SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
The Use of Chemical Formulas to
Represent Chemical Reactions

Region I
ALAMINOS CITY DIVISION
Alaminos City, Pangasinan
Project Write, Write, Write
Alternative Instructional
Module
Science – General Chemistry 1 Grade 11/12
Alternative Instructional Module
Quarter 1 – Module 4: The Use of Chemical Formulas to Represent Chemical Reactions
First Edition, 2020

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ii
 11/12
GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
The Use of Chemical Formulas to
Represent Chemical Reactions

iii
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:
Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 (11/12) Alternative Instructional Module
(AIM) on the Use of Chemical Formulas to Represent Chemical Reactions!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iv
For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 (11/12) Alternative Instructional Module

(AIM) on the Use of Chemical Formulas to Represent Chemical Reactions!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies
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relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic
success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip
this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.

v
 What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life situations
or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
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answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
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with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!
vi
 What I Need To Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the use of chemical formulas to represent chemical reactions.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course.

The module contains 1 lesson, specifically:

 Lesson 1 – Chemical Equations

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. write and balanced chemical equations (STEM_GC11CRIf-g-37).

What I Know

Multiple Choice. Direction. Read the following questions carefully and

choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. In the reaction CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O, what is oxygen gas?
A. Coefficient C. Reactant
B. Product D. Subscript
2. In the equation 2 C2H2(g) + 5 O → 4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l), which is the
coefficient for carbon dioxide?
A. 2 C. (g)
B. 4 D. 5
3. What is the meaning of + used in a chemical equation?
A. Gas C. Reacts with
B. Heat is applied D. Yields
4. Which of the following is the end or final materials in a chemical
reaction?
A. Product C. Reactants
B. Quotient D. Substance

1
 5. Which equation is CORRECTLY balanced?
A. C + O2 → 2CO C. C + O2 → CO
B. C + O2 → CO2 D. 2C + O → 2CO
6. Which of the following equations is NOT balanced?
A. 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
B. 4P4 + 5S8 → 4P4S10
C. 2KClO3 →2KCl + O2
D. C2H6 + O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
7. The first step in the Ostwald process for making nitric acid is the
formation of NO as follows:
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
According to the equation, 5 moles NH3 will react with ________ moles
O2 to form _______ moles of NO.
A. 5, 4 C. 25, 20
B. 4, 5 D. 5/4, 4/5
8. Potassium metal and chlorine gas (Cl2) react in a combination reaction
to produce potassium chloride. What is the CORRECT balanced
equation for this reaction?
A. K(s) + Cl2(g) → KCl(s) C. 2 K(s) + Cl2(g) → 2 KCl(s)
B. K(s) + Cl(g) → KCl(s) D. K2(s) + Cl2(g) → 2 KCl(s)
9. In the reaction given below, for every two molecules of hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) consumed, how many molecules of oxygen are
produced?
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 6
10. Balance the following reaction: a Al2O3 → b Al + c O2 What is the
sum of the coefficients of the reactant and products (a + b + c) in the
balanced equation using the smallest set of whole numbers as
coefficients?
A. 3 C. 6
B. 5 D. 9

2
 Lesson Chemical Equations
1
Baking a cake, using a chemical battery, the explosion of fireworks,
rotting bananas and grilling a hamburger are common chemical changes that
involves chemical reactions. These chemical reactions can be easily analyzed
if they are written through chemical equations. Knowing the process of
expressing chemical reactions through chemical equations will give us full
understanding on how elements or compounds combined or broken down to
form new substances. This module will discuss the process of expressing the
chemical reactions through words equations and balanced chemical
equations properly and correctly.

In this module you will learn how to write and balance chemical
equations. Get ready!

What’s In

Activity 1

Directions: In a Venn diagram, write the similarities and differences of the

following terms: molar mass, formula mass and molecular mass. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

3
You’re amazing! Now let’s have an activity about our next lesson.

What’s New

Activity 2
Directions: Analyze the equation and the image given then answer the
corresponding guide questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)

Guide Questions
1. What is the equation and image all about?

2. How does the image differ with the equation?

3. What are the substances involved in the reaction?

What is It

What is Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equation?

