GenChem1 Module5

Senior High School
General Chemistry 1
Module 5:
Mass Relationship in a Chemical
Reaction, Gas Laws and Dalton’s Law
of Partial Pressure
AIRs - LM
LU_General Chemistry 1_Module5
STEM – GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Module 5: Mass Relationship in a Chemical Reaction, Gas Laws and Dalton’s Law of
Partial Pressure
Second Edition, 2021
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Senior High School
General Chemistry 1
Module 5:
Mass Relationship in a Chemical
Reaction, Gas Laws and Dalton’s
Law of Partial Pressure

Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

Target
Counting bananas or elephants is obviously not difficult (if you stay out of
their way). You would, however, spend a long-time counting sugar grains from your
sugar canister. Atoms and molecules are incredibly small - much smaller than
sugar grains. Counting atoms or molecules is not only dangerous, but also
impossible. To do so, we count atoms using a constant known as Avogadro's
number, which is comparable to the mole you studied in prior lessons.
In the last lesson, you learned how to convert number of moles to mass and
vice versa, as well as how to determine the number of particles (atoms, ions,
molecules) from moles or vice versa. These topics will assist you in understanding
the objectives of this learning material.
Your understanding of the idea of molecules is the key to connecting mass,
mole, and number of particles in elements, compounds, and chemical reactions.
Also, you will discover that gases have wide qualities such as volume and amount
in moles, while their intensive properties are dictated by temperature and pressure.
You will be able to discover simple correlations between some of the quantifiable
qualities of gases, pressure (P) and volume (V).
You will look at three key gas laws from the past that describe the
relationship between the four variables P, V, T, and n. The ideal gas law equation is
made up of these four variables in a proportional relationship. Finally, you'll grasp
Dalton's partial pressure law as it relates to mole fraction and partial pressure of
gases in a mixture.
This learning material will provide you with information and activities that
will help you understand the mass relationship in connection with chemical
reactions, chemical properties of gas and its consequent gas laws and finally be
able to calculate mole fraction and partial pressures of gases in a mixture using
Dalton’s Law of partial pressure.
After going through this learning material, you are expected to:
1. (LAB) Determine mass relationship in a chemical reaction

(STEM_GC11MRIg-h-42)
2. Define pressure and give the common units of pressure
(STEM_GC11G-Ihi-43)
3. Use the gas laws to determine pressure, volume, or temperature of a
gas under certain conditions of change (STEM_GC11G-Ihi-45)
4. Use the ideal gas equation to calculate pressure, volume,
Temperature, or number of moles of a gas (STEM_GC11G-Ihi-46)
5. Use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to relate mole fraction and
partial pressure of gases in a mixture (STEM_GC11DLIi-47)
1
Stoichiometry
Photo credits from:

https://www.blendspace.com/lessons/XYiEUEJ881t6_Q
/chemical-reactions
The knowledge you've obtained about the relationship between mass,

number of moles, and number of particles is crucial for chemical calculations
known as stoichiometry. In a chemical interaction between reactants and products,
this is an essential tool for acquiring the correct information in terms of mass,
mole, and number of particles.
Jumpstart
Jump in. Do the activity to get a better grasp of the concept.

Don’t forget to give your best shot in answering the questions.
Directions: Choose your answer from the given choices.

1. How much does one-half mole of KF weigh?
A. 18.05 g B. 22.05 g C. 24.05 g D. 29.05 g
2. In 34g of 356.82 MnO4, how many moles are there?
A. 2 mol B. 3 mol C. 5 mol D. 7 mol
3. What is the mass of 6.81 mol Ca?
A. 189.16 g B. 227.56 g C. 272.94 g D. 284.01 g
4. What state of matter has the fastest movement of molecules?
A. Fluid B. Gas C. Liquid D. Solid
5. If the force (gas molecules) is increased, what will happen to the pressure?
A. Decreases B. Increases C. Remain D. Removed
6. What happens to the pressure of a gas when area is decreased?
7. If the number of collisions of gas molecules inside a container is increased,
what will happen to the pressure?
8. Which of the following term does not involve in ideal gas law?
A. Pressure B. Temperature C. Time D. Volume
2
9. In the ideal gas law, which variable represents the gas constant?
A. N B. R C. T D. V
10. Which temperature unit should be used to solve ideal gas law calculations?
A. Celsius (C) B. fahrenheit (F) C. kelvin (K) D. rankine (R)
11. A weather balloon is heated from room temperature to 58ºC. As a result, the
gas inside the weather balloon increases in volume. Which gas law explains
this phenomenon?
A. Boyle’s Law B. Charles’ Law
C. Gay-Lussac’s Law D. Combined Gas Law
12. A gas is confined to a steel tank with a fixed volume. At 293 K, the gas
exerts a pressure of 8.53 atm. After heating the tank, the pressure of the gas
increases to 10.4 atm. What is the temperature of the heated gas?
A. 240 K B. 326 K C. 357 K D. 926 K
13. When all the individual pressures of gases in a mixture was combined, how
is it called then?
A. minimum B. maximum C. partial D. total
14. Pressure of a gas depends on different factors, which of the following does
NOT affect pressure of a gas?
A. number of moles B. number of bonds
C. temperature D. volume
15. What is the name for the ratio of a substance's moles to the total moles
present?
A. Mole fraction B. Mole total
C. Mole partial D. Mole pressure
3
Discover
Mole - Mass Relationship

