño

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY–UNIVERSITY
N. Bacalso Ave., Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2015-2020

Secondary CITY OF NAGA CENTER FOR ENHANCED,

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE AND
ARTS
Inoburan, City of Naga, Cebu
2012-2015

Elementaruy SAN FERNANDO CENTRAL ELEMENTARY

SCHOOL
North Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu
2007-2012

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ALBERT JOSEPHUS J. ROMBLON

Address: Blk. 9 Lot 16 Channel 21, Kalunasan, C.C.
Contact Number: 0955-964-5031
Email Address: albertromblon12@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth : September 12, 1998
Sex : Male
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Name of Father : Alberto B. Romblon
Name of Mother : Josie Alma J. Romblon

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY–UNIVERSITY
N. Bacalso Ave., Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2015-2020

Secondary UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS

J. Alcantara St., Cebu City
2011-2015

Elementary GUADALUPE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

1166 V Rama Ave, Cebu City
2005-2011

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FINN JERICO YLANAN

Address: Mc. Arthur Blvd.Cebu City
Contact Number: 0921-881-5660
Email Address: fjylanan@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth : August 18, 1998
Sex : Male
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Name of Father : Mark Anthony Y. Cuering
Name of Mother : Xylee Marie Y. Cuering

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY–UNIVERSITY
N. Bacalso Ave., Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2015-2020

Secondary SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Villa Aznar Road-Urgello, Cebu City
2011-2015

Elementary TEJERO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

MJ Cuenco Avenue, Cebu City
2005-2011

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DIANE G. YU
Address: Looc II, Bato, Toledo City, Cebu
Contact Number: 0915-946-1464
Email Address: yudiane61@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth : October 1, 1998
Sex : Female
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Name of Father : Ruel D. Yu
Name of Mother : Marievic G. Yu

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY–UNIVERSITY
N. Bacalso Ave., Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2015-2020

Secondary LEATON SCHOOL OF TOLEDO CITY INC.

P. Lebumfacil St., Sangi, Toledo City, Cebu
2011-2015

Elementary BATO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Bato, Toledo City, Cebu
2005-2011