Senior High School

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Mass Relationships in
Chemical Reactions

1
General Chemistry 1 – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
July 2020

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 Senior High School

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Mass Relationships
in Chemical Reactions
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Molecular Formula from Molar Mas
 Lesson 2 – Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
 Lesson 3 – Stoichiometry

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. calculate molecular formula given molar mass (STEM_GC11PClf-33);
2. write and balance chemical equations (STEM_GC11CRlf-g-37);
3. construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction in order to calculate the amount
of reactant needed or amount of product formed in terms of moles or mass
(STEM_GC11MRlg-h-38);
4. calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the reaction
(STEM_GC11MRlg-h-39);
5. explain the concept of limiting reagent in a chemical reaction; identify the
excess reagent(s) (STEM_GC11MRlg-h-40);
6. determine mass relationship in a chemical reaction (STEM_GC11MRlg-h-42)
 What I Know

I. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Please write down your answer in another
sheet of paper.

1. Nicotine, an alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants that is mainly

responsible for the addictive nature of cigarettes, contains 74.02% C, 8.710% H,
and 17.27% N. If 40.57 g of nicotine contains 0.2500 mol nicotine, what is the
molecular formula?
A) CH2N B) C5H7N C) C10H14N2 D) C20H28N4

2. Balance the following equation with the SMALLEST WHOLE NUMBER

COEFFICIENTS possible. Which is the SUM of the coefficients in the balanced
equation: ___KClO3 → ___ KCl + ____ O2
A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8

3. In the balanced equation 4NH 3 + 7O2 → 4NO2 + 6H2O, how many mole(s) of O2 is
needed to react with 1.00 mole of NH3?
A) 1.25 B) 1.33 C) 1.75 D) 3.5

4. How many grams of H2O will be formed when 32.0 g H2 is allowed to react with
16.0 g O2 according to 2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O ?

A) 9.0 g B) 16.0 g C) 18.0 g D) 32.0 g

5. A limiting reagent is a reactant that is ______________.

A) is never used up
B) in excess and does not get used up in the reaction
C) used up last and prevents more product from being made
D) used up first and prevents more products from being made

6. Consider the reaction: 2Al + 3Cl 2 → 2AlCl3. How many grams of aluminum
chloride could be produced from 34.0 g of aluminum and 39.0 g of chlorine gas?
A) 0.367 g B) 1.26 g C) 12.30 g D) 48.9g
7. What mass in grams of AgCl is produced when 4.22 g of AgNO 3 react with 7.73 g
of AlCl3? Use the following equation: 3AgNO3 + AlCl3 → Al(NO3)3 + 3AgCl
A) 0.0391 g B) 0.174 g C) 5.61 g D) 24.9 g
8. In the oxidation of ethane, 2C 2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 → 6H2O, how many moles
of O2 are required to react with 1 mole of ethane?
A) 7 mol B) 2 mol C) 7/2 mol D) 2/7 mol
9. In the reaction 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O, how many moles of CO2 are
formed when 1 mole of O2 is consumed?
A) 2 mol B) 7/4 mol C) 4/7 mol D) 7 mol
10. How many moles of CO2 are formed when 5 moles of ethane are consumed,
considering the reaction: 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O?
A) 2 mol B) 4 mol C) 5 mol D) 10 mol
11. Which is studied in stoichiometry?

A) rates of chemical reactions

B) activation energy of chemical reactions
C) heat evolved or absorbed during chemical reactions
D) amounts of materials consumed and products in chemical reactions

12. What do you call the amount of product that can be made in a chemical
reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant?

A) Actual yield
B) Percent yield
C) Theoretical yield
D) None of these

13. What is the term for the number written before a chemical formula to balance a
chemical equation?

A) coefficient
B) subscript
C) superscript
D) unit

14. What is a substance that undergo chemical change called?

A) excess reagent
B) limiting reagent
C) product
D) reactant

15. Which states that matter is neither created nor destroyed during a physical or
chemical reaction?

A) Periodic Law
B) Law of Entropy
C) Law of Conservation of Energy
D) Law of Conservation of Matter
 What’s In

At the heart of chemistry, is the study of chemical changes.

