GRADE 12

• QUARTER 3 • W E E K 3
 2|Page GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

INTRODUCTION
The properties of a solution are different from those of either the pure solute(s) or solvent. Many
solution properties are dependent upon the chemical identity of the solute. Compared to pure
water, a solution of hydrogen chloride is more acidic, a solution of ammonia is more basic, a
solution of sodium chloride is denser, and a solution of sucrose is more viscous. There are a few
solution properties, however, that depend only upon the total concentration of solute species,
.
regardless of their identities. These colligative properties include vapor pressure lowering, boiling
point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. This small set of properties is of
central importance to many natural phenomena and technological applications, as will be described
in this module.

Objectives
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: percent by mass, MELC Code
mole fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm; STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111
Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions;STEM_ GC11PPIIId-f-115

Topics
This module discusses the following lesson;
Expressing Concentration of Solutions
Colligative Properties of Solutions

Pre-Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Molality is defined as ______.

a. moles solute/moles solvent

b. moles solute/moles solution
c. moles solute/kg solution
d. moles solute/kg solvent

2. A colligative property of water is ______.

a. molecular structure
b. boiling point
c. solubility
d. reactivity

3. Vapor pressure is a ______ property of the solvent

a. physical
b. chemical
c. dynamic
d. kinetic

4. The best solute for lowering vapor pressure is one that_____.

a. is slightly soluble
b. evaporates readily
c. is nonvolatile
3|Page GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
d. reacts with the solvent

5. Solvent freezing points are lowered by materials that ______.

a. bring more order to the solvent molecules

b. disrupt the order of solvent molecules
c. increase kinetic energy of solvent molecules
d. decrease the kinetic energy of solvent molecules

6. What is a solute?
a. The material that is dissolved in a solution
b. The material used to dissolve another material in a solution
c. A specific number of atoms
d. A mixture of two or more compounds

7. What is a saturated solution?

a. A solution that is filled to capacity with solute
b. A solution that is filled to capacity with solvent
c. A solution that has many different materials in it
d. The correct answer to a problem

8. What is a concentrated solution?

a. A focused answer
b. A solution that has a low molarity
c. A solution that has very little solute in the solvent
d. A solution that is saturated with the solute

9. A colligative property is one based on ________.

a. number of covalent bonds
b. number of hydrogen bonds
c. number of particles
d. number of dipole-dipole interactions

10. The freezing point of a solution is lowered by _______.

a. increasing the number of solute particles
b. increasing the kinetic energy
c. decreasing the number of solute particles
d. increasing the pressure on the solution

TOPICS
Expressing Concentration of Solutions
Colligative Properties of Solutions

Let’s Recall
Directions: Identify the following statement below.
__________1. The point on a phase diagram at which the three states of matter: gas, liquid, and
solid coexist.
__________2. The point on a phase diagram at which the substance is indistinguishable between
liquid and gaseous states.
__________3. The curve on a phase diagram which represents the transition between liquid and
solid states.
__________4. The curve on a phase diagram which represents the transition between gaseous
and liquid states.
__________5. It occurs when a substance goes from a gas state to a solid state; it is the reverse
process of sublimation.

Let’s Explore
4|Page GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

Activity 1: Concentrations!

Directions: Give 5 examples on each column and answer guide questions.

Solute Solvent
Example: powdered orange juice water
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Guide questions:
1. What is solute?
2. What is solvent?
3. What do you think will happen if solute is greater than solvent?
4. What do you think will happen if solvent is greater than solute?

Let’s Discuss

Expressing Concentration of Solutions

The concentration of a solution

 is a macroscopic property,
 represents the amount of solute dissolved in a unit amount of solvent or of
solution, and
 can be expressed in a variety of ways (qualitatively and quantitatively).

Qualitative Expressions of Concentration

A solution can be qualitatively described as

 dilute: a solution that contains a small proportion of solute relative to solvent, or

 concentrated: a solution that contains a large proportion of solute relative to
solvent.