If you're working on a construction project as a performance task, you
probably already know how many nails you'll need. You don't want to spend your
time at the hardware store counting out hundreds of nails. You can buy nails
by weight, so you can figure out how many nails are in a kilo and how many
kilograms you'll need. Then you may start constructing!
Even though the mole ratio is incorporated in all stoichiometry calculations,

laboratory quantities are most typically measured by mass. To address numerous
different sorts of mass-based stoichiometry problems, we must use mole-mass
computations in conjunction with mole ratios.
Mass to Mole Problem

The mass of a specific material is converted to moles using the periodic
table's molar mass. Using the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation, the
moles of the provided substance are then transformed into moles of the unknown
substance.
Sample Problem: Tin metal reacts with hydrogen fluoride to produce tin (II) fluoride
and hydrogen gas, according to the following balanced equation.
Sn(s) + 2HF(g) → SnF2(s) + H2(g)
How many moles of hydrogen fluoride (HF) are required to react completely
with 95.0g of tin (Sn)?
Strategy: The mass of one substance is stated in grams in this type of problem. You
must next calculate the amount of another material in moles that will either react
with or be created by the supplied substance.
mass of given → moles of given → moles of unknown
The molar mass of a substance is used to convert its mass into moles. Then,
using the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation, the moles of the
provided substance are transformed into moles of the unknown.
Solution:
Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.
Known Unknown
Given: 95.0g Sn mol HF = ?
Molar mass of Sn=118.69g/mol
1 mol Sn=2 mol HF (mole ratio)
Use the molar mass of Sn to convert the grams of Sn to moles. Then use the
mole ratio to convert from mol Sn to mol HF. This will be done in a single two-step
calculation.
4
mass of given → moles of given → moles of unknown
g Sn → mol Sn → mol HF
Step 2: Solve.
1 mol Sn 2 mol HF
95.0 g Sn x x = 1.60 mol HF
118.69 g Sn 1 mol Sn
Mole to Mass Problem
Sample Problem: Using the equation below, how many grams of HCl is needed to
completely react with 5.73 moles of Zn?
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Strategy: The amount of one substance is provided in moles in this problem. You
must use this information to calculate the mass of another material that will react
with or be created by the specified substance.
moles of given → moles of unknown → mass of unknown
The moles of the provided substance are first transformed into moles of the
unknown by employing the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation. The
unknown's moles are then translated to mass in grams using the periodic table's
molar mass for that material.
Solution:
Known Unknown
Given: 5.73 moles Zn g HCl = ?
Molar mass of HCl = 36.46 g/mol
2 mol HCl = 1 mol Zn (mole ratio)
Step 2: Solve.
moles of given → moles of unknown → mass of unknown
2 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl
5.73 mol of Zn x x = 417.83 g HCl
1 mol Zn 1 mol HCl
The link between mole and mass is crucial when determining the correct
number of chemicals in a chemical reaction. It's important to remember that the
chemical reaction involved in problem-solving is a balanced chemical equation.
From the equation, a mole-ratio is calculated. A mole ratio is simply the ratio of one
substance to another component in the same equation in a balanced chemical
equation. The product coefficients are used in the mole ratio as they appear in the
balanced chemical equation.
Mass to Mass Problem
Sample Problem: Using the balanced equation below, what is the mass of KCl
needed to prepare 10.54 g K2SO4?
2KCl + H2SO4 → 2HCl + K2SO4
5
Solution:
Known Unknown
Given: 10.54 g K2SO4 g KCl = ?
Molar mass of K2SO4 = 174.26 g/mol
Molar mass of KCl = 74.55 g/mol
2 mol KCl = 1 mol K2SO4 (mole ratio)
There are 2 molar masses needed to convert into moles of K2SO4 and into g of KCl.
Step 2: Solve.
g of given → moles of given → g unknown
1 mole K2SO4 2 mole KCl 74.55 g KCl
10.54 g K2SO4 x x x = 9.09 g HCl
174.26 g K2SO4 1 mole K2SO4 1 mol KCl
This value means that 9.09 g KCl is needed to produce 10.54 g K2SO4. For
chemists who plan these reactions this knowledge is essential.
Pressure of a Gas
Pressure is a force exerted per unit area. Pressure flows from a high-
pressure area to a low-pressure area. We measure pressure in our fluid states such
as liquids and gases. We all know that air exerts pressure which we usually ignore
it since it is a very common phenomena, however pressure exerted by water is more
noticeable when we try to submerge ourselves or things into it. Also, you are aware
of pressure measurements for weather, your toys, and tires.
Pressure is the outcome of a substance exerting force per unit area on
another substance. When inflating a balloon, for example, the pressure of gas is the
force that the gas exerts on the container's walls. When you blow air into a balloon,
it expands because the pressure of air molecules inside the balloon is greater than
the pressure outside. The pressure is the same on all sides of the balloon. Why?
This is because you add more gas molecules inside the balloon, and as long as the
balloon is closed, more gas molecules will clash with the walls. Air goes from high
pressure (inside) to low pressure (outside) as the balloon is released, and the
balloon deflates.
Unit Equivalent Values in Other Units
1 Pa Pascal = 1 N/m2 (The SI unit)
1 psi 1 lb/in2 (English unit) = 6,891 Pa
1 bar 105 N/m2 = 100 kPa
1 torr 1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa
1 atm 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 14.70 psi = 101.3