Some chemical changes are simple; others are complex. Some are dramatic;
while some are very subtle. Even as you sit reading this module, chemical changes
are occurring within your body. Chemical changes that occur in your eyes and
brain, for example, allow you to see these words and think about them.
Although such chemical changes are not as obvious as some, they are
nevertheless remarkable for how they allow us to function.
In this module, we begin to explore some important aspects of chemical
change through mass relationships in chemical reactions.

After studying how to obtain molecular formula from molar mass, we will
focus on the use of chemical formulas to represent reactions, and balance chemical
equations. This will then be followed by delving on the quantitative information we
can obtain about the amounts of substances involved in reactions.

What’s New

Locate each given word and cross each out in the grid in any of the eight possible
directions horizontally, vertically or diagonally. Write down the first 14 uncrossed
letters on the blank boxes at the bottom to reveal the hidden message.
BALANCED FORMULA MOLE REACTION
CHEMICAL LIMITING MOLECULAR REAGENT
EQUATION MASS PERCENT THEORETICAL
EXCESS MOLAR RATIO YIELD

Message:
 Lesson
Molecular Formula from
1 Molar Mass

What is It

Previously, you have learned how to calculate the chemical formula of a

substance by using its percent composition.
The formula calculated from percent composition by mass is always the
empirical formula because the subscripts in the formula are always reduced to the
smallest whole numbers. To calculate the actual, molecular formula we must know
the approximate molar mass of the compound in addition to its empirical formula.
Knowing that the molar mass of a compound must be an integral multiple of the
molar mass of its empirical formula, we can use the molar mass to find the
molecular formula, as the following example demonstrates.
Example:
A sample of a compound contains 1.52 g of nitrogen (N) and 3.47 g of oxygen
(O). The molar mass of this compound is between 90 g and 95 g. Determine the
molecular formula and the accurate molar mass of the compound.
Strategy:
To determine the molecular formula, we first need to determine the empirical
formula. How do we convert between grams and moles? Comparing the empirical
molar mass to the experimentally determined molar mass will reveal the
relationship between the empirical formula and molecular formula.
Solution:
We are given grams of N and O. Use molar mass as a conversion factor to
convert grams to moles of each element. Let n represent the number of moles of
each
element. We write

1 mol N
n N =1.52 g N × =0.108 mol N
14.01 g N
1 mol O
nO =3.47 g O× =0.217 mol O
16.00 g O
Thus, we arrive at the formula N0.108 O0.217 , which gives the identity and the
ratios of atoms present. However, chemical formulas are written with whole
numbers. Try to convert to whole numbers by dividing the subscripts by the
smaller subscript (0.108). After rounding off, we obtain NO 2 as the empirical
formula.

0.108 0.217
N O = N1.00O2.01 ≈ NO2
0.108 0.108
The molecular formula might be the same as the empirical formula or some
integral multiple of it (for example, two, three, four, or more times the empirical
formula). Comparing the ratio of the molar mass to the molar mass of the empirical
formula will show the integral relationship between the empirical and molecular
formulas. The molar mass of the empirical formula NO2 is
Empirical molar mass = 14.01 g + 2(16.00 g) = 46.01 g
Next, we determine the ratio between the molar mass and the empirical
molar mass 90 g
molar mass = ≈2
empirical molar mass 46.01 g
The molar mass is twice the empirical molar mass. This means that there
are two NO2 units in each molecule of the compound, and the molecular formula is
(NO2)2 or N2O4. The actual molar mass of the compound is two times the empirical
molar mass, that is, 2(46.01 g) or 92.02 g, which is between 90 g and 95 g (Chang,
2010).

What’s More

Read each problem carefully and answer what is asked. Show your solutions. Use a
separate sheet of paper.

1. A sample of a compound containing Boron (B) and hydrogen (H) contains

6.444 g of B and 1.803 g of H. The molar mass of the compound is about 30
g. What is its molecular formula?

2. An unknown compound is found to contain 40.0% carbon, 6.7% hydrogen,

and 53.3% oxygen with a molecular mass of 60.0 g/mol. What is the
molecular formula of the unknown compound?

3. Naphthalene is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen that is often

used in mothballs. Its empirical formula is C 5H4 and its molar mass is
128.16 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s). Write your answers in the space
provided for.
  If we know the percent composition by mass of a compound, we can deduce
the empirical formula of the compound and also the _______ formula of the
compound if the approximate _________ is known.