Microscopic view of a dilute Microscopic view of a

solution of liquid Br2 dissolved concentrated solution of liquid
in liquid water. Br2 dissolved in liquid water.

Semi-Quantitative Expressions of Concentration

5|Page GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
A solution can be semi-quantitatively described as

 unsaturated: a solution in which more solute will dissolve, or

 saturated: a solution in which no more solute will dissolve.

The solubility of a solute is the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of
solvent to produce a saturated solution. For example, at 0 oC, we can dissolve a
maximum of 35.7 g of solid NaCl in 100 mL of water (a saturated solution). Any
additional solid NaCl that we add to the saturated solution simply falls to the bottom of
the container and does not dissolve.

Quantitative Expressions of Concentration

There are a number of ways to express the relative amounts of solute and solvent in a
solution. Which one we choose to use often depends on convenience. For example, it is
sometimes easier to measure the volume of a solution rather than the mass of the
solution.

Note that some expressions for concentration are temperature-dependent (i.e., the
concentration of the solution changes as the temperature changes), whereas others are
not. This is an important consideration for experiments in which the temperature does
not remain constant.

Temperature Dependence of Several Concentration Expressions

concentration expression measurements required temperature dependent?
percent composition mass of solute no
(by mass) mass of solution (mass does not change with
temperature)
molarity moles of solute yes
volume of solution (volume changes with
temperature)
molality moles of solute no
mass of solvent (neither mass nor moles
changes with temperature)
mole fraction moles of solute no
moles of solvent (moles does not change with
temperature)

Concentrations of Solutions
There are a number of ways to express the relative amounts of solute and solvent in a
solution. This page describes calculations for four different units used to express
concentration:

 Percent Composition (by mass)

 Molarity
 Molality
 Mole Fraction

Percent Composition (by mass)

6|Page GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
We can consider percent by mass (or weight percent, as it is sometimes called) in two
ways:

 The parts of solute per 100 parts of solution.

 The fraction of a solute in a solution multiplied by 100.

We need two pieces of information to calculate the percent by mass of a solute in a

solution:

 The mass of the solute in the solution.

 The mass of the solution.

Use the following equation to calculate percent by mass:

•
Molarity

Molarity tells us the number of moles of solute in exactly one liter of a solution. (Note
that molarity is spelled with an "r" and is represented by a capital M.)

We need two pieces of information to calculate the molarity of a solute in a solution:

 The moles of solute present in the solution.

 The volume of solution (in liters) containing the solute.

To calculate molarity we use the equation:

Molality

Molality, m, tells us the number of moles of solute dissolved in exactly one kilogram of
solvent. (Note that molality is spelled with two "l"'s and represented by a lower case m.)

We need two pieces of information to calculate the molality of a solute in a solution:

 The moles of solute present in the solution.

 The mass of solvent (in kilograms) in the solution.

To calculate molality we use the equation:

Mole Fraction

The mole fraction, X, of a component in a solution is the ratio of the number of

moles of that component to the total number of moles of all components in the solution.

To calculate mole fraction, we need to know:

7|Page GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 The number of moles of each component present in the solution.

The mole fraction of A, XA, in a solution consisting of A, B, C, ... is calculated using the
equation:

To calculate the mole fraction of B, XB, use:

For further understanding about expressing concentration of solutions

you may go to this link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYK3Aj-IUIs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_nyEj_hZzg

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION

We are accustomed to describing a solution in terms of the concentration of the one or

more solutes. However, many of the important physical properties of a solution depend more
directly on the concentration of the solvent. These properties include the vapor pressure, the
freezing point, the boiling point, and the osmotic pressure. Because they are "tied together"
(Latin, co ligare) in this way, they are referred to as the colligative properties of solutions.
The colligative properties that we will consider in this and the next unit apply to solutions in which
the solute is non-volatile; that is, it does not make a significant contribution to the overall vapor pressure of
the solution. Solutions of salt or sugar in water fulfill this condition exactly. Other solutes that have very
small vapor pressures, such as iodine or ethylene glycol antifreeze, can often be considered nonvolatile in
comparison to the solvent at the same temperature. Solutions in which both components possess
significant vapor pressures, such as alcohol in water, will be treated in another section farther on.