kPa
Table 1. Units used for Pressure
6
The Gas Laws: Pressure Volume Temperature Relationships
A tire inflated with air is at risk of exploding in high-pressure or high-
temperature situations. Or maybe you're ascending a mountain and you're having
trouble breathing? Why is this the case? The behavior of gaseous particles deviates
from their regular behavior as physical conditions change. Various laws known as
the Gas laws can be used to study the behavior of a gas.
A. Boyle's Law: The Pressure-Volume Law

When the temperature and mass are both constant, Boyle's law, also known as the
pressure-volume law, asserts that the volume of a given amount of gas held at
constant temperature varies inversely with the applied pressure.
𝟏
𝑽𝜶
𝑷
Another way to describing it is saying that their products are constant.
PV = C
If the volume of the gas is reduced, the molecules strike the walls of its
container more frequently, increasing the pressure; conversely, if the volume is
increased, the distance the molecules must travel to strike the walls rises, and they
strike the walls less frequently, lowering the pressure.
When the beginning states and one of the changes are known, Boyle's Law
can be used to calculate the present pressure or volume of a gas:
P1V1=P2V2
Sample Problem: What is the pressure if the original volume was 500 mL at 760
torr and the volume is crushed to 450 mL?
Solution:
Given: P1 = 760 torr
V1 = 500 mL
V2 = 450
P2 = ?
P1V1 = P2V2
Substitute the values: (760 torr)(500 mL) = P2(450 mL)
760 torr x 500 mL/450 mL = P2
844 torr = P2
The pressure is 844 torr after compression.
B. Charles' Law: The Temperature-Volume Law

This law states that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant
pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
VαT
Same as before, a constant can be put in:
V
=C
T
As the volume increases, so does the temperature, and vice versa. Initial and
final volumes, as well as temperatures, can be determined under constant
pressure, as before.
V 1 V2
=
T 1 T2
7
Sample Problem: The initial volume of a gas sample is 34.8 mL, and the initial
temperature is 315 K. If the temperature is raised to 559 K, what is the new
volume? Assume that the gas is at a constant pressure and volume.
Solution:
Given:
V1 = 34.8 mL
T1 = 315 K
T2 = 559 K
V2 = ?
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
34.8 mL V
Substitute the values: = 2
315 K 559 K
(559 K)34.8 mL
=V2
315 K
V2 = 61.8 mL
Is this answer logical? We all know that when the temperature rises, so does
the volume. Because the temperature rises from 315 to 559 degrees Celsius, the
volume should rise as well, which it does.
C. Gay-Lussac's Law: The Pressure Temperature Law

This law states that the pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant
volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
PαT
Same as before, a constant can be put in:

P/T=C
As the temperature rises, the pressure rises as well. Initial and final
pressures and temperatures under constant volume can also be determined, like
before.
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
D. Avogadro's Law: The Volume Amount Law

When pressure and temperature are held constant, this equation gives the
relationship between volume and amount of gas in moles.
The volume of a container grows when the amount of gas in it is increased.
When the amount of gas in a container is reduced, the volume of the container
drops. Of course, this assumes that the container's walls are expandable.
Vαn
The volume of a container increases when the amount of gas in it is
increased. When the amount of gas in a container is reduced, the volume of the
container decreases.
As before, a constant can be put in:
V/n=C
This indicates that if the pressure and temperature remain constant, the
volume-amount fraction will always be the same.
V1 V2
=
n1 n2
8
The Ideal Gas Law
All the relationships we've learnt so far can be put into a single law that
governs them all. The Ideal Gas Law is made up of three simple gas laws.
Avogadro's Law, Boyle's Law, and Charles' Law are the three of them.
Let’s derive the Ideal Gas Law.
Photo credits from:

https://chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045/gas_laws.html
1. Avogadro’s Law: It states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to

the number of moles. V α n
2. Boyle’s Law: It states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to
𝟏
its volume. V α
𝑷
3. Charles’s Law: It states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its
Kelvin temperature. V α T
nT
4. For Ideal Gas Law we combine all the 3 equations, we get: V α
P
5. The equation is completed by the addition of a proportionality constant
nT
known as the Ideal or Universal Gas Constant (R). V = R → PV = nRT
P
The universal gas constant is a proportionality constant that connects the
energy of a gas sample to its temperature and molarity. It's also known as the
molar gas constant or the ideal gas constant.
(Ideal gas equation) PV = nRT