Lesson
Writing and Balancing
2 Chemical Equations

What is It

A chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction that displays

the reactants and products with chemical formulas. The chemical equation for the
reaction of methane with oxygen is shown:
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
The equation above, called a skeleton equation, is an equation that shows
only the formulas of the reactants and products with nothing to indicate the relative
amounts. The first step in writing an accurate chemical equation is to write the
skeleton equation, making sure that the formulas of all substances involved are
written correctly. All reactants (substances that undergo change) are written to
the left of the yield arrow, separated from one another by a plus sign. Likewise,
products (substances formed) are written to the right of the yield arrow, also
separated with a plus sign.
It is often important to know the physical states of the reactants and
products taking part in a reaction. To do this, put the appropriate symbol in
parentheses after each formula: (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, (g) for gas, and (aq) for an
aqueous (water-based) solution. At room temperature, the components of the
previous reaction are in the following states:
CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
The following table shows a listing of symbols used in chemical equations. 
Table 3.1 Symbols Used in Chemical Equations
Law of Conservation of Mass

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that, during a physical or

chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed. Therefore, for
chemical reactions:
1. The total numbers of each type of atom are the same before and after
a reaction has occurred.
2. The total mass of the products will be equal to the total mass of the
reactants.
In other words, although chemical reactions involve the formation of new
substances, they do not involve the formation of new atoms. The only difference
between reactants and products is how atoms are arranged, as a result of the
breaking and forming of chemical bonds.
Balancing Chemical Equations

Often a formula equation does not show equal numbers of each type of atom
on both sides of the equation. Consider the following equation for the reaction
between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia:

N2 + H2 → NH3

The left side of the equation (the reactants) shows 2 nitrogen atoms whereas
the right side of the equation (the product) shows 1 nitrogen atom. Similarly, the
left side of the equation shows 2 hydrogen atoms whereas the right side of the
equation shows 3 hydrogen atoms. When a formula equation shows unequal
numbers of atoms on either side of the equation, the equation is said to
be unbalanced. The equation is not demonstrating conservation of mass. To
demonstrate conservation of mass by having equal numbers of atoms on either side
of the equation, the equation needs to be balanced.

When first learning how to balance chemical equations, it can be helpful to

draw diagrams of reactants and products. For example, the above reaction between
nitrogen and hydrogen can be illustrated by the following diagram:

We can also create a tally to show the total number of each type of atom for
both sides of the equation:
 If a formula equation is unbalanced when it is first written, it means that the
reactants and products do not exist in equal ratios. For example, in the above
reaction, one nitrogen molecule does not combine with one hydrogen molecule to
form one ammonia molecule. Therefore, we need to determine the correct ratio for
all reactants and products that will result in equal numbers of each type of atom
on both sides of the equation. When balancing a chemical equation, deal with one
type of atom at a time. Let us balance the above equation by first balancing the
number of nitrogen atoms. We will use diagrams and tallies to help us.

The only way to make the number of atoms equal on both sides of an equation is
to add more reactant or product molecules. For example, in the above equation we
cannot simply add 1 nitrogen atom to the products to balance the number of
nitrogen atoms. The only way we can increase the number of nitrogen atoms on the
right side is to add another ammonia molecule:

Now our diagram shows 2 nitrogen atoms on both sides of the equation. Let us
update the tally:

Now we have balanced the number of nitrogen atoms, but the number of
hydrogen atoms remains unbalanced. We have 2 hydrogen atoms on the left and 6
on
the

right. The only way to increase the number of hydrogen atoms on the left is to add
hydrogen molecules. To have 6 hydrogen atoms in total, we need 3 hydrogen
molecules, so we need to add 2 more:

Now our diagram shows 6 hydrogen atoms on both sides of the equation. Let
us update the tally:

We have now balanced the number of nitrogen atoms and the number of
hydrogen atoms. The last step is to rewrite the formula equation so that it
corresponds with our diagram. We do this by adding numbers
called coefficients in front of the chemical formulas of reactants and products that
have more than one copy. So we need to write “3” in front of H 2 to represent 3
hydrogen molecules, and a “2” in front of NH3 to represent 2 ammonia molecules.