Vapor pressure of solutions: Raoult's law

The colligative properties really depend on the escaping tendency of solvent molecules from the
liquid phase. You will recall that the vapor pressure is a direct measure of escaping tendency, so we can use
these terms more or less interchangeably.
The tendency of molecules to escape from a liquid phase into the gas phase depends in part on
how much of an increase in entropy can be achieved in doing so. Evaporation of solvent molecules from
the liquid always leads to a large increase in entropy because of the greater volume occupied by the
molecules in the gaseous state. But if the liquid solvent is initially “diluted“ with solute, its entropy is
already larger to start with, so the amount by which it can increase on entering the gas phase will be less.
There will accordingly be less tendency for the solvent molecules to enter the gas phase, and so the vapor
pressure of the solution diminishes as the concentration of solute increases and that of solvent decreases.
8|Page GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

The number 55.5 mol L –1 (= 1000 g L–1 ÷ 18 g mol–1) is a useful one to remember if you are dealing a
lot with aqueous solutions; this represents the concentration of water in pure water. (Strictly speaking, this
is the molal  concentration of H2O; it is only the molar concentration at temperatures around 4° C, where
the density of water is closest to 1.000 g cm –1.)
Diagram 1 (above left) represents pure water whose concentration in the liquid is 55.5 M. A tiny fraction of
the H2O molecules will escape into the vapor space, and if the top of the container is closed, the pressure
of water vapor builds up until equilibrium is achieved. Once this happens, water molecules continue to pass
between the liquid and vapor in both directions, but at equal rates, so the partial pressure of H 2O in the
vapor remains constant at a value known as the vapor pressure of water at the particular temperature.
In the system on the right, we have replaced a fraction of the water molecules with a substance
that has zero or negligible vapor pressure — a nonvolatile solute such as salt or sugar. This has the effect of
diluting the water, reducing its escaping tendency and thus its vapor pressure.
 
What's important to remember is that the reduction in
the vapor pressure of a solution of this kind is directly
proportional to the fraction of the [volatile] solute
molecules in the liquid — that is, to the mole fraction of
the solvent. The reduced vapor pressure is given
by Raoult's law (1886):

From the definition of mole fraction (denoted by X), you should understand that in a two-component
solution (i.e., a solvent and a single solute),

Xsolvent = 1–Xsolute
Problem Example 1
Estimate the vapor pressure of a 40 percent (W/W) solution of ordinary cane sugar (C 22O11H22, 342 g mol–1)
in water. The vapor pressure of pure water at this particular temperature is 26.0 torr.
Solution: 100 g of solution contains (40 g) ÷ (342 g mol –1) = 0.12 mol of sugar and (60 g) ÷ (18 g mol –1) = 3.3
mol of water. The mole fraction of water in the solution is

and its vapor pressure will be 0.96 × 26.0 torr = 25.1 torr.
 
9|Page GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Since the sum of all mole fractions in a mixture must be unity, it follows that the more moles of
solute, the smaller will be the mole fraction of the solvent. Also, if the solute is a salt that dissociates into
ions, then the proportion of solvent molecules will be even smaller.
Problem Example 2
The vapor pressure of water at 10° C is 9.2 torr. Estimate the vapor pressure at this temperature of a
solution prepared by dissolving 1 mole of CaCl2 in 1 L of water.
Solution: Each mole of CaCl2 dissociates into one mole of Ca 2+ and two moles of Cl1–, giving a total of three
moles of solute particles. The mole fraction of water in the solution will be

The vapor pressure will be 0.95 × 9.2 torr = 8.7 torr.