Chemical Reaction is a process in which one or more substances are

changed into new substance with different physical and chemical properties.
While Chemical Equation is the shorthand for a chemical reaction and is
essential when planning an experiment, the reactants are always written
4
before the reaction or on the left side of the equation while the product is on
the right side of the equation. There are basic terms and symbols followed in
writing chemical equations.

How to Write and Balance a Chemical Equation?

Why is there a need to balance the chemical equation? The chemical

equation needs to be balanced so that it follows the law of conservation of
mass. A balanced chemical equation occurs when the number of the different
atoms of elements in the reactants side is equal to that of the products side.
In writing and balancing the chemical equations, important symbols
must be remembered. Below are the common symbols used in writing and
balancing chemical equations.

SYMBOLS

used to separate multiple (s) or reactant or product in

+ reactants or products the solid state
yield sign; separates (l) reactant or product in
→ reactants from products the liquid state
replaces the yield sign for (g) or reactant or product in
⇌ reversible reactions that the gas state
reach equilibrium
formula written above the (aq) reactant or product in
arrow is used as a catalyst an aqueous solution
→
Pt
in the reaction (dissolved in water)
triangle indicates that the
→
Δ
or reaction is being heated

→Heat

Aside from the various symbols used in writing and balancing the
chemical equations, the names of the compounds must also be considered.
Also if the molecules are diatomic. Below are the common names of some
compounds.

Compound name Molecular Molecular

mass formula
Acetic acid 60.052 g/mol CH3COOH
Hydrochloric acid 36.458 g/mol HCl
Sulfuric acid 98.072 g/mol H2SO4
Acetate 59.044 g/mol CH3COO–
Ammonia 17.031 g/mol NH3

5
 Nitric acid 63.012 g/mol HNO3
Phosphoric acid 97.994 g/mol H3PO4
Sodium phosphate 119.976 g/mol Na3PO4
Calcium carbonate 100.086 g/mol CaCO3
Ammonium sulfate 132.134 g/mol (NH4)2SO4
Carbonic acid 62.024 g/mol H2CO3
Sodium bicarbonate 84.0066 g/mol NaHCO3
Sodium hydroxide 39.997 g/mol NaOH
Calcium hydroxide 74.092 g/mol Ca(OH)2
Ethanol 46.069 g/mol C2H5OH

Important Steps in Writing and Balancing Chemical

Equations

Method 1: Doing a Traditional Balance

Propane (C3H8) is burned in the presence of oxygen to produce water

and carbon dioxide.

Step 1. Convert the given problem into a word equation.

Propane + Oxygen Water + Carbon Dioxide

Step 2. Convert the word equation into a chemical equation.

C3H8 + O2 H2O + CO2

Note that there is a subscript of 2 for oxygen gas because it is a diatomic

molecule. Many elements form diatomic gases.

Diatomic Elements
Element Hydroge Nitroge Oxyge Fluorin Chlorin Bromin Iodin
Name n n n e e e e
Formula H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

Step 3: Write down the number of atoms per element. Do this for each side
of the equation. Look at the subscripts next to each atom to find the number
of atoms in the equation. When writing it out, it's a good idea to connect it
back to the original equation, noting how each element appears.
 For example, you have 3 oxygen atoms on the right side, but that total
results from addition.
 Left side: 3 carbon (C3), 8 hydrogen (H8) and 2 oxygen (O2).
 Right side: 1 carbon (C), 2 hydrogen (H2) and 3 oxygen (O + O2)
6
 C3H8 + O2 H2O + CO2
3=C =1
8=H=2
2=O =3
Step 4: Save hydrogen and oxygen for last, as they are often on both
sides. Hydrogen and oxygen are both common in molecules, so it's likely that
you'll have them on both sides of your equation. It's best to balance them last.
 You'll need to recount your atoms before balancing the hydrogen and
oxygen, as you'll likely need to use coefficients to balance the other
atoms in the equation.

Step 5: Start with single elements. If you have more than one element left to
balance, select the element that appears in only a single molecule of reactants
and in only a single molecule of products. This means that you will need to
balance the carbon atoms first.