We do not add a “1” in front of N2 to represent 1 nitrogen molecule (just as

we don’t have a subscript 1 next to the N in ammonia to represent 1 nitrogen
atom).
Therefore, our balanced equation is:
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

Tips for Balancing Chemical Equations

 When first learning to balance chemical equations, use diagrams and

tallies.
 Only adjust one type of atom at a time.
 Remember that coefficients change the tallies for all atoms in a
substance, not just the atom you are trying to balance.
 If the equation contains elements, leave them until last when
adjusting coefficients. This is because they can be adjusted without affecting
the tallies of other atoms.
 You can only balance an equation by placing coefficients in front of
substances. Never adjust the subscript numbers that are part of a chemical
formula. For example, you cannot change H 2O to H2O2, it must be written as 2
H2O if you wish to double the number of oxygen atoms.
 Only place whole numbers (2, 3, 4 etc.) in front of chemical formulas.
If you find that a fraction is required to balance an equation, multiply all
coefficients by the smallest number required to convert the fraction to a whole
number.

 Polyatomic groups, such as NO3 and SO4, often stay together in

reactions. If this is the case, consider them as one group in the tally, rather
than as individual atoms – this will simplify the process.

Example:

Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl → NaNO3 + PbCl2 (balance NO3 as a whole)

(NO3 is even on the left and
odd on the right)

Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl → 2NaNO3 + PbCl2 (multiply by 2 to make NO3 even)

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl → 2NaNO3 + PbCl2 (balance the Na)

  Check that the coefficients are the smallest possible numbers. For
example,   4 H2 + 2 O2 → 4 H2O  can be simplified to  2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.

What’s More

Copy and balance the following chemical equations in a separate sheet of paper.
Show your solution through a diagram or tally.

1) N2O5 → N2O4 + O2
2) KNO3 → KNO2 + O2
3) NH4NO3 → N2O + H2O
4) NH4NO2 → N2 + H2O
5) NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
6) P4O10 + H2O → H3PO4
7) HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
8) Al + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2
9) CO2 + KOH → K2CO3 + H2O
10)CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s). Write your answers in the space
provided.

 Chemical changes, called chemical reactions, are represented

by_________________. Substances that undergo change are called
the______________ and are written on the __________ side of the equation.
The substances formed are called the _______________ and are written on the
 __________side of the equation. Chemical equations must be balanced, in
accordance with the law of _______________. The number of atoms of each
element in the reactants must
be ___________ to the number of atoms of each element in the products.

Lesson

3 Stoichiometry

What is It

Stoichiometry is the area of study that examines the quantities of

substances consumed and produced in chemical reactions. This study of
stoichiometry provides an essential set of tools that is widely used in chemistry.
Aspects of stoichiometry include such diverse problems as measuring the
concentration of ozone in the atmosphere, determining the potential yield of gold
from an ore, and assessing different processes for converting coal into gaseous
fuels. We will study stoichiometry in this module to understand these processes
better.

Making Pancakes: Relationship Between Ingredients

The concepts of stoichiometry are similar to the concepts we use in following

a cooking recipe. Calculating the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the
combustion of a given amount of a fossil fuel is similar to calculating the number of
pancakes that can be made from a given number of eggs. For example, suppose
you use the following pancake recipe:

1 cup flour + 2 eggs + ½ tsp baking powder → 5 pancakes

The recipe shows the numerical relationships between the pancake

ingredients. It says that if we have 2 eggs—and enough of everything else—we can
make 5 pancakes. We can write this relationship as a ratio.
 2 eggs : 5 pancakes

What if we have 8 eggs? Assuming that we have enough of everything else,

how many pancakes can we make? Using the preceding ratio as a conversion
factor, we can determine that 8 eggs are sufficient to make 20 pancakes.