Boiling point elevation

If addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solution, then it follows that the
temperature must be raised to restore the vapor pressure to the value corresponding to the pure solvent.
In particular, the temperature at which the vapor pressure is 1 atm will be higher than the normal boiling
point by an amount known as the boiling point elevation.
The exact relation between the boiling point of the solution and the mole fraction of the solvent is
rather complicated, but for dilute solutions the elevation of the boiling point is directly proportional to
the molal concentration of the solute:

Bear in mind that the proportionality constant KB is a property of the solvent because this is the only
component that contributes to the vapor pressure in the model we are considering in this section.

Boiling point elevation constants

solvent normal bp, °C Kb , K mol–1 kg

water 100 0.514

ethanol 79 1.19
acetic acid 118 2.93
carbon tetrachloride 76.5 5.03
 
Problem Example 3
Sucrose (C22O11H22, 342 g mol–1), like many sugars, is highly soluble in water; almost 2000 g will dissolve in 1
L of water, giving rise to what amounts to pancake syrup. Estimate the boiling point of such a sugar
solution.
Solution: moles of sucrose: (2000 g) / (342 g mol –1) = 5.8 mol
mass of water: assume 1000 g (we must know the density of the solution to find its exact value)
The molality of the solution is (5.8 mol) ÷ (1.0 kg) = 5.8 m.
Using the value of Kb from the table, the boiling point will be raised by
(0.514 K mol–1 kg) × (5.8 mol kg–1) = 3.0 K,
so the boiling point will be 103° C.
10 | P a g e GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Freezing point depression
The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which the solid and liquid forms can coexist
indefinitely — that is, they are in equilibrium. Under these conditions molecules pass between the two
phases at equal rates because their escaping tendencies from the two phases are identical.

Suppose that a liquid solvent and its solid (water and ice, for example) are in equilibrium (  
below), and we add a non-volatile solute (such as salt, sugar, or automotive antifreeze liquid) to the water.
This will have the effect of reducing the mole fraction of H 2O molecules in the liquid phase, and thus reduce
the tendency of these molecules to escape from it, not only into the vapor phase (as we saw above), but
also into the solid (ice) phase. This will have no effect on the rate at which H 2O molecules escape from the
ice into the water phase, so the system will no longer be in equilibrium and the ice will begin to melt  .

If we wish to keep the solid from melting, the escaping tendency of molecules from the solid must
be reduced. This can be accomplished by reducing the temperature; this lowers the escaping tendency of
molecules from both phases, but it affects those in the solid more than those in the liquid, so we eventually
reach the new, lower freezing point where the two quantities are again in exact balance and both phases
can coexist  .
If you prefer to think in terms of vapor pressures, you can use the same argument if you bear in
mind that the vapor pressures of the solid and liquid must be the same at the freezing point. Dilution of the
liquid (the solvent) by the nonvolatile solute reduces the vapor pressure of the solvent according to
Raoult’s law, thus reducing the temperature at which the vapor pressures of the liquid and frozen forms of
the solution will be equal.
As with boiling point elevation, in dilute solutions there is a simple linear relation between the
freezing point depression and the molality of the solute:

Note that Kf values are all negative!

Freezing point depression constants

solvent normal fp , °C Kf , K mol–1 kg

water 0.0 –1.86

acetic acid 16.7 –3.90
benzene 5.5 –5.10
camphor 180 –40.0
cyclohexane 6.5 –20.2
11 | P a g e GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

phenol 40 –7.3
The use of salt to de-ice roads is a common application of this principle. The solution formed when
some of the salt dissolves in the moist ice reduces the freezing point of the ice. If the freezing point falls
below the ambient temperature, the ice melts. In very cold weather, the ambient temperature may be
below the freezing point of the salt solution, and the salt will have no effect.
The effectiveness of a de-icing salt depends on the number of particles it releases on dissociation
and on its solubility in water:

name formula lowest practical T, °C

ammonium
(NH4)2SO4 –7
sulfate

calcium chloride CaCl2 –29

potassium
KCl –15
chloride

sodium chloride NaCl –9

urea (NH2)2CO –7

Automotive radiator antifreezes are mostly based on ethylene glycol, (CH2OH)2. Owing to the
strong hydrogen-bonding properties of this double alcohol, this substance is miscible with water in all
proportions, and contributes only a very small vapor pressure of its own. Besides lowering the freezing
point, antifreeze also raises the boiling point, increasing the operating range of the cooling system. The
pure glycol freezes at –12.9°C and boils at 197°C, allowing water-glycol mixtures to be tailored to a wide
range of conditions.

Problem Example 4
Estimate the freezing point of an antifreeze mixture is made up by combining one volume of ethylene
glycol (MW = 62, density 1.11 g cm–3) with two volumes of water.
Solution: Assume that we use 1 L of glycol and 2 L of water (the actual volumes do not matter as long as
their ratios are as given.) The mass of the glycol will be 1.10 kg and that of the water will be 2.0 kg, so the
total mass of the solution is 3.11 kg. We then have:
number of moles of glycol: (1110 g) ÷ (62 g mol–1} = 17.9 mol
molality of glycol: (17.9 mol) ÷ (2.00 kg) = 8.95 mol kg–1
freezing point depression: ΔTF = (–1.86 K kg–1 mol) × (8.95 mol kg–1) = –16.6 K so the solution will freeze at
about –17°C.
 
Any ionic species formed by dissociation will also contribute to the freezing point depression. This can
serve as a useful means of determining the fraction of a solute that is dissociated.
12 | P a g e GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 

Problem Example 5
An aqueous solution of nitrous acid (HNO 2, MW = 47) freezes at –0.198 .C. If the solution was prepared by
adding 0.100 mole of the acid to 1000 g of water, what percentage of the HNO 2 is dissociated in the
solution?
Solution:
The nominal molality of the solution is (.001 mol) ÷ (1.00 kg) = 0.001 mol kg –1.
But the effective molality according to the observed ΔTF value is given by
ΔTF ÷ KF = (–.198 K) ÷(–1.86 K kg mol–1) = 0.106 mol kg–1; this is the total number of moles of species present
after the dissociation reaction
HNO2 → H+ + NO– has occurred. If we let x = [H+] = [NO2–], then by stoichiometry, [HNO2] = 0.100 - x
and .106 - x = 2x and x = .0355. The fraction of HNO2 that is dissociated is .0355 ÷ 0.100 = .355,
corresponding to 35.5% dissociation of the acid.

Another view of f.p. depression and b.p. elevation

A simple phase diagram can provide more
insight into these phenomena. You may
already be familiar with the phase map for
water, shown at the right.(For more on these,
see here.)
 
The image shown below expands on this by
plotting lines for both pure water and for its
"diluted" state produced by the introduction
of a non-volatile solute.
 
The normal boiling point of the pure solvent is
indicated by point   where the vapor
pressure curve intersects the 1-atm line —
that is, where the escaping tendency of solvent molecules from the liquid is equivalent to 1 atmosphere
pressure. Addition of a non-volatile solute reduces the vapor pressures to the values given by the blue line.
This shifts the boiling point to the right  , corresponding to the increase in temperature ΔTb required to
raise the escaping tendency of the H 2O molecules back up to 1 atm.
13 | P a g e GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
To understand freezing point depression, notice that the vapor pressure line intersects the curved black
vapor pressure line of the solid (ice) at , which corresponds to a new triple point   at which all three
phases (ice, water vapor, and liquid water) are in equilibrium and thus exhibit equal escaping tendencies.
This point is by definition the origin of the freezing (solid-liquid) line, which intersects the 1-atm line at a
reduced freezing point ΔTf, indicated by  .
Note that the above analysis assumes that the solute is soluble only in the liquid solvent, but does not
remain in the frozen solvent. This is generally more or less true. For example, when arctic ice forms from
seawater, the salts get mostly "squeezed" out. This has the interesting effect of making the water that
remains more saline, and hence more dense, causing it to sink to the bottom part of the ocean where it
gets taken up by the south-flowing deep current.