Step 6: Use a coefficient to balance the single carbon atom. Add a coefficient
to the single carbon atom on the right of the equation to balance it with the 3
carbon atoms on the left of the equation.
 C3H8 + O2 --> H2O + 3CO2
3=C =1x3
8=H=2
2 = O = (2 x 3) + 1

 The coefficient 3 in front of carbon on the right side indicates 3 carbon

atoms just as the subscript 3 on the left side indicates 3 carbon atoms.
 In a chemical equation, you can change coefficients, but you must never
alter the subscripts. Changing subscripts changes the ratios of atoms
in the molecule and the resulting chemical properties.

Step 7: Balance the hydrogen atoms next. Since you have balanced all atoms
besides the hydrogen and oxygen, you can address the hydrogen atoms. You
have 8 on the left side. So, you'll need 8 on the right side. Use a coefficient to
achieve this.
 C3H8 + O2 --> 4H2O + 3CO2
3=C=1x3
8=H=2x4
2 = O = (2 x 3) + (1 x 4)
 On the right side, you now added a 4 as the coefficient because the
subscript showed that you already had 2 hydrogen atoms.
 When you multiply the coefficient 4 times by the subscript 2, you end
up with 8.

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  The other 6 atoms of oxygen come from 3CO2.(3x2=6 atoms of oxygen+
the other 4=10)

Step 8: Balance the oxygen atoms. Remember to account for the coefficients
that you've used to balance out the other atoms. Because you've added
coefficients to the molecules on the right side of the equation, the number of
oxygen atoms has changed. You now have 4 oxygen atoms in the water
molecules and 6 oxygen atoms in the carbon dioxide molecules. That makes
a total of 10 oxygen atoms.
 Add a coefficient of 5 to the oxygen molecule on the left side of the
equation. You now have 10 oxygen atoms on each side.
 C3H8 + 5O2 --> 4H2O + 3CO2
3=C=1x3
8=H=2x4
5 x 2 = O = (2 x 3) + (1 x 4)

The carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are balanced. Your equation is
complete
3=C=3
8=H=8
10 = O = 10

Method 2: Completing an Algebraic Balance

Step 1: Write down the given equation. For this example, we will use:
PCl5 + H2O H3PO4 + HCl
Step 2: Assign a letter to each substance.
aPCl5 + bH2O cH3PO4 + dHCl

Step 3: Check the number of each element found on both sides and set those
equal to each other.
 aPCl5 + bH2O --> cH3PO4 + dHCl
 On the left side, there are 2b atoms of hydrogen (2 for every molecule of
H2O), while on the right side, there are 3c+d atoms of hydrogen (3 for
every molecule of H3PO4 and 1 for every molecule of HCl). Since the
number of atoms of hydrogen has to be equal on both sides, 2b must
be equal to 3c+d.
 Do this for each element.
 P: a=c
 Cl: 5a=d
 H: 2b=3c + d
Step 4: Solve this system of equations to get the numeric value for all the
coefficients. Since there are more variables than equations, there are multiple

8
solutions. You must find the one where every variable is in its smallest, non-
fractional form.
 To quickly do this, take one variable and assign a value to it. Let's make
a=1. Then start solving the system of equations to get the following
values:
 Since P: a = c, we know that c = 1.
 Since Cl: 5a = d, we know that d = 5
 Since H: 2b = 3c + d, we can calculate b like this:
o 2b = 3(1) + 5
o 2b = 3 + 5
o 2b = 8
o b=4
 This shows us the values are as follows:
o a=1
o b=4
o c=1
o d=5

PRACTICE: Problem Solving. Write your solution in a separate sheet of

paper.

Water produces Hydrogen gas and Oxygen gas when subjected to

electrolysis.

Step 1. Convert the given problem into a word equation.

Step 2. Convert the word equation into a chemical equation.

Step 3. Balance the given chemical equation written in the step 2 by adding
coefficient after the chemical symbol or chemical formula.

Are you now ready to apply what you’ve learned in this module? Answer
the following activities.