Where:
R, the proportionality constant, is called the gas constant.
L-kPa
R = universal gas constant = 8.314
mol-K
L-Torr
R = 62.364
mol-K
L-atm
R= 0.08206
mol-K
P = pressure (in kPa)
n = # of moles of gas (mol)
V = volume (in L or dm3)
T = temperature (in K)
The ideal gas equation describes the relationship among the four variables P, V, T,
and n.
• Pressure (P) in atm
• Volume (V) in L
• Temperature (T) in K
• Moles (n) in mol
9
Keep in mind that the ideal gas equation applies to systems that do not
undergo changes in pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of a gas.
Sample Problem 1. At 127°C, 0.25 g carbon dioxide fills a 350 mL container. Find
the pressure in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
Solution:
Known Values Unknown Values
Given:
mass = 0.25 g CO2 mole n CO2 = ?
Volume (V) = 350 mL Volume (V) (in Liter) =?
Temperature (T) = 127°C Temperature (T) (in Kelvin) = ?

L-atm Pressure (P) = ?
R = 0.08206
mol-K
Step 2: DERIVE Pressure (P) using the Ideal Gas Law.

PV=nRT
nRT
P=
V
Step 3: Solve for the unknown values.
1 mol CO2
• mole n CO2 = 0.25 g CO2 x
44 g CO2
• n CO2 = 0.00568 mol CO2
• Volume (V) (in Liter) = 0.35 L
• Temperature (T) (in Kelvin) = 127°C + 273 = 400 K
Step 4. Substitute the given to the derived formula
nRT
P=
V
L-atm
(0.00568 mol) (0.08206 mol-K ) ( 400 K)
P= P = 0.533 atm
(0.35 L)
Step 5. Convert atm to mmHg. (Take note of the final unit of the answer, you might
need to convert units to meet the requirements of the problem)
760 mm Hg
P = 0.533 atm x
1 atm
P = 405 mm Hg
Sample Problem 2: Calculate the amount of moles of gas in a 3.24-liter basketball

with a total pressure of 24.3 psi and a temperature of 25°C.
10
Solution:
Known Values Unknown Values
Given:
Pressure (P) = 24.3 psi Pressure (P) in atm = ?
Volume (V) = 3.24 L
Temperature (T) = 25 °C Temperature (T) (in Kelvin) = ?

L-atm mole n = ?
R = 0.08206
mol-K
Step 2: DERIVE Pressure (P) using the Ideal Gas Law.

PV=nRT
PV
n=
RT
Step 3: Solve for the unknown values.
1 atm
• P = 24.3 psi x
14.7 psi
• P = 1.6531 atm
• T = 25°C + 273 = 298K
Step 4. Substitute the given to the derived formula.
PV
n=
RT
(1.6531 atm)(3.24 L)
n= L-atm n = 0.219 mol
(0.08206 mol-K )( 298 K)
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
Photo credit:
Wikipedia.org/An illustration of Dalton's law using the gases of air at sea
level.
Dalton’s Law, or the Law of Partial Pressures, states that the total pressure
exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the
gases in the mixture. Considering the illustration above, we can see that each gas
possesses their own pressure and when combined, results to the air pressure that
we measure.
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture
of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases:
Ptotal = Pgas 1 + Pgas 2 + Pgas 3 …

Dalton’s Law can also be expressed using mole fraction of a gas, x:
n
x1 = 1 → Pgas 1 = x1PTotal
nt
11
Let’s recall gases are miscible or can be mixed with other gases in all
proportions.
Example: moles of nA and nB mixed in a vessel Vt at constant Temperature T.
PA and PB represents individual pressures of gas in the resulting mixture.
Each gas behaves independently in the mixture, so we can describe their pressures
in the equations:
nA RT nB RT
PA = PB =
Vt Vt
The pressure of each gas component is what we refer to as partial pressure.
This is the pressure alone that an individual gas exerts when occupied the vessel t.
Dalton’s law of partial pressures says that for a mixture of gases where no
reactions happen between individual components, total pressure is the sum of the
partial pressures of all gas components.
According to Dalton’s law, the representation of total pressure of the mixture
Pt will be:
Pt = PA + PB = nART/ Vt + nBRT/ Vt = (nA+nB)RT/ Vt = ntotalRT/ Vt
Sample problem: (Calculating for the partial pressure of a gas)

A mixture of hydrogen gas, H2(g), and oxygen gas, O2(g), theoretically includes 13.3
mol hydrogen gas and 16.7 mol oxygen gas. It was placed in a 200-liter container at
273 Kelvin, with a total pressure of 3.36 atm. What is each gas's partial pressure?
We will use the ideal gas law equation;