5 pancakes
8 eggs × =20 pancakes
2 eggs
The pancake recipe contains numerical conversion factors between the
pancake ingredients and the number of pancakes. Other conversion factors from
this recipe include:
1 cup flour : 5 pancakes
½ tsp baking powder : 5 pancakes
The recipe also gives us relationships among the ingredients themselves. For
example, how much baking powder is required to go with 3 cups of flour? From
the recipe:
1 cup flour : ½ tsp baking powder
With this ratio, we can form the conversion factor to calculate the
appropriate
amount of baking powder.
1
tsp baking powder
2 3
3 cups flour × = tsp baking powder
1 cup flour 2

Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions (Mole Ratio)

In a balanced chemical equation, we have a “recipe” for how reactants

combine
to form products. For example, the following equation shows how hydrogen
and nitrogen combine to form ammonia (NH3).

The balanced equation shows that 3H2 molecules react with 1 N2 molecule to
form 2 NH3 molecules. We can express these relationships as the following ratios.

3 H2 molecules : 1 N2 molecule : 2 NH3 molecules

Since we do not ordinarily deal with individual molecules, we can express

the
same ratios in moles.
3 mol H2 : 1 mol N2 : 2 mol NH3
 If we have 3 mol of N2, and more than enough H2 how much NH3 can we
make? We first sort the information in the problem.

Given: 3 mol N2
Find: mol NH3
Solution Map:
We then strategize by drawing a solution map that begins with mol N 2
and ends with mol NH3. The conversion factor comes from the balanced
chemical equation.

Relationships Used: 1 mol N2 : 2 mol NH3 (from balanced equation)

Solution: We can then do the conversion.

We have enough N2 to make 6 mol of NH3.

Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions

We have seen how a chemical equation contains conversion factors

between moles of reactants and moles of products. However, we are often
interested in relationships between mass of reactants and mass of products. For
example, we might want to know the mass of carbon dioxide emitted by an
automobile per kilogram of gasoline used. Or we might want to know the mass
of each reactant required to obtain a certain mass of a product in a synthesis
reaction. The general outline for these types of calculations is:

where A and B are two different substances involved in the reaction. We use the
molar mass of A to convert from mass of A to moles of A. We use the ratio from
the balanced equation to convert from moles of A to moles of B, and we use the
molar mass of B to convert moles of B to mass of B. For example, suppose we
want to calculate the mass of CO 2 emitted upon the combustion of 5.0 X 10 2 g of
pure octane. The balanced chemical equation for octane combustion is:

2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) → 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g)

We begin by sorting the information in the problem.

Given: 5.0 x 102 g C8H18

Find: g CO2
Notice that we are given g C 8H18 and asked to find g CO 2. The balanced
chemical equation, however, gives us a relationship between moles of C 8H18 and
moles of CO2. Consequently, before using that relationship, we must convert from
grams to moles.
The solution map uses the general outline

Mass A → Moles A → Moles B → Mass B

where A is octane and B is carbon dioxide.

Solution Map:

We strategize by drawing the solution map, which begins with mass of

octane and ends with mass of carbon dioxide.

Relationships Used:

Solution:
We then follow the solution map to solve the problem, beginning with g C 8H18
and canceling units to arrive at g CO2.

Upon combustion, 5.0 x 102 g of octane produces 1.5 x 103 g of carbon dioxide.

More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield

Let us return to our pancake analogy to understand two more concepts

important in reaction stoichiometry: limiting reactant and percent yield. Recall our
pancake recipe:
1 cup flour + 2 eggs + ½ tsp baking powder → 5 pancakes

Suppose we have 3 cups flour, 10 eggs, and 4 tsp baking powder. How many
pancakes can we make?

We have enough flour to make:

We have enough eggs to make:

We have enough baking powder to make:

 We have enough flour for 15 pancakes, enough eggs for 25 pancakes, and
enough baking powder for 40 pancakes. Consequently, unless we get more
ingredients, we can make only 15 pancakes. This is because the amount of flour we
have is only enough for 15 pancakes. Therefore, the amount of flour we have limits
the number of pancakes we can make. If this were a chemical reaction, the flour
would be the limiting reactant, the reactant that limits the amount of product in a
chemical reaction. Notice that the limiting reactant (or reagent) is simply the
reactant that makes the least amount of product. The excess reactant (or reagent)
is the reactant that is not completely consumed when the reaction is complete. If this
were a chemical reaction, 15 pancakes would be the theoretical yield, the amount
of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting
reactant.

