Solution- the particles are smaller than the pores of the filter paper.

2 Main Components of a Solution

 Solute – the components in a solution that is present in lesser quantity.
 Solvent – the component in a solution that is present in greater quantity.

Types of Solutions
1. Aqueous solutions – liquid solutions, in which the solvent is water.

2. Gaseous solutions – a solid or liquid that dissolves in a gas.

3. Solid solutions – different solids that can dissolve in another solid.

4. Liquid solutions – any liquid that is soluble in other liquids.

Solubility – the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific
temperature.
Factors Affecting Solubility
a. Nature of the solute and solvent
b. Temperature
c. Pressure

Miscible and Immiscible – used to describe the solubility of one liquid in another liquid.

Miscible – when two liquids such as ethylene glycol in water,(anti-freeze agent) and alcohol in water (rubbing
alcohol) forms solution.
Immiscible – when two liquids do not dissolve in each like (water and oil). If mixed separate into layers.

Saturated, Unsaturated and Supersaturated Solutions

1. Saturated solution – a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given
temperature.
- Contains more solute than solvent.

2. Unsaturated solution – a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a
given temperature.
- Contains more solvents than solute.
3. Supersaturated solutions - a solution that contains more dissolved solute than will ordinarily dissolve at a
given temperature. It forms crystals.

Polar and Nonpolar Solvents

1. Polar solvents - dissolving liquid composed of polar molecules.
Examples: water acetic acid methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl alcohol formic acid
Ethyl alcohol acetone
2. Nonpolar solvents – dissolving liquid composed of nonpolar molecules.
Example: hexane chloroform
Heptane methylene chloride
Toluene ethyl ether
Carbon tetrachloride trichloroethylene
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution

Rate of dissolution refers to the measure of how fast a substance dissolves. The solute particles must be
separated by the solvent particles and the action can only occur at the surface of the solid where it comes into
contact with the solvent.

Ways to increase rate of dissolution:

1. Particle size
2. Stirring
3. Application of heat

Concentrations of Solutions
The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of
solvent.
• A dilute solution is one that contains a small amount of solute.
• A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute.
1. Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.
• To calculate the molarity of a solution, divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution.

Sample Problems
a. What is the molarity of a 400.0 mL solution containing 8.0 g NaOH?
Given: mass NaOH = 8.0 g V= 400.0 mL
Find: M
Solution:
Since mass is given and not number of moles of solute (change it to the number of moles)
n= mass
molar mass
= 8.0 g
40.0 g/mL
= 0.20 mol
Then change millilitre to Liter V = 400.0 mL x 1L = 0.40 L
1000 mL
Calculate M
M= moles of solute
Liters of solution
= 0.20 mol
0.40 L
= 0.50 M

b. How many grams of Ca (OH)2 are needed to prepare an 800.0 mL solution of 0.015 M concentration?
Given: V=800.0 mL M= 0.015 mol/L
Find: mass
Solution:
Get the number of moles = M x V
= 0.015 mol/L x 0.800 L
= 0.012 moL
Calculate the mass of Ca (OH) 2
Mass of Ca (OH)2 = number of moles x molar mass Ca (OH)2
= 0.012 mol x 74.0 g / mol
= 0.89 g
To make a 0.5-molar (0.5M) solution, (a) first add 0.5 mol of solute to a 1-L volumetric flask half filled with
distilled water, (b) Swirl the flask carefully to dissolve the solute, and (c) Fill the flask with water exactly to the 1-L
mark.

2. Molality – is the ratio of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
m= moles of solute
kilograms of solution
Sample problems:
a. What is the molality of the solution containing 75.5 grams sucrose in 400.0 g water?
Given: mass of sucrose = 75.5 g mass of water = 400.0 g
Find: molality
Solution:
 Change the mass of solute to number of moles
number of moles = mass of solute = 75.5 g = 0.221 mol
molar mass 342.0 g/mol
Change the mass of solvent from grams to kilograms
Mass of solvent = 400.0 g = 0.400 kg
1000 g/kg
 Get the molality using the formula
m= moles of solute
kilograms of solution
= 0.221 mol = 0.553 mol/kg
0.400 kg

Two ways to express the percent concentration of a solution

1. Concentration in Percent (Volume/Volume)

2.
 3. Concentration in percent (mass/mass)

A solution is prepared by mixing 15.0 g Na 2CO3 and 235 g of H2O. Calculate the mass percent
(%m/m) of the solution.
mass solute = 15.0 g Na2CO3
mass solution = 15.0 g + 235 g = 250. g
mass %(m/m) = g solute x 100
g solution

mass %(m/m) = 15.0 g Na2CO3 x 100 = 6.00% Na2CO3

250. g solution

Effect of Solute on Solvent

Colligative properties – the presence of dissolved particles affects some of the properties of the solvent.
Properties that depend on the relative number of particles rather than the nature of the particles.

1. Vapor pressure lowering - more molecules leave the gas state than enter it.
Vapor pressure – is the pressure exerted by the gas that is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid in a
closed system at a specific temperature

2. Boiling point elevation - is an increase in the boiling point of a pure substance when another substances
is dissolved in it.
Boiling point – is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the prevailing
atmospheric pressure.

3. Freezing point depression - refers to the decrease in the freezing point of a pure liquid when another
substances is dissolved in the liquid.
- The presence of a solute lowers the freezing point of the solvent by an amount that
is proportional to the concentration.

4. Osmotic pressure – the pressure required to prevent osmosis.

Osmosis – is a process described as the flow of solvent particles from a dilute solution to a concentrated
solution across a semipermeable membrane.