9
 What’s More

Activity 3

Directions: Transfer the following symbolic equations into word equations or

word equations into symbolic equations. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

a. Hydrogen gas reacts with nitrogen gas to produce gaseous ammonia

b. HCl(aq)+LiOH(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)

c. Copper metal is heated with oxygen gas to produce solid copper (II)
oxide.

Activity 4

Directions: Balance the chemical equation. Follow the steps below to solve
the problem. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Small amounts of oxygen gas can be prepared by heating potassium

chlorate (KClO3 ). The products are oxygen gas (O2) and potassium
chloride (KCl).

KClO3 → KCl + O 2

Step 1. Convert the given problem into a word equation.

Step 2. Convert the word equation into a chemical equation.

Step 3. Balance the given chemical equation written in the step 2 by adding
coefficient after the chemical symbol or chemical formula.

10
 What I Have Learned

Activity 5

I. Directions: Complete the sentence. Write your answers on a separate sheet

of paper.

1. The symbol " →" means _________________.

2. In the _____________ side of the equation, the reactants found.
3. Chemical equations must be balanced because of the
_________________________.
4. _________________ can not be changed because changing these changes
the ratios of atoms in the molecule and the resulting chemical
properties.
5. The symbol _____________ is used if the reaction is being heated.

II.II. Directions: Answer the following. Write your answers on a separate

sheet of paper.

1. What number represents the Coefficient? __________

5H2 2.
3.
What number represents the Subscript? _________________
What element is represented by the letter "H"? __________
4. How many "H's" do you have? __________

11
 What I Can Do

Activity 6

Directions: Create a brochure about writing and balancing chemical equations.

Use the rubrics as your guide. Use a short coupon bond for this activity.

Criteria Excellent Very Satisfactory Needs Points

(4 pts.) Satisfactory (2 pts.) Improvement Earne
(3 pts.) (1 pt.) d
Graphics/Pictures Graphics go Graphics go Graphics go Graphics do
well with well with well with not go with
the text and the text, the text, the
there is a but there but there accompanyin
good mix of are so many are too few g text or
text and that they and the appear to be
graphics. distract brochure randomly
from the seems "text- chosen.
text. heavy".
Attractiveness & The The The The
Organization brochure brochure brochure brochure's
has has has well- formatting
exceptionall attractive organized and
y attractive formatting information organization
formatting and well- . of material
and well- organized are confusing
organized information to the reader.
information .
.
Content - All facts in 99-90% of 89-80% of Fewer than
Accuracy the the facts in the facts in 80% of the
brochure the the facts in the
are brochure brochure brochure are
accurate. are are accurate.
accurate. accurate.
Graphics/Pictures Graphics go Graphics go Graphics go Graphics do
well with well with well with not go with
the text and the text, the text, the
there is a but there but there accompanyin
good mix of are so many are too few g text or
text and that they and the appear to be
graphics. distract brochure randomly
from the seems "text- chosen.
text. heavy".

12
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Direction. Read the following questions carefully and

choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is the end or final materials in a chemical
reaction?
A. Product C. Reactants
B. Quotient D. Substance
2. What is the meaning of + used in a chemical equation?
A. Gas C. Reacts with
B. Heat is applied D. Yields
3. In the reaction CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O, what is oxygen gas?
A. Coefficient C. Reactant
B. Product D. Subscript
4. Which equation is CORRECTLY balanced?
A. C + O2 → 2CO C. C + O2 → CO
B. C + O2 → CO2 D. 2C + O → 2CO
5. In the equation 2 C2H2(g) + 5 O → 4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l), which is the
coefficient for carbon dioxide?
A. 2 C. (g)
B. 4 D. 5
6. The first step in the Ostwald process for making nitric acid is the
formation of NO as follows:
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
According to the equation, 5 moles NH3 will react with ________ moles
O2 to form _______ moles of NO.
A. 5, 4 C. 25, 20
B. 4, 5 D. 5/4, 4/5
7. Which of the following equations is NOT balanced?
A. 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
B. 4P4 + 5S8 → 4P4S10
C. 2KClO3 →2KCl + O2
D. C2H6 + O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
8. Balance the following reaction: a Al2O3 → b Al + c O2 What is the
sum of the coefficients of the reactant and products (a + b + c) in the
balanced equation using the smallest set of whole numbers as
coefficients?
A. 3 C. 6
B. 5 D. 9