... and yet another take on freezing and boiling

Those readers who have some knowledge of thermodynamics will recognize that what we have been
referring to as "escaping" tendency is really a manifestation of the Gibbs free energy. This schematic plot
shows how the G's for the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a typical substance vary with the temperature.
The rule is that the phase with the most negative free energy rules!
The phase that is most stable (and which therefore is the only one that exists) is always the one having the
most negative free energy (indicated here by the thicker portions of the plotted lines.) The melting and
boiling points correspond to the respective temperatures where the free energies of the solid and liquid
, and of the liquid and vapor   are identical:

The relationships shown in these plots depend on the differing slopes of the lines representing the
free energies of the phases as the temperature changes. These slopes are proportional to the entropy of
each phase. Because gases have the highest entropies, the slope of the "gaseous solvent" line is much
greater than that of the others.

As we saw above, adding a solute to the liquid dilutes it, making its free energy more negative, with
the result that the freezing and boiling points are shifted to the left and right, respectively.
 

Colligative properties and entropy

All these effects result from “dilution” of the solvent by the added solute, and because of this
commonality they are referred to as colligative properties (Lat. co ligare, connected to.) The key role of the
solvent concentration is obscured by the greatly-simplified expressions used to calculate the magnitude of
these effects, in which only the solute concentration appears. The details of how to carry out these
calculations and the many important applications of colligative properties are covered elsewhere. Our
purpose here is to offer a more complete explanation of why these phenomena occur.
Basically, these all result from the effect of dilution of the solvent on its entropy, and thus in the
increase in the density of energy states of the system in the solution compared to that in the pure liquid.
14 | P a g e GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Equilibrium between two phases (liquid-gas for boiling and solid-liquid for freezing) occurs when the
energy states in each phase can be populated at equal densities. The temperatures at which this occurs are
depicted by the shading.
Dilution of the solvent adds new energy states to the
liquid, but does not affect the vapor phase. This raises the
temperature required to make equal numbers of

microstates accessible in the two phases.

 
Dilution of the solvent adds new energy states
to the liquid, but does not affect the solid phase. This
reduces the temperature required to make equal numbers of states accessible in the two phases.

Osmotic pressure arises from the pressure dependence of entropy

When a liquid is subjected to hydrostatic pressure— for example, by an inert, non-dissolving gas
that occupies the vapor space above the surface, the vapor pressure of the liquid is raised. The pressure
acts to compress the liquid very slightly, effectively narrowing the potential energy well in which the
individual molecules reside and thus increasing their tendency to escape from the liquid phase. (Because
liquids are not very compressible, the effect is quite small; a 100-atm applied pressure will raise the vapor
pressure of water at 25°C by only about 2 torr.) In terms of the entropy, we can say that the applied
pressure reduces the dimensions of the "box" within which the principal translational motions of the
molecules are confined within the liquid, thus reducing the density of energy states in the liquid phase.
Applying hydrostatic pressure to a liquid
increases the spacing of its microstates, so that
the number of energetically accessible states in
the gas, although unchanged, is relatively greater
— thus increasing the tendency of molecules to
escape into the vapor phase. In terms of free
energy, the higher pressure raises the free
energy of the liquid, but does not affect that of
the gas phase.
This phenomenon can explain osmotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure, students must be reminded, is
not what drives osmosis, but is rather the
hydrostatic pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated solution (more dilute solvent) in order
to stop osmotic flow of solvent into the solution. The effect of this pressure Π is to slightly increase the
spacing of solvent energy states on the high-pressure (dilute-solvent) side of the membrane to match that
of the pure solvent, restoring osmotic equilibrium.
15 | P a g e GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

For further understanding about colligative properties of solutions

you may go to this link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOhgXRukRDg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnKp15oQAwg

Let’s Try More

Directions: Solve the following.