Let us carry this analogy one step further. Suppose we go on to cook our
pancakes. We accidentally burn three of them and one falls on the floor. So
even though we had enough flour for 15 pancakes, we finished with only 11
pancakes. If this were a chemical reaction, the 11 pancakes would be our actual
yield, the amount of product actually produced by a chemical reaction. Finally, our
percent yield, the percentage of the theoretical yield that was actually attained, is:

Since four of the pancakes were ruined, we got only 73% of our theoretical
yield. In a chemical reaction, the actual yield is almost always less than 100%
because at least some of the product does not form or is lost in the process of
recovering it (in analogy to some of the pancakes being burned).

To summarize:
 Limiting reactant (or limiting reagent) – the reactant that is completely
consumed in a chemical reaction and makes the least amount of product
 Excess reactant (or excess reagent) – reactant that remains when a
reaction stops because there is nothing with which it can react
 Theoretical yield – the amount of product that can be made in a chemical
reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant
 Actual yield – the amount of product actually produced by a chemical
reaction
Actual Yield
 Percent yield= ×100 %
TheroreticalYield

When working in the laboratory, we normally measure the initial amounts of

reactants in grams. To find limiting reactants and theoretical yields from initial
masses, we must add two steps to our calculations. Consider, for example, the
synthesis reaction:

2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2 NaCl(s)

If we have 53.2 g of Na and 65.8 g of Cl2, what is the limiting reactant and
theoretical yield? We begin by sorting the information in the problem.
Given: 53.2 g Na
65.8 g Cl2
Find: limiting reactant
theoretical yield

Solution Map:
We find the limiting reactant by calculating how much product can be made
from each reactant. Since we are given the initial amounts in grams, we must first
convert to moles. After we convert to moles of product, we convert back to grams of
product. The reactant that makes the least amount of product is the limiting
reactant.

Relationships Used:
From the balanced equation, we know:

We also use the molar masses:

Beginning with the actual amounts of each reactant, we follow the solution
map to calculate how much product can be made from each.
Since
Cl2

makes the least amount of product, it is the limiting reactant. It follows that Na is
the excess reactant. Notice that the limiting reactant is not necessarily the reactant
with the least mass. In this case, we had fewer grams of Na than Cl 2, yet Cl2 was
the limiting reactant because it made less NaCl.
 The theoretical yield is therefore 108 g of NaCl, the amount of product
possible based on the limiting reactant.
Now suppose that when the synthesis was carried out, the actual yield of
NaCl was 86.4 g. What is the percent yield? The percent yield is:

What’s More

Read each problem carefully and answer what is asked. Show your solutions. Use a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Write a balanced equation for the combustion of propane, C 3H8.

When balanced, how many moles of O2 are needed for each mole of C3H8 ?

2. Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed when 27 g of aluminum reacts with

excess hydrochloric acid according to the balanced equation below.

2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2

3. How many grams of nitric acid, HNO3, can be prepared from the reaction of
138 g of NO2 with 54.0 g H2O according to the equation below?

3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO

4. Ammonia can be synthesized by the reaction of nitrogen monoxide and

hydrogen gas.
2NO + 5H2 → 2NH3 + 2H2O

A reaction vessel contains initially contains 4.0 mol of NO and 15.0 mol of
H2. How many moles of NO, H2, NH3 and H2O are there inside the reaction
vessel once the reaction has occurred to the fullest extent possible?

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s). Write your answers in blank space
provided.
_____________is the quantitative study of products and reactants in chemical
reactions. Stoichiometric calculations are best done by expressing both the known
and unknown quantities in terms of moles and then converting to other units if
necessary. A ___________ reagent is the reactant that is present in the smallest
stoichiometric amount. It limits the amount of product that can be formed. The
amount of product obtained in a reaction, the ___________ yield may be less than
the maximum possible amount which is the _____________ yield. The ratio of the
two multiplied by 100 percent is expressed as the ____________ yield.