PV=nRT → what pressure are we going to solve? H2(g)
PH2 V= nH2 RT → write a subscript for pressure and mol for H2(g)
nH2 RT
PH2 = → rearrange the equation to get the partial pressure of H 2(g)
𝑽
Next will be substituting the values in the equation:
0.08206 atm⋅L
(13.3 mol) ( ) (273 K)
PH2 = mol ⋅ K
200 L
PH2 = 1.49 atm
Then we get the value of PO2 :
Ptotal = PH2 + PO2
PO2 = Ptotal – PH2
= 3.36 atm – 1.49 atm
PO2 = 1.87 atm
This solution is one way to solve for the partial pressure of gases. Using the
ideal gas law equation, wherein P (pressure) must match with n (number of moles).
Then to get the other partial pressure, we used the Dalton’s law of partial pressure
and calculated for the remaining pressures in the problem.
Another way to calculate the partial pressure of gas components is through

the mole fraction. The mole fraction of a gas is the number of moles of that gas
divided by the total moles of gas in the mixture, and it is often abbreviated as x:
𝒏𝟏
𝒙𝟏 = → Pgas 1 = x1PTotal
𝒏𝒕
Dalton's law is extremely useful in solving different kinds of problems

including:
12
• Calculating the partial pressure of a gas when you know the mole
ratio and total pressure
• Calculating moles of an individual gas if you know the partial
pressure and total pressure
• Calculating the total pressure if you know the partial pressures of the
components
Sample problem: (Calculating for the partial pressure and total pressure)
We have two distinct containers of gases to combine: one has 15.0 L of

nitrogen gas at 5.0 atm, and the other contains 24.0 L of oxygen gas at 3.0 atm.
Both gases have a temperature of 293 K.
What are the partial pressures of nitrogen and oxygen in the final mixture if
both gases are mixed in a 12.0 L container? How much pressure is there in total?
Step 1. (Method 1) Calculate moles of oxygen and nitrogen gas
Since we know P, V, and T, for each of the gases before they're combined, we
can find the number of moles of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas using the ideal gas
law:
PV
n=
RT
Solving for nitrogen and oxygen, we get:
PV
n=
RT
(5 atm)(15.0 L)
nN2 =
atm⋅L
(0.08206 )(293 K)
mol⋅K
nN2 = 3.12 mol nitrogen
(3 atm)(24.0 L)
nO2 =
atm⋅L
(0.08206 )(293 K)
mol⋅K
nO2 =2.99 mol oxygen
Step 2. (Method 1) Calculate partial pressures and use Dalton's law to get Ptotal
Once we know the number of moles for each gas in our mixture, we can now
use the ideal gas law to find the partial pressure of each component in the 10.0 L
container:
nRT
P=
V
atm⋅L
(3.12 mol)(0.08206 )(293 K)
PN 2 = mol⋅K
12 L
PN2 = 6.25 atm
atm⋅L
(2.99 mol)(0.08206 )(293 K)
PO2 = mol⋅K
12 L
PO2 = 5.99 atm
13
Notice that the partial pressure for each of the gases increased compared to
the pressure of the gas in the original container. This makes sense since the
volume of both gases decreased, and pressure is inversely proportional to volume.
We can now get the total pressure of the mixture by adding the partial
pressures together using Dalton's Law:
Ptotal = PN2 + PO2

= 6.25 atm + 5.99 atm
Ptotal = 12.24 atm
Step 2. (Method 2) Use ideal gas law to calculate Ptotal without partial pressures.
Since the pressure of an ideal gas mixture only depends on the number of
gas molecules in the container (and not the identity of the gas molecules), we can
use the total moles of gas to calculate the total pressure using the ideal gas law:
(nN2 + nO2 )RT
PTotal =
V
atm⋅L
(3.12 mol + 2.99 mol )(0.08206 )(293 K)
= mol⋅K
12 L
atm⋅L
(3.21 mol )(0.08206 )(293 K)
= mol⋅K
12 L
PTotal =12.24 atm
Once we know the total pressure, we can use the mole fraction version of Dalton's
law to calculate the partial pressures:
PN2 = xN2 Ptotal

3.12 mol
=( )(12.24 atm)
6.11 mol
PN2 = 6.25 atm
PO2 = xO2 Ptotal

2.99 mol
=( )(12.24 atm)
6.11 mol
PO2 = 5.99 atm
Both methods give you the same answer, but mostly it depends on which
one you prefer, and partly on what you are solving for. For example, all you need to
know is the total pressure, it is be better to use the second method to save some
steps however, both will always lead you to the correct answer.
Sample Problem: (Calculating partial pressure using mole fraction.)
At a total pressure of 1000 torr, a storage tank contains 5 moles of Ar, 3

moles of O2, and 2 moles of N2. Calculate each gas's partial pressure.
Step 1. Calculate the mole fraction of each gas.
n1
x1=
nt
nAr
xAr =
ntotal
5 moles
=
5 moles+3 moles+2 moles
14
5
= or 0.5 (mole fraction of Argon)
10
nO2
xO2 =
ntotal
3 moles
=
3
= or 0.3 (mole fraction of O2)
10
nN2
x N2 =
ntotal
2 moles
=
2
= or 0.2 (mole fraction of N2)
10
Step 2. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas (using the computed mole
fraction).
Pgas 1 = x1PTotal
PAr = xArPTotal
= 0.5 (1000 torr)
= 500 torr (Partial pressure for Argon)
𝑷𝑶𝟐 = 𝒙𝑶𝟐 PTotal