1. A solution has a volume of 2.0 L and contains 36.0 g of glucose. If the molar mass of
glucose is 180 g/mol, what is the molarity of the solution?
2. How many moles of ammonium nitrate are in 335 mL of 0.425M NH4NO3?
3. How many milliliters of a stock solution of 4.00M KI would you need to prepare
250.0 mL of 0.760 KI?
4. How many grams of sodium fluoride are needed to prepare a 0.400m NaF solution
that contains 750.0g of water?

Application

Activity 2: HALITE!

Directions: Read and analyze the situation. Write your description on your answer sheet.

Suppose you want to dissolve a large

crystal of halite, a mineral of sodium
chloride, in water. Describe three
things you could do to make it dissolve
faster.
16 | P a g e GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

Reflection
WRITING A DIARY
Instructions:
1. Write your thoughts, ideas and feelings about the topic for the week.
2. Share the contents of the diary to your parent/guardian and friend.
3. Let your parent/guardian sign.

DATE ACTIVITIES TASK INSIGHTS

POST ASSESSMENT

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The freezing point of a solution is lowered by _______.

a. increasing the number of solute particles
b. increasing the kinetic energy
c. decreasing the number of solute particles
d. increasing the pressure on the solution

2. The best solute for lowering vapor pressure is one that_____.

a. is slightly soluble
b. evaporates readily
c. is nonvolatile
d. reacts with the solvent

3. What is a saturated solution?

a. A solution that is filled to capacity with solute
b. A solution that is filled to capacity with solvent
c. A solution that has many different materials in it
d. The correct answer to a problem

4. Molality is defined as ______.

a. moles solute/moles solvent
b. moles solute/moles solution
c. moles solute/kg solution
d. moles solute/kg solvent

5. Vapor pressure is a ______ property of the solvent

a. physical
b. chemical
c. dynamic
d. kinetic

6. Solvent freezing points are lowered by materials that ______.

a. bring more order to the solvent molecules
b. disrupt the order of solvent molecules
c. increase kinetic energy of solvent molecules
17 | P a g e GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
d. decrease the kinetic energy of solvent molecules

7. What is a concentrated solution?

a. A focused answer
b. A solution that has a low molarity
c. A solution that has very little solute in the solvent
d. A solution that is saturated with the solute

8. What is a solute?
a. The material that is dissolved in a solution
b. The material used to dissolve another material in a solution
c. A specific number of atoms
d. A mixture of two or more compounds

9. A colligative property of water is ______.

a. molecular structure
b. boiling point
c. solubility
d. reactivity

10. A colligative property is one based on ________.

a. number of covalent bonds
b. number of hydrogen bonds
c. number of particles
d. number of dipole-dipole interactions

Summary
The rate at which a solute dissolve in influenced by a number of factors, including the
temperature of the solvent, the particle size of the solute, and stirring of the solution.
Two liquids are said to be miscible if they dissolve in each other; immiscible if they do
not.
Changes in temperature and pressure of a system affect the solubility of a solute.
The relative amount of solute and solvent in a solution are described by molar
concentration, percent composition, molal concentration, and mole fraction.
Colligative properties include vapor-pressure, lowering, freezing-point depression, and
boiling-point elevation.
The magnitude of every colligative property is directly proportional to the number of
solute molecules or ions present.
Molality is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The mole fraction of a substance in
solution is equal to the number of moles of the substance divided by the total number
of moles of all substances in the solution.

References

https://www.rcboe.org/cms/lib/GA01903614/Centricity/Domain/1951/Heating%20and
18 | P a g e GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

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