What I Can Do

Consider the following scenario and answer the questions that follow. Show your
solution.
Astronauts need to make sure they are consuming enough calories and oxygen to
create ATP (energy) for the cells in their bodies. A person at rest consumes 550 L of
oxygen per day (this figure obviously changes if you are more active).
C6H12O6 + 6O2(g) → 6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g)
1. How many grams of glucose will be broken down by your body in a single
day (assuming you are at rest and at STP)? (Hint: 1 mole of any ideal gas at
standard temperature and pressure (STP) occupies a volume of 22.4 L)

2. How many liters of carbon dioxide will you produce each day?
 Assessment

Use your answers to guide you to the end of the maze to make your escape. Write
the correct pathway of letters to the finish line. Draw arrows between each box. If
you get the right pathway, then you have escaped. Congratulations!
 NaCl + AgNO3  How many grams of 78.2 g of solid iron
AgCl + NaNO3 hydrogen gas will be reacts with oxygen
If 52 g of salt reacts with produced from the gas forming iron (III)
silver nitrate, what mass of reaction of zinc metal with 95 oxide. How many
silver chloride will be
128 47 grams of hydrochloric moles of oxygen
produced? acid? will react?

START A B C
0.89 98 1.3 1.40 1.05
Cu + 2AgNO3  H2O + SO2  H2SO3 C + 2ZnO  CO2 + 2Zn
Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag What mass of How many grams of
If 12.0 g of Cu reacts sulfurous acid is carbon dioxide will be
with silver nitrate, how 250 produced, when 195 g 20 produced if 74 grams
many grams of Ag are of sulfur dioxide is of ZnO is completely
recovered? reacted with water? reacted?

D E F
40.7 3.04 2.2 150 3.3
The complete 2Fe + 3S  Fe2S3 A compound with molar
conversion of 128 How many grams of mass of 74.1 g/mol is
grams of hydrogen to sulfur are involved in found to contain 64.8%
ammonia would require this reaction if 83 grams 71 Carbon, 13.5% Hydrogen,
how many moles of
63.4 of iron are needed to and 21.7% Oxygen. What
nitrogen gas? react with sulfur? is the molecular formula?

G H I
190 C6H12O6 C 2H 5O C4H10O
21.1
C + 2H2  CH4 A compound having a E
How many grams of molar mass of 175 g/mol S
methane gas will be contains 40.0% Carbon, C
produced if 3.4 moles of 5.7% Hydrogen, 53.3% C6H14O3
27 Oxygen. What is its A
hydrogen gas are
available to react? molecular formula? P
E
J K

Answer Key
 What I Have
Assessment What's More Learned
Lesson 1:
Lesson 1
1. B2H6 molecular;
molar mass
2. C2H4O2

3. C10H12 Lesson 2:
chemical
equations;
Lesson 2: reactants;
left;
1) 2N2O5 → 2N2O4 + O2
products;

What’s New

What I Know
I.
1. C
2. C
3. C
Message: CHEMISTRY IS FUN 4. C
5. D
6. D
7. C
8. C
What I Can Do 9. C
10.D
11.D
12.C
1. 736.6 g C6H12O6 13.A
2. 550 L CO2 14.D
15. D

References
Books
Brown, Theodore L. et al. Chemistry the Central Science 11 ed., Prentice Hall Inc., 2009, pp.
79-80
Chang, Raymond. Chemistry 10th edition. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 2010. pp. 93, 112,
109
Tro, Nivaldo J. Introductory Chemistry 4th ed., Prentice Hall Inc., 2012, pp. 250-262

Online Sources
https://www.chemteam.info/Stoichiometry/Limiting-Reagent-Prob1-10.html
http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/instructional/general-chemistry-
modules/stoichiometry/multiple-choice-and-short-answer
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/3-2-determining-empirical-and-molecular-
formulas/
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-intermediate/section/11.1/
https://www.goodscience.com.au/year-10-chemistry/balancing-chemical-equations/
https://www.alvinisd.net/cms/lib03/TX01001897/Centricity/Domain/4240/practice
%20test%20stoich.pdf
https://openedgroup.org/books/Chemistry.pdf
https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/dl/iso/practice_exams/gr11_chem_fpe_key.pdf
https://www.thoughtco.com/molecular-formula-practice-test-questions-604125
https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mcquest/ch3.html
https://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/stoichiometry/stoichiometriccalculations/section
2/
RealLife Stoichiometry Worksheet by Keystone Science
Stoichiometry by Escape Room EDU
https://lorenowicz.weebly.com/uploads/4/6/1/6/4616010/sch3u_limiting_reagent_lab.pd
f
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/how-to-balance-chemical-equation.html