= 0.33 (1000 torr)
= 300 torr (Partial pressure for O2)
𝑷𝑵𝟐 = 𝒙𝑵𝟐 PTotal

= 0.2 (1000 torr)
= 200 torr (Partial pressure for N2)
Sample Problem: Nitrogen, oxygen, and an unknown gas are contained in a vessel.
Nitrogen and oxygen have partial pressures of 300 torr and 250 torr, respectively.
625 torr is the total pressure. What is the unknown gas's partial pressure and mole
fraction?
Ptotal = PN2 + PO2 + Pgas

625 torr = 300 torr + 250 torr + Pgas
625 torr = 550 torr + Pgas
625 torr – 550 torr = Pgas
75 torr = Pgas
ngas
xgas =
ntotal
75 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
=
625 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
= 0.12 (mole fraction of the unknown gas)
Sample Problem. (Calculating partial pressure using water vapor pressure in a
closed system.)
15
In a closed system, a sample of gas A evaporates over water. When the total
pressure is 660 torr and the water vapor pressure is 1 atm, what is the partial
pressure of gas A?
Step 1. Convert pressure to same units so

960 torr = 1.26 atm
Step 2. Subtract water vapor pressure from total pressure to get partial pressure of
gas A:
Pgas A = 1.26 atm - 1 atm
=0.26 atm (partial pressure of gas A)
Explore
Accomplish the activities below. This would help you

strengthen your skills and basic concepts you have learned
in this lesson.
Enrichment Activity 1. Mass Reactant – Product Relationship
Direction: Determine the mass relationship of the following chemical reactions by

solving for the unknown values.
For items 1-2 refer to this chemical reaction: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
1. How many grams of methane, CH 4, is required for full combustion with 10

moles of oxygen in the reaction?
2. In the reaction of 79.63 g of O2, how many moles of H2O are produced?
For items 3-5 refer to this chemical reaction: Fe2O3 + CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
3. CO was allowed to react with Fe2O3 in the amount of 43.95 grams. What is
the amount of Fe that will be created because of the reaction?
4. How much Fe would be created if 126.11 g of Fe 2O3 were totally reacted with
CO?
5. What mass of Fe2O3 entirely reacted in the process if the reaction produced
53.25 g of CO2?
Enrichment Activity 2. Define me.
Directions: Using ideas you learned from the concept of pressure and its common
units, identify the word/s that is/are asked.
__________1. It is defined as applied force per unit area.
__________2. This is the value of standard atmosphere at sea level.
__________3. It is the equivalent value of 760 mm Hg in kPa.
__________4. What happens to the pressure if you increase air molecules inside?
__________5. This is not an SI unit but is most widely used unit for pressure.
__________6. What happens to the pressure if you decrease the area without
changing the force applied?
16
__________7. What is the relationship of Pressure to Force?
__________8. It is known as the state where pressure can be measured.
__________9. How do you describe the pressure at all sides of an inflated balloon?
__________10. It is the SI base units used for Pascal.
Enrichment Activity 3. I need to follow ALL Gas Laws!
Direction: Solve for the unknown values using the Gas Laws learned.
1. At 3.500 atm, an 18.10mL sample of gas is taken. What will the volume be if
the pressure rises to 2.500 atm and the amount of gas and temperature
remain constant?
2. A carbon dioxide sample in a pump has a volume of 21.5 mL and is at a
temperature of 50.0 °C. Find the new volume of carbon dioxide in the pump
if the temperature is raised to 75.0 °C while the amount of gas and pressure
stay constant.
3. Calculate the change in pressure when a constant volume of gas at 2.00 atm
is heated from 30.0 to 40.0 degrees Celsius.
4. 6.00 L of a gas contains 0.975 mol at constant temperature and pressure.
What additional volume will arise if the amount of gas is increased to 1.90
mol?
5. If I have 2.4 moles of gas held at a temperature of 97°C and in a container
with a volume of 45 liters, what is the pressure of the gas?
6. Gases are mixed in a 2.0 L container at 300 K and the mass of each gas are
as follows, 56g of H2 and 96g of N2. Calculate the partial pressure of each
gas and the total pressure.
Deepen
Activity: Chemistry in flight!

