-GENERAL CHEMISTRY How do we classify solutions

MODULE 2: Physical Properties of Solutions LEARNING
COMPETENCIES:
• Use different ways of expressing concentration of
solutions percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity,
molality, percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm.
• Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in
solution.
LESSON 1: CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS Notes:
Before we go through the various properties of solutions, let's
recall some essential points about solution, such as its nature
and how it is formed. Below is the concept map which helps
us to be guided in understanding more about solutions.
• Solutions are composed of solute and solvent
• Solute has solubility affected by nature of
solvent, temperature, and pressure.
• Solutions may be in three forms: Solid, Liquid, Gas.
• Solutions may be described as : Unsaturated, Saturated,
and Supersaturated.
• Solutions May be expressed in : Percent by mass,
Percent by Volume, Mole Fraction, Molarity, Parts per
million
• Solutions may exhibit physical properties including:
Conductivity, vapour pressure lowering, freezing point
depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure.
There are some solution classifications which we need to
consider. One of them is the classification according to the
amount of solute present. These are saturated,
unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions. A saturated
solution contains the maximum amount of solute that has
been dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a certain
temperature. This means no more solute can be. dissolved.
An unsaturated solution contains a minimum amount of solute
a given amount of solvent. This means that the solution can
still dissolve more solute. A supersaturated solution contains
more than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of
being dissolved at a given temperature.
Have you seen commercial juice drinks which are labeled as
"concentrated"? How do you know that the product is
concentrated or not?
In order to understand more about solutions, we need to
measure quantitatively how much solute has been dissolved
in a given amount of solvent or solution. And this
measurement is what we call as concentration of solution.
A glass of water with two spoonful of powdered juice is a
completely different solution to a glass of water with one
spoonful of powdered Juice. A solution always has a certain
proportion of the number of solvent and solute in it.
In a solution, the amount of solute may be expressed in
several ways, These include percent by mass or volume,
mole fraction, molality, molarity, and parts per million, among
others.

1. Percent By Mass (%)

What types of solutions have we come across every day? The percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of a solute to the
mass of the solution, multiplied by 100.
Solutions are mixtures of two or more compounds which are
uniformly dispersed over a single step. Atoms, ions, or 2. Percent by volume
molecules are thoroughly mixed in a solution, so that the is the ratio of volume (mL) of solute (liquid) to volume Foto
composition and properties of each part of the mixture are (mL) of solution, multiplied by 100.
uniform.
3. Mole fraction
A solution's two components are the solute or the one being Mole fraction of solute (Xa) is defined as the mole ratio
dissolved, and the solvent or dissolving medium. Sugar is the between solute and solution while mole fraction of solvent
solute in a simple solution of sugar-water, and water is the (XB) is the mole ratio between solvent and solution.
solvent.
A solution can have solid, liquid, or gas components.
However, the resulting solution phase is normally dependent 4. Molality(m)
on the solvent phase. It means that the solution would result The solution's molality is the amount of mole of solute per
to a liquid phase if the solvent is liquid. This is because the kilogram of solvent given by a number followed by an italic
solvent is normally higher than the solute in a certain solution, lower case m. For example, a 6m aqueous solution of ethanol
contains 6 mol of C2H60 per kilogram of water.
Solute Solvent Solution Example 5. Molarity(M)
Molarity of a solution is the number of moles of solute per liter
Carbon of solution. It is calculated by dividing the number of moles of
Gas Gas Gas Monoxide in solute by the volume of solution in liters. The molarity is
air symbolized by M, thus 2 Mis equivalent to 2 mol/L. The
following is the formula given for molarity.
Carbonated
soft
Gas Liquid Liquid 6. Parts per Million (ppm)
drinks(co2 in
water) Parts per million is calculated by taking the mass of solute.in
mg and dividing it by volume of solution in L
Hydrogen in • Preferably a single unit of concentration is used for similar
Gas Solid Solid experiments. The widely used unit is molarity in titrimetric
palladium
analyses, for it is expressed in terms of solution volume.
Vinegar, • Mole fraction unit is useful for measuring vapor pressure
Liquid Liquid Liquid Alchohol in and partial pressure for a gaseous mixture. Unlike
water molarity, percentage by mass is temperature-
independent. Unlike distance, mass is not influenced by
Mercury in the rising Weather, as discussed in previous topics
Liquid Solid Solid
Silver
• Most concentration of analyte is very low, hence the
Solid Liquid Liquid Salt in water concentration is generally measured in parts per million
(ppm).
Copper in tin
Solid Solid Solid
(Bronze) LESSON 2: STOICHIOMETRY OF SOLUTIONS NOTES:

Stoichiometry is a quantitative relationship between

reactants and products using a balanced chemical equation.
A substance's number of moles may be related to its molar
mass and molecular weight. It can also be related to the
volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP).
Stoichiometry may also include solutions through molarity.
Recall the derivations of the different stoichiometric
relationships given in General Chemistry 1. These are mole-
mole, mass-mole, mole-mass, and mass-mass relationships.