13
 9. In the reaction given below, for every two molecules of hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) consumed, how many molecules of oxygen are
produced?
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 6
10. Potassium metal and chlorine gas (Cl2) react in a combination reaction
to produce potassium chloride. What is the CORRECT balanced
equation for this reaction?
A. K(s) + Cl2(g) → KCl(s) C. 2 K(s) + Cl2(g) → 2 KCl(s)
B. K(s) + Cl(g) → KCl(s) D. K2(s) + Cl2(g) → 2 KCl(s)

Additional Activities

Activity 7

Directions: Balance the following chemical equations, Write what are the
reactants in the equations in the reactants column, the products in the products
column, and with their coefficients in the reactants-final and products-final
columns. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Reactant Products
Reactants Products
s - Final - Final

H2O2  H2O + O2

Na + O2 Na2O

N2 + H2  NH3

P4 + O2  P4O10

Fe + H2O  Fe3O4 + H2

Activity 8:

Direction: Balance the following equations. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. ____ C + ____ O2  ___ CO

2. ____ Mg + ____ O2  ____ MgO

3. ____ H2O2  ____ H2O + ____ O2

14
4. ____ CH4 + O2  ____ CO2 + ____ H2O

5. ____ N2O5  _____ N2O4 + _____ O2

Congratulations you have successfully write and balanced chemical

equations.

You are now ready to move on to the next module about the quantitative
relationship of reactants and products in a chemical reaction

15
 16
What’s More
Additional Activities
(ACTIVITY 3)
ACTIVITY 7
Assessment a.
Rea Prod
1. A H2(g)+N2(g)→NH3(g)
ctan ucts
Reac Prod 2. C b. An aqueous
ts - -
tants ucts 3. C solution of
Fina Fina
4. B hydrochloric acid
l l
5. B reacts with an
2H2 6.A aqueous solution of
H2O2 H2O 2H2
O+ 7.C lithium hydroxide to
+ O2 O2
O2 8.D produce an
Na2 4Na 2Na2 9.A aqueous solution of
Na 10 C lithium chloride and
O + O2 O
+ O2 liquid water.
2NH c.
N2 + NH3 N2 + Cu(s)+O2(g)→CuO(s)
3
H2 3H2 What’s In (Activity 1)
P4O P4 + P4O1 Similarities: they are all
P4 + sum of the atomic
10 5O2 0
O2 masses of all the
3Fe elements in the What I Know
Fe + Fe3 Fe3
+ compound 1. C
H2O O4 + O4 +
4H2 2. B
H2 4H2
O Differences: 3. C
molar mass-all 4. A
ACTIVITY 8 compounds 5. B
1. 2, 1, 2 formula mass-ionic 6. C
2. 2, 1, 2 compounds; 7.A
3. 2, 2, 1 molecular mass- 8.C
4. 1, 2, 1, 2 molecular or covalent 9.A
5. 2, 2, 1 compounds 10.D
Answer Key
References:
A. Books
Espinosa, Allen A. and Fernandez, Katherine N. 2016. General
Chemistry 1. Makati City, Philippines: Diwa Learning Systems INC.
Patalinghug, Wyona C. Ph.D., et. al. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior
High School GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman,

Quezon City: 
 Commission on Higher Education

Brown, Theodore L., et. Al. 2018. Chemistry the Central Science 14 th
Edition in SI Units. Pearson Education Limited, United Kingdom
Chang, Raymond and Goldsby, Kenneth A. 2016. Chemistry 12th
Edition. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York: McGraw-Hill
Mendoza E. and Religioso T. 2008. Chemistry Laboratory Manual.
Phoenix Publication
Mendoza E. 2003. Chemistry Textbook. Phoenix Publication
B. Online and Other Sources
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_British_Colu
mbia/CHEM_100%3A_Foundations_of_Chemistry/07%3A_Chemical_
Reactions/7.03%3A_Chemical_Equations
https://byjus.com/chemical-compound-formulas/
https://www.wikihow.com/Balance-Chemical-Equations
https://www.britannica.com/science/diatomic-molecule

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