Because the air pressure drops at such altitudes, jet planes need to
pressurize their cabins so that the partial pressure of oxygen is sufficient for
breathing. In here, Dalton's law is used. This is one of the many applications of
Dalton’s law of partial pressure that are beneficial to man. What are other real-life
applications of this law or other gas laws that you have learned?
Elucidate them by doing one (1) of the presented performance tasks.
Enumerate the significance of these gas laws by giving their importance through:
a) Written essay with maximum of 150 words

b) Illustrating/drawing creatively with proper labels and data
c) Creating an electronic painting with appropriate information
The scoring rubric below will be used in assessing your output. Use a
separate sheet to write your answer.
17
Scoring Rubric
Activity 1 point 3 points 5 points
Organization Did not show Showed some ideas Provided accurate

organized ideas that are aligned ideas with that are
with the concepts in organized
manner
Content Showed no concept Showed minimal Showed concepts

at all number of errors that are easy to
throughout the understand and
output, showing explained well
some incomplete
concepts
Accuracy Did not show any Showed some ideas Showed accurate
connection with that can be interpretation all
the topic connected to the throughout the
topic but doesn’t output and
show much exhibited
significance of the appropriate labels
information and information
presented
Neatness Showed erasures Showed erasures Showed no

not less than 10 ranging from 1-5 erasures at all
18
Gauge
Direction: Choose the best answer. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1. Which is equivalent to one mole?

A. 28.08 g silicon chip B. 32.18 g diamond
C. 36.04 g magnesium ribbon D. 38.07 g aluminum pan
2. How many molecules are there in four moles of ZnCl 2?
A. 2 x 1023 B. 6.02 x 1023 C. 12.04 x 1023 D. 2.408 x 1024
3. In the reaction CO2 + 2KOH → K2CO3 + H2O, how many moles of K2CO3 are
obtained from the reaction of 5 moles of KOH?
A. 1.5 mol B. 2.5 mol C. 3.0 mol D. 3.5 mol
4. From the same chemical reaction in number 3, how many moles of H2O are
obtained from the reaction of 6 moles of CO2?
A. 1.5 mol B. 3.0 mol C. 4.5 mol D. 6.0 mol
5. Pressure is defined as force per unit area, what is the unit of area used in
Pa?
A. in2 B. cm2 C. m2 D. mm2
6. The English unit for pressure is psi. what is the unit of force in this unit?
A. inches B. pounds C. power D. pascal
7. A bicycle tire is advised to have a pressure of 40-60 psi, what is the value of
60 psi in terms of atm?
A. 4.06 atm B. 4.07 atm C. 4.08 atm D. 4.09 atm
8. A flask contains pure He at a pressure of 0.25 atm, how much is the
pressure in terms of mm Hg?
A. 160 mm Hg B. 170 mm Hg C. 180 mm Hg D. 190 mm Hg
9. 4.0 L of a sample of gas at 1.0 atm of pressure is compressed into a 0.85 L
tank. What is the pressure of the compressed gas if the temperature remains
constant?
A. 0.15 atm B. 0.21 atm C. 3.4 atm D. 4.7 atm
10. A balloon is filled with 2.33 L of helium at 304 K. If the balloon is moved
indoors where the temperature is 293 K, what will be the new volume of the
balloon? Assume that pressure remains unchanged.
A. 1.5 L B. 2.17 L C. 2.24 L D. 2.45 L
11. A sample of oxygen occupies 560. mL when the pressure is 800.00 mm Hg.
At constant temperature, what volume does the gas occupy when the
pressure decreases to 700.0 mm Hg?
A. 80.0 mL B. 490. mL C. 600. mL D. 640. mL
12. Given that 88 grams of CO2 at 27°C is applying 5 atm pressure. How many
moles of CO2 are there?
A. 1 mole B. 2 moles C. 3 moles D. 4 moles
13. At STP, what is pressure in atmospheres?
A. 0 atm B. 1 atm C. 2 atm D. 3 atm
19
14. If air is contained inside a tank, how is the total pressure inside the
container calculated from the partial pressures of the various gases?
A. get the sum of the partial pressures
B. get the difference of the partial pressures
C. get the product of the partial pressures
D. get the ratio of the partial pressures
15. What approach is used to get the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture if we
use the number of moles of the gas divided by the total moles of gas?
A. Use of Avogadro’s number B. Use of molar mass
C. Use of mole fraction D. Use of ideal gas law
20
21
Jumpstart Enrichment 3
1. D 1) 25.34 mL
2. B 2) 23.16 mL
3. C 3) 2.0659 atm
4. B 4) 11.69L
5. B 5) 1.62 atm
6. B 6) H2 = 341.98 atm; N2 = 42.183 atm; total=
7. B 384.163 atm
8. B
9. C
10.C Gauge
11.B
12.C 1. D
13.D 2. B
14.A 3. C
15.C 4. B
5. B
Explore 6. B
Enrichment 1 7. B
8. B
1. 80.25 g CH4 9. C
2. 2.49 moles H O
2 10.C
3. 112.57 g Fe 11.B
4. 56.64 g Fe 12.C
5. 64.41 g Fe2O3 13.D
14.A
Enrichment 2
15.C
1. Pressure
2. 1 atm
3. 101.3 kPa
4. Increases
5. Bar
6. Increase
7. Directly proportional
8. Fluid
9. Uniform/equal
10.One kilogram per meter second squared or 1 kg/ms2
Answer Key
References
Books:
Ilao, Luciana V., Betty M. Lontoc, Edwehna Elinore S. Paderna-Gayon. General
Chemistry 1: Pressure of a Gas. 1st ed. Manila. Rex Book Store, Inc. 2016.
Grolier. The New Book of Popular Science: Gases and their Special Properties. San
Diego, CA, U.S.A.: Scholastic Library Publishing, Inc. 2006.
Website:
Lumenlearning.com. “The Mole.” Accessed August 4, 2021.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/the-mole/
chem.libretexts.org. “Mass-Mole and Mole-Mass Stoichiometry.” Accessed August 4,

2021.https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Bo
ok%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-
12)/12%3A_Stoichiometry/12.03%3A_Mass-Mole_and_Mole-
Mass_Stoichiometry
FSU.edu. “Gas Laws.” Accessed August 4, 2021.

https://chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045/gas_laws.html
toppr.com. “Ideal Gas Law Formula”. Accessed August 4, 2021.
https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics-formulas/ideal-gas-law-formula/
Science Trends. “In PV=nRT What Is The R Constant?” Accessed August 4, 2021.
https://sciencetrends.com/in-pvnrt-what-is-the-r-constant/
Saylordotorg. “The Ideal Gas Law and Some Applications.” Accessed August 5,
2021. https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_introductory-chemistry/s10-05-
the-ideal-gas-law-and-some-app.html
chem.libretexts.org. “Dalton's Law (Law of Partial Pressures).” Accessed August 5,

2021.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemis
try_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Che
mistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gase
s/Gas_Laws/Dalton%27s_Law_(Law_of_Partial_Pressures)
Khan academy. “Dalton’s law of partial pressure.” Accessed August 5, 2021.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/gases-and-kinetic-
molecular-theory/ideal-gas-laws/a/daltons-law-of-partial-pressure
Study.com. “Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures: Calculating Partial & Total

Pressure.” Accessed August 5, 2021.
https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-using-dalton-s-law-
of-partial-pressures.html
22
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Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
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GenChem1 Module5

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Senior High School

Author: Jade Noel L. Balicat

Atty. Donato D. Balderas Jr.

Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________

Department of Education – SDO La Union

LU_General Chemistry 1_Module5

LU_General Chemistry 1_Module5

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

LU_General Chemistry 1_Module5

1. (LAB) Determine mass relationship in a chemical reaction

Photo credits from:

The knowledge you've obtained about the relationship between mass,

Jump in. Do the activity to get a better grasp of the concept.

Directions: Choose your answer from the given choices.

Mole - Mass Relationship

Even though the mole ratio is incorporated in all stoichiometry calculations,

Mass to Mole Problem

Given: 95.0g Sn mol HF = ?

Molar mass of Sn=118.69g/mol

1 mol Sn=2 mol HF (mole ratio)

Given: 5.73 moles Zn g HCl = ?

Molar mass of HCl = 36.46 g/mol

2 mol HCl = 1 mol Zn (mole ratio)

Given: 10.54 g K2SO4 g KCl = ?

Molar mass of K2SO4 = 174.26 g/mol

Molar mass of KCl = 74.55 g/mol

2 mol KCl = 1 mol K2SO4 (mole ratio)

Unit Equivalent Values in Other Units

1 Pa Pascal = 1 N/m2 (The SI unit)

1 psi 1 lb/in2 (English unit) = 6,891 Pa

1 bar 105 N/m2 = 100 kPa

1 atm 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 14.70 psi = 101.3

Table 1. Units used for Pressure

A. Boyle's Law: The Pressure-Volume Law

B. Charles' Law: The Temperature-Volume Law

C. Gay-Lussac's Law: The Pressure Temperature Law

Same as before, a constant can be put in:

D. Avogadro's Law: The Volume Amount Law

Photo credits from:

1. Avogadro’s Law: It states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to

(Ideal gas equation) PV = nRT

Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.

Known Values Unknown Values

mass = 0.25 g CO2 mole n CO2 = ?

Volume (V) = 350 mL Volume (V) (in Liter) =?

Temperature (T) = 127°C Temperature (T) (in Kelvin) = ?

Step 2: DERIVE Pressure (P) using the Ideal Gas Law.

Sample Problem 2: Calculate the amount of moles of gas in a 3.24-liter basketball

Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.

Known Values Unknown Values

Pressure (P) = 24.3 psi Pressure (P) in atm = ?

Volume (V) = 3.24 L

Temperature (T) = 25 °C Temperature (T) (in Kelvin) = ?

Step 2: DERIVE Pressure (P) using the Ideal Gas Law.

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

Ptotal = Pgas 1 + Pgas 2 + Pgas 3 …

Sample problem: (Calculating for the partial pressure of a gas)

We will use the ideal gas law equation;

Another way to calculate the partial pressure of gas components is through

Dalton's law is extremely useful in solving different kinds of problems

We have two distinct containers of gases to combine: one has 15.0 L of

Ptotal = PN2 + PO2

PN2 = xN2 